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Bahmad HF, Gogola S, Rejzer M, Stoyanov K, Gomez AS, Valencia AK, Cummings A, Skerry T, Alloush F, Aljamal AA, Deb A, Alghamdi S, Poppiti R. Unraveling the Mysteries of Perineural Invasion in Benign and Malignant Conditions. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:8948-8972. [PMID: 37887547 PMCID: PMC10605475 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is defined as the dissemination of neoplastic cells within the perineural space. PNI can be a strong indicator of malignancy and is linked to poor prognosis and adverse outcomes in various malignant neoplasms; nevertheless, it can also be seen in benign pathologic conditions. In this review article, we discuss various signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors implicated in the development and progression of PNI. We also describe the methodology, benefits, and limitations of different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of PNI. The spectrum of presentation for PNI can range from diffuse spread within large nerves ("named" nerves) all the way through localized spread into unnamed microscopic nerves. Therefore, the clinical significance of PNI is related to its extent rather than its mere presence or absence. In this article, we discuss the guidelines for the identification and quantification of PNI in different malignant neoplasms based on the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. We also describe benign pathologic conditions and neoplasms demonstrating PNI and potential mimics of PNI. Finally, we explore avenues for the future development of targeted therapy options via modulation of signaling pathways involved in PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; (F.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Samantha Gogola
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Michael Rejzer
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Kalin Stoyanov
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Aaron S. Gomez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Ann-Katrin Valencia
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Adonicah Cummings
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Timothy Skerry
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (M.R.); (K.S.); (A.S.G.); (A.-K.V.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Ferial Alloush
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; (F.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Abed A. Aljamal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Arunima Deb
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; (F.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Sarah Alghamdi
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; (F.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert Poppiti
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; (F.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Perez-Pacheco C, Schmitd LB, Furgal A, Bellile EL, Liu M, Fattah A, Gonzalez-Maldonado L, Unsworth SP, Wong SY, Rozek LS, Rao A, Wolf GT, Taylor JMG, Casper K, Mierzwa M, D'Silva NJ. Increased Nerve Density Adversely Affects Outcome in Oral Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2501-2512. [PMID: 37039710 PMCID: PMC10371054 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perineural invasion (PNI) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with poor survival. Because of the risk of recurrence, patients with PNI receive additional therapies after surgical resection. Mechanistic studies have shown that nerves in the tumor microenvironment promote aggressive tumor growth. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated whether nerve density (ND) influences tumor growth and patient survival. Moreover, we assessed the reliability of artificial intelligence (AI) in evaluating ND. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate whether increased ND in OSCC influences patient outcome, we performed survival analyses. Tissue sections of OSCC from 142 patients were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and IHC stains to detect nerves and tumor. ND within the tumor bulk and in the adjacent 2 mm was quantified; normalized ND (NND; bulk ND/adjacent ND) was calculated. The impact of ND on tumor growth was evaluated in chick chorioallantoic-dorsal root ganglia (CAM-DRG) and murine surgical denervation models. Cancer cells were grafted and tumor size quantified. Automated nerve detection, applying the Halo AI platform, was compared with manual assessment. RESULTS Disease-specific survival decreased with higher intratumoral ND and NND in tongue SCC. Moreover, NND was associated with worst pattern-of-invasion and PNI. Increasing the number of DRG, in the CAM-DRG model, increased tumor size. Reduction of ND by denervation in a murine model decreased tumor growth. Automated and manual detection of nerves showed high concordance, with an F1 score of 0.977. CONCLUSIONS High ND enhances tumor growth, and NND is an important prognostic factor that could influence treatment selection for aggressive OSCC. See related commentary by Hondermarck and Jiang, p. 2342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Perez-Pacheco
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ligia B Schmitd
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Allison Furgal
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily L Bellile
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aya Fattah
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Maldonado
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shelby P Unsworth
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura S Rozek
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeremy M G Taylor
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Keith Casper
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle Mierzwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Laborda-Illanes A, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Castellano-Castillo D, Boutriq S, Plaza-Andrades I, Aranega-Martín L, Peralta-Linero J, Alba E, González-González A, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Development of in vitro and in vivo tools to evaluate the antiangiogenic potential of melatonin to neutralize the angiogenic effects of VEGF and breast cancer cells: CAM assay and 3D endothelial cell spheroids. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114041. [PMID: 36423543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a molecule with different antitumor actions in breast cancer and has been described as an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Despite the recognition of the key role exerted by VEGF in tumor angiogenesis, limitations arise when developing models to test new antiangiogenic molecules. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop rapid, economic, high capacity and easy handling angiogenesis assays to test the antiangiogenic effects of melatonin and demonstrate its most effective dose to neutralize and interfere with the angiogenic sprouting effect induced by VEGF and MCF-7. To perform this, 3D endothelial cell (HUVEC) spheroids and a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were used. The results showed that VEGF and MCF-7 were able to stimulate the sprouting of the new vessels in 3D endothelial spheroids and the CAM assay, and that melatonin had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. Specifically, as the 1 mM pharmacological dose was the only effective dose able to inhibit the formation of ramifications around the alginate in the CAM assay model, this inhibition was shown to occur in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these techniques represent novel tools for the development of antiangiogenic molecules such as melatonin, with possible implications for the therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Laborda-Illanes
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Soukaina Boutriq
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isaac Plaza-Andrades
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lucía Aranega-Martín
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús Peralta-Linero
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Emilio Alba
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics. Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Alicia González-González
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics. Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and Valdecilla Health Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Surgical Specialties, Biochemical and Immunology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
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Diržiuvienė R, Šlekienė L, Palubinskienė J, Balnytė I, Lasienė K, Stakišaitis D, Valančiūtė A. Tumors derived from lung cancer cells respond differently to treatment with sodium valproate (a HDAC inhibitor) in a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:1201-1212. [PMID: 35703146 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death. Some human lung malignant tumors have a combined small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histology, with tumor cell phenotype changing during tumor progression. Valproic acid is used as an anti-seizure medication to treat migraine, and bipolar mood disorders. Recently, its efficacy as an adjuvant therapy was shown in cancer due to its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory property. HDACs are upregulated in lung tumors, and HDAC inhibitors, including valproic acid, inhibit endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and have antiproliferative and antimigratory properties. We tested valproic acid for possible antiangiogenic and antimigratory effects on experimental lung tumors grafted onto the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Tumors were formed from two NSCLC cell lines and a single SCLC cell line. To investigate tumor and CAM interactions, in vivo biomicroscopy, visualization of blood vessels with injected fluorescent dextran, histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric methods were applied. Our results showed that a sodium valproate (NaVP) treatment-induced a dose-dependent decrease of experimental tumor invasion into the CAM mesenchyme and a reduction in angiogenesis. Both the invasion and the angiogenic response were dependent on the type of cell line used: invasion and angiogenesis of tumors derived from A549 and NCI-H146 cell lines responded to increasing doses of NaVP from 4 to 8 mM, whereas Sk_Lu_1 cells response were antimigratory and antiangiogenic when NaVP was used up to 6 mM. When 8mM NaVP was used, stimulated invasion and angiogenesis in tumors from Sk_Lu_1 cells were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Diržiuvienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Lina Šlekienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Palubinskienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Lasienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Stakišaitis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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A Face-To-Face Comparison of Tumor Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (TCAM) In Ovo with Murine Models for Early Evaluation of Cancer Therapy and Early Drug Toxicity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143548. [PMID: 35884608 PMCID: PMC9325108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethical considerations, cost, and time constraints have highlighted the need to develop alternatives to rodent in vivo models for evaluating drug candidates for cancer. The tumor chicken chorioallantoic membrane (TCAM) model provides an affordable and fast assay that permits direct visualization of tumor progression. Tumors from multiple species including rodents and human cell lines can be engrafted. In this study, we engrafted several tumor models onto the CAM and demonstrated that the TCAM model is an alternative to mouse models for preliminary cancer drug efficacy testing and toxicity analysis. Tumor cells were deposited onto CAM, and then grown for up to an additional 10 days before chronic treatments were administered. The drug response of anticancer therapies was screened in 12 tumor cell lines including glioblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer. Tumor-bearing eggs and tumor-bearing mice had a similar chemotherapy response (cisplatin and temozolomide) in four human and mouse tumor models. We also demonstrated that lethality observed in chicken embryos following chemotherapies such as cisplatin and cyclophosphamide were associated with corresponding side-effects in mice with body weight loss. According to our work, TCAM represents a relevant alternative model to mice in early preclinical oncology screening, providing insights for both the efficacy and the toxicity of anticancer drugs.
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Affolter A, Kern J, Bieback K, Scherl C, Rotter N, Lammert A. Biomarkers and 3D models predicting response to immune checkpoint blockade in head and neck cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 61:88. [PMID: 35642667 PMCID: PMC9183766 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has evolved into a powerful tool in the fight against a number of types of cancer, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Although checkpoint inhibition (CPI) has definitely enriched the treatment options for advanced stage HNSCC during the past decade, the percentage of patients responding to treatment is widely varying between 14-32% in second-line setting in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC with a sporadic durability. Clinical response and, consecutively, treatment success remain unpredictable in most of the cases. One potential factor is the expression of target molecules of the tumor allowing cancer cells to acquire therapy resistance mechanisms. Accordingly, analyzing and modeling the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is key to i) stratify subgroups of patients most likely to respond to CPI and ii) to define new combinatorial treatment regimens. Particularly in a heterogeneous disease such as HNSCC, thoroughly studying the interactions and crosstalking between tumor and TME cells is one of the biggest challenges. Sophisticated 3D models are therefore urgently needed to be able to validate such basic science hypotheses and to test novel immuno-oncologic treatment regimens in consideration of the individual biology of each tumor. The present review will first summarize recent findings on immunotherapy, predictive biomarkers, the role of the TME and signaling cascades eliciting during CPI. Second, it will highlight the significance of current promising approaches to establish HNSCC 3D models for new immunotherapies. The results are encouraging and indicate that data obtained from patient-specific tumors in a dish might be finally translated into personalized immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Affolter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johann Kern
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden‑Württemberg‑Hessen, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Scherl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Lammert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, D‑68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Galanin mediates tumor-induced immunosuppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:241-256. [PMID: 35267186 PMCID: PMC9050779 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) plays a significant role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Since there is virtually no information on immunomodulation mediated by its ligand in the tumor microenvironment, we assessed the effects of galanin on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods After verification of GALR2 expression and it activity in PBMCs we evaluated the effect of galanin and conditioned media from HNSCC cell lines silenced for galanin or antibody-depleted, on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine expression and activation/differentiation of immune cells. Results We found that galanin alone and as a component of the HNSCC secretome decreased HNSCC cell proliferation and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α), whilst increasing apoptosis and expression of pro-tumoral cytokines/growth factors (IL-10, IL-4, PDGF and GM-CSF). T cell activation (using CD69 as activation marker) and anti-tumoral phenotypes in CD4+ T cells (Th1 and Th17) were found to be suppressed. In vivo, tumor growth was found to be increased in the presence of galanin-stimulated PBMCs. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that high expression of galanin was associated with a reduced overall survival of patients with HNSCC. Conclusion Our data indicate that galanin secreted by HNSCC cells exhibits immune-suppressive and pro-tumoral effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13402-021-00631-y.
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Claridge SE, Cavallo JA, Hopkins BD. Patient-Derived In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1361:215-233. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91836-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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From Blood to Bone-The Osteogenic Activity of L-PRF Membranes on the Ex Vivo Embryonic Chick Femur Development Model. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247830. [PMID: 34947427 PMCID: PMC8707053 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: To evaluate the effects of the direct and indirect contact of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on bone development, in an ex vivo embryonic chick femur model. (2) Methods: Both sections of L-PRF membranes (red and yellow portions) were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and histochemical staining. The in vivo angiogenic activity was evaluated using a chorioallantoic membrane model. The osteogenic activity was assessed with an organotypic culture of embryonic chick femora through direct and indirect contact, and assessment was conducted by microtomographic and histological analysis. Descriptive statistics, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests were performed for datasets that presented a normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed for non-parametric datasets. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. (3) Results: The L-PRF induced angiogenesis reflected by a higher number and a larger and more complex gauge in the vessels that invaded the membrane. The physical presence of the membrane over the bone (direct contact) unleashes the full potential of the L-PRF effects on bone growth enhancement. The greatest increase in mineral content was observed in the diaphysis region. (4) Conclusion: The L-PRF direct contact group presented higher values on mineral content for bone volume, bone surface and bone mineral density than the indirect contact and control groups.
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Schmitd LB, Perez‐Pacheco C, D'Silva NJ. Nerve density in cancer: Less is better. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:773-786. [PMID: 34632313 PMCID: PMC8493966 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The density of nerves in cancer is emerging as a relevant clinical parameter for patient survival. Nerves in the tumor microenvironment have been associated with poor survival and recurrence, particularly if involved in perineural invasion. However, usually only a few nerves inside a tumor are affected by perineural invasion, while most nerves are not. Mechanistic studies have shown nerve-secreted factors promote tumor growth and invasion thereby making tumors more aggressive. Therefore, the overall number of nerves in the tumor microenvironment should be more representative of the nerve-tumor biological interaction than perineural invasion. This review summarizes the available clinical information about nerve density as a measure of clinical outcome in cancer and explores the mechanisms underlying nerve density in cancer, specifically, neurogenesis, axonogenesis, and neurotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia B. Schmitd
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Cindy Perez‐Pacheco
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Nisha J. D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Kundeková B, Máčajová M, Meta M, Čavarga I, Bilčík B. Chorioallantoic Membrane Models of Various Avian Species: Differences and Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040301. [PMID: 33917385 PMCID: PMC8067367 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM) of an avian embryo is used as an experimental model in various fields of research, including angiogenesis research and drug testing, xenografting and cancer research, and other scientific and commercial disciplines in microbiology, biochemistry, cosmetics, etc. It is a low-cost, low-maintenance, and well-available in vivo animal model that is non-sentient and can be used as an alternative for other mammal experimental models. It respects the principles of the "3R" rule (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement)-conditions set out for scientific community providing an essential framework for conducting a more human animal research, which is also in line with constantly raising public awareness of welfare and the ethics related to the use of animal experimental models. In this review, we describe the chorioallantoic membrane of an avian embryo, focusing on its properties and development, its advantages and disadvantages as an experimental model, and the possibilities of its application in various fields of biological research. Since the most common chicken CAM model is already well known and described in many publications, we are particularly focusing on the advantages and application of less known avian species that are used for the CAM model-quail, turkey, and duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kundeková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, CBs SAS, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.Č.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana Máčajová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, CBs SAS, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.Č.); (B.B.)
| | - Majlinda Meta
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, CBs SAS, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.Č.); (B.B.)
| | - Ivan Čavarga
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, CBs SAS, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.Č.); (B.B.)
- St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bilčík
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, CBs SAS, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (M.M.); (I.Č.); (B.B.)
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Peripheral nerve injury and sensitization underlie pain associated with oral cancer perineural invasion. Pain 2021; 161:2592-2602. [PMID: 32658150 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer invading into nerves, termed perineural invasion (PNI), is associated with pain. Here, we show that oral cancer patients with PNI report greater spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia compared with patients without PNI, suggesting that unique mechanisms drive PNI-induced pain. We studied the impact of PNI on peripheral nerve physiology and anatomy using a murine sciatic nerve PNI model. Mice with PNI exhibited spontaneous nociception and mechanical allodynia. Perineural invasion induced afterdischarge in A high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs), mechanical sensitization (ie, decreased mechanical thresholds) in both A and C HTMRs, and mechanical desensitization in low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Perineural invasion resulted in nerve damage, including axon loss, myelin damage, and axon degeneration. Electrophysiological evidence of nerve injury included decreased conduction velocity, and increased percentage of both mechanically insensitive and electrically unexcitable neurons. We conclude that PNI-induced pain is driven by nerve injury and peripheral sensitization in HTMRs.
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Trus I, Berube N, Jiang P, Rak J, Gerdts V, Karniychuk U. Zika Virus with Increased CpG Dinucleotide Frequencies Shows Oncolytic Activity in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050579. [PMID: 32466170 PMCID: PMC7290362 DOI: 10.3390/v12050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied whether cytosine phosphate–guanine (CpG) recoding in a viral genome may provide oncolytic candidates with reduced infection kinetics in nonmalignant brain cells, but with high virulence in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). As a model, we used well-characterized CpG-recoded Zika virus vaccine candidates that previously showed genetic stability and safety in animal models. In vitro, one of the CpG-recoded Zika virus variants had reduced infection kinetics in nonmalignant brain cells but high infectivity and oncolytic activity in GSCs as represented by reduced cell proliferation. The recoded virus also efficiently replicated in GSC-derived tumors in ovo with a significant reduction of tumor growth. We also showed that some GSCs may be resistant to Zika virus oncolytic activity, emphasizing the need for personalized oncolytic therapy or a strategy to overcome resistance in GSCs. Collectively, we demonstrated the potential of the CpG recoding approach for oncolytic virus development that encourages further research towards a better understanding of host–tumor–CpG-recoded virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Trus
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (I.T.); (N.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Nathalie Berube
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (I.T.); (N.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA;
| | - Janusz Rak
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada;
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (I.T.); (N.B.); (V.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (I.T.); (N.B.); (V.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Marshall KM, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo organotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420942734. [PMID: 33194169 PMCID: PMC7594486 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420942734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane model has been around for over a century, applied in angiogenic, oncology, dental and xenograft research. Despite its often perceived archaic, redolent history, the chorioallantoic membrane assay offers new and exciting opportunities for material and growth factor evaluation in bone tissue engineering. Currently, superior/improved experimental methodology for the chorioallantoic membrane assay are difficult to identify, given an absence of scientific consensus in defining experimental approaches, including timing of inoculation with materials and the analysis of results. In addition, critically, regulatory and welfare issues impact upon experimental designs. Given such disparate points, this review details recent research using the ex vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay and the ex vivo organotypic culture to advance the field of bone tissue engineering, and highlights potential areas of improvement for their application based on recent developments within our group and the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Marshall
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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