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Modi B, Timilsina H, Bhandari S, Achhami A, Pakka S, Shrestha P, Kandel D, GC DB, Khatri S, Chhetri PM, Parajuli N. Current Trends of Food Analysis, Safety, and Packaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:9924667. [PMID: 34485507 PMCID: PMC8410450 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9924667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Food is a basic necessity for life, growth, survival, and maintaining a proper body function. Rising food demand leads both producers and consumers to search for alternative food sources with high nutritional value. However, food products may never be completely safe. The oxidation reaction may alter both the physicochemical and immunological properties of food products. Maillard and caramelization nonenzymatic browning reactions can play a pivotal role in food acceptance through the ways they influence quality factors such as flavor, color, texture, nutritional value, protein functionality, and digestibility. There is a multitude of adulterated foods that portray adverse risks to the human condition. To maintain food safety, the packaging material is used to preserve the quality and freshness of food products. Food safety is jeopardized by plenty of pathogens by the consumption of adulterated food resulting in multiple foodborne illnesses. Though different analytical tools are used in the analysis of food products, yet, adulterated food has repercussions for the community and is a growing issue that adversely impairs human health and well-being. Thus, pathogenic agents' rapid and effective identification is vital for food safety and security to avoid foodborne illness. This review highlights the various analytical techniques used in the analysis of food products, food structure, and quality of food along with chemical reactions in food processing. Moreover, we have also discussed the effect on health due to the consumption of adulterated food and focused on the importance of food safety, including the biodegradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Modi
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Hari Timilsina
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sobika Bhandari
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Ashma Achhami
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sangita Pakka
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Prakash Shrestha
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Devilal Kandel
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur GC
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Sabina Khatri
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Pradhumna Mahat Chhetri
- Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Leknath Marg, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
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Beloglazova Y, Nikitiuk A, Voronina A, Gagarskikh O, Bayandin Y, Naimark O, Grishko V. Label-Free Single Cell Viability Assay Using Laser Interference Microscopy. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:590. [PMID: 34206974 PMCID: PMC8301067 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Laser interference microscopy (LIM) is a promising label-free method for single-cell research applicable to cell viability assessment in the studies of mammalian cells. This paper describes the development of a sensitive and reproducible method for assessing cell viability using LIM. The method, based on associated signal processing techniques, has been developed as a result of real-time investigation in phase thickness fluctuations of viable and non-viable MCF-7 cells, reflecting the presence and absence of their metabolic activity. As evinced by the values of the variable vc, this variable determines the viability of a cell only in the attached state (vc exceeds 20 nm2 for viable attached cells). The critical value of the power spectrum slope βc of the phase thickness fluctuations equals 1.00 for attached MCF-7 cells and 0.71 for suspended cells. The slope of the phase fluctuations' power spectrum for MCF-7 cells was determined to exceed the threshold value of βc for a living cell, otherwise the cell is dead. The results evince the power spectrum slope as the most appropriate indicator of cell viability, while the integrated evaluation criterion (vc and βc values) can be used to assay the viability of attached cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Beloglazova
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Technical Chemistry UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 3, 614013 Perm, Russia; (Y.B.); (A.V.); (O.G.)
| | - Aleksandr Nikitiuk
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (A.N.); (Y.B.); (O.N.)
| | - Anna Voronina
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Technical Chemistry UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 3, 614013 Perm, Russia; (Y.B.); (A.V.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Gagarskikh
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Technical Chemistry UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 3, 614013 Perm, Russia; (Y.B.); (A.V.); (O.G.)
| | - Yuriy Bayandin
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (A.N.); (Y.B.); (O.N.)
| | - Oleg Naimark
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (A.N.); (Y.B.); (O.N.)
| | - Victoria Grishko
- Perm Federal Scientific Centre, Institute of Technical Chemistry UB RAS, Academician Korolev St. 3, 614013 Perm, Russia; (Y.B.); (A.V.); (O.G.)
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Aryal SP, Fu X, Sandin JN, Neupane KR, Lakes JE, Grady ME, Richards CI. Nicotine induces morphological and functional changes in astrocytes via nicotinic receptor activity. Glia 2021; 69:2037-2053. [PMID: 33851731 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive compound present in tobacco, which causes the release of dopamine in different regions of the brain. Recent studies have shown that astrocytes express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and mediate calcium signaling. In this study, we examine the morphological and functional adaptations of astrocytes due to nicotine exposure. Utilizing a combination of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, we show that nicotine-treated astrocytes exhibit time-dependent remodeling in the number and length of both proximal and fine processes. Blocking nAChR activity with an antagonist completely abolishes nicotine's influence on astrocyte morphology indicating that nicotine's action is mediated by these receptors. Functional studies show that 24-hr nicotine treatment induces higher levels of calcium activity in both the cell soma and the processes with a more substantial change observed in the processes. Nicotine does not induce reactive astrocytosis even at high concentrations (10 μM) as determined by cytokine release and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. We designed tissue clearing experiments to test whether morphological changes occur in vivo using astrocyte specific Aldh1l1-tdTomato knock in mice. We find that nicotine induces a change in the volume of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex, CA1 of the hippocampus, and the substantia nigra. These results indicate that nicotine directly alters the functional and morphological properties of astrocytes potentially contributing to the underlying mechanism of nicotine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joree N Sandin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Khaga R Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jourdan E Lakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha E Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Neupane K, McCorkle JR, Kopper TJ, Lakes JE, Aryal SP, Abdullah M, Snell AA, Gensel JC, Kolesar J, Richards CI. Macrophage-Engineered Vesicles for Therapeutic Delivery and Bidirectional Reprogramming of Immune Cell Polarization. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3847-3857. [PMID: 33585763 PMCID: PMC7876833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, one of the most important phagocytic cells of the immune system, are highly plastic and are known to exhibit diverse roles under different pathological conditions. The ability to repolarize macrophages from pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) or vice versa offers a promising therapeutic approach for treating various diseases such as traumatic injury and cancer. Herein, it is demonstrated that macrophage-engineered vesicles (MEVs) generated by disruption of macrophage cellular membranes can be used as nanocarriers capable of reprogramming macrophages and microglia toward either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. MEVs can be produced at high yields and easily loaded with diagnostic molecules or chemotherapeutics and delivered to both macrophages and cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Overall, MEVs show promise as potential delivery vehicles for both therapeutics and their ability to controllably modulate macrophage/microglia inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaga
R. Neupane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - J. Robert McCorkle
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kopper
- Spinal
Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department
of Physiology University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jourdan E. Lakes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Surya P. Aryal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Masud Abdullah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aaron A. Snell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal
Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department
of Physiology University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jill Kolesar
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
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