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Mukherjee K, Wang R, Xiao C. Release of Lipids Stored in the Intestine by Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Involves a Gut-Brain Neural Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:192-201. [PMID: 37970717 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut hormone GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) plays important roles in lipid handling in the intestine. During postabsorptive stage, it releases preformed chylomicrons stored in the intestine, the underlying mechanisms of which are not well understood. Previous studies implicate the involvement of neural pathways in GLP-2's actions on lipid absorption in the intestine, but the role of such mechanisms in releasing postabsorptive lipid storage has not been established. METHODS Here, in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, we directly tested whether gut-brain neural communication mediates GLP-2's effects on postabsorptive lipid mobilization in the intestine. We performed total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy to disrupt the gut-brain neural communication and analyzed lipid output 5 hours after a lipid load in response to intraperitoneal GLP-2 or saline. RESULTS Peripheral GLP-2 administration led to increased lymph lipid output and activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. Disruption of gut-brain neural communication via vagotomy blunted GLP-2's effects on promoting lipid release in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, demonstrate a novel mechanism in which postabsorptive mobilization of intestinal lipid storage by GLP-2 enlists a gut-brain neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundanika Mukherjee
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rita Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Muniz Partida C, Walters E. A novel immunohistochemical protocol for paraffin embedded tissue sections using free-floating techniques. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1154568. [PMID: 37235185 PMCID: PMC10206034 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1154568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a well-established and widely used protocol used to visualize tissue architecture, protein expression and localization. Free-floating methods for IHC employ tissue sections that are cut from a cryostat or vibratome. The limitations of these tissue sections are tissue fragility, poor morphology, and the need to use sections of 20-50 μm. In addition, there is a void of information regarding the use of free floating immunohistochemical techniques on paraffin embedded tissue. To address this, we developed a free-float IHC protocol with paraffin embedded tissue (PFFP) that saves time, resources, and tissues. PFFP localized GFAP, olfactory marker protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Nestin expression in mouse hippocampal, olfactory bulb, striatum, and cortical tissue. Successful localization of these antigens was achieved using PFFP with and without antigen retrieval, with subsequent chromogenic DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) development and immunofluorescence detection methods. The application of the PFFP in combination with methodologies of in situ hybridization, protein/protein interactions, laser capture dissection, and pathological diagnosis expands the versatility of paraffin embedded tissues.
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3
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Hernández IC, Yau J, Rishøj L, Cui N, Minderler S, Jowett N. Tutorial: multiphoton microscopy to advance neuroscience research. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 11. [PMID: 36753763 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/acba66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) employs ultrafast infrared lasers for high-resolution deep three-dimensional imaging of live biological samples. The goal of this tutorial is to provide a practical guide to MPM imaging for novice microscopy developers and life-science users. Principles of MPM, microscope setup, and labeling strategies are discussed. Use of MPM to achieve unprecedented imaging depth of whole mounted explants and intravital imaging via implantable glass windows of the mammalian nervous system is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Coto Hernández
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Yau
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lars Rishøj
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Electro, Ørsteds Plads 343, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanke Cui
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven Minderler
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nate Jowett
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Herrera MI, Udovin LD, Kobiec T, Toro-Urrego N, Kusnier CF, Kölliker-Frers RA, Luaces JP, Otero-Losada M, Capani F. Palmitoylethanolamide attenuates neurodevelopmental delay and early hippocampal damage following perinatal asphyxia in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:953157. [PMID: 36090655 PMCID: PMC9452789 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.953157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired gas exchange close to labor causes perinatal asphyxia (PA), a neurodevelopmental impairment factor. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) proved neuroprotective in experimental brain injury and neurodegeneration models. This study aimed to evaluate PEA effects on the immature-brain, i.e., early neuroprotection by PEA in an experimental PA paradigm. Newborn rats were placed in a 37°C water bath for 19 min to induce PA. PEA 10 mg/kg, s.c., was administered within the first hour of life. Neurobehavioral responses were assessed from postnatal day 1 (P1) to postnatal day 21 (P21), recording the day of appearance of several reflexes and neurological signs. Hippocampal CA1 area ultrastructure was examined using electron microscopy. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), phosphorylated high and medium molecular weight neurofilaments (pNF H/M), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot at P21. Over the first 3 weeks of life, PA rats showed late gait, negative geotaxis and eye-opening onset, and delayed appearance of air-righting, auditory startle, sensory eyelid, forelimb placing, and grasp reflexes. On P21, the hippocampal CA1 area showed signs of neuronal degeneration and MAP-2 deficit. PEA treatment reduced PA-induced hippocampal damage and normalized the time of appearance of gait, air-righting, placing, and grasp reflexes. The outcome of this study might prove useful in designing intervention strategies to reduce early neurodevelopmental delay following PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Udovin
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Kobiec
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Toro-Urrego
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F. Kusnier
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A. Kölliker-Frers
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Luaces
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Francisco Capani,
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Ohno Y, Murphy R, Choi M, Ou W, Sumbria RK. Full- versus Sub-Regional Quantification of Amyloid-Beta Load on Mouse Brain Sections. JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS : JOVE 2022:10.3791/63669. [PMID: 35661689 PMCID: PMC9851888 DOI: 10.3791/63669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is the target of the only FDA-approved disease-modifying treatment for AD. Accordingly, the use of transgenic mouse models that overexpress the amyloid precursor protein and thereby accumulate cerebral Aβ plaques are widely used to model human AD in mice. Therefore, immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunostaining, commonly measure the Aβ load in brain tissues derived from AD transgenic mice. Though the methods for Aβ detection and quantification have been well established and documented, the impact of the size of the region of interest selected in the brain tissue on Aβ load measurements following immunostaining has not been reported. Therefore, the current protocol aimed to compare the Aβ load measurements across the full- and sub-regions of interest using an image analysis software. The steps involved in brain tissue preparation, free-floating brain section immunostaining, imaging, and quantification of Aβ load in full- versus sub-regions of interest are described using brain sections derived from 13-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic male mice. The current protocol and the results provide valuable information about the impact of the size of the region of interest on Aβ-positive area quantification, and show a strong correlation between the Aβ-positive area obtained using the full- and sub-regions of interest analyses for brain sections derived from 13-month-old male APP/PS1 mice that show widespread Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Ohno
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Riley Murphy
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Choi
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Weijun Ou
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rachita K. Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,corresponding author: Rachita K. Sumbria, ()
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Chen A, Tarapore E, To AG, Catolico DM, Nguyen KC, Coleman MJ, Spence RD. Introducing immunohistochemistry to the molecular biology laboratory. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 50:229-236. [PMID: 35178833 PMCID: PMC9304200 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Widely used in research laboratories, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a transferable skill that prepares undergraduate students for a variety of careers in the biomedical field. We have developed an inquiry-based learning IHC laboratory exercise, which introduces students to the theory, procedure, and data interpretation of antibody staining. Students are tasked with performing IHC using an "unknown" antibody and then asked to identify the cells or molecular structures within the nervous systems specific for that unknown antibody. In two lab sessions, students are exposed to handling of delicate brain slices, fluorescent microscopy, and data analysis using the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA), an online freely accessible database of mRNA transcript expression patterns in the brain. Here, we present guidelines for easy implementation in the classroom and assess learning gains achieved by the students upon completion of the IHC laboratory module. Students clearly displayed an increase in knowledge in data interpretation, procedural knowledge, and theory surrounding IHC. Thus, this module works as an inquiry-based learning based method to introduce IHC principles to undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorSchool of Biological Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologySchool of Biological Sciences, University of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Allisen G. To
- W.M. Keck Science DepartmentClaremontCaliforniaUSA
- Scripps CollegeClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Davis M. Catolico
- W.M. Keck Science DepartmentClaremontCaliforniaUSA
- Claremont McKenna CollegeClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kelly C. Nguyen
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Rory D. Spence
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Hao X, Li Z, Li W, Katz J, Michalek SM, Barnum SR, Pozzo-Miller L, Saito T, Saido TC, Wang Q, Roberson ED, Zhang P. Periodontal Infection Aggravates C1q-Mediated Microglial Activation and Synapse Pruning in Alzheimer's Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816640. [PMID: 35178049 PMCID: PMC8845011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic infectious disease that leads to the destruction of tooth supporting tissues. There is increasing evidence that periodontitis may affect the development and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism(s) by which periodontal infection impacts the neurodegenerative process in AD remains unclear. In the present study, using an amyloid precursor protein (APP) knock-in (App KI) AD mouse model, we showed that oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, worsened behavioral and cognitive impairment and accelerated amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in AD mice, thus unquestionably and significantly aggravating AD. We also provide new evidence that the neuroinflammatory status established by AD, is greatly complicated by periodontal infection and the consequential entry of Pg into the brain via Aβ-primed microglial activation, and that Pg-induced brain overactivation of complement C1q is critical for periodontitis-associated acceleration of AD progression by amplifying microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and tagging synapses for microglial engulfment. Our study renders support for the importance of periodontal infection in the innate immune regulation of AD and the possibility of targeting microbial etiology and periodontal treatment to ameliorate the clinical manifestation of AD and lower AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Hao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zhaofei Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jannet Katz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Erik D. Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Strnad Š, Strnadová V, Sýkora D, Cvačka J, Maletínská L, Vrkoslav V. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids on Free-Floating Brain Sections and Immunohistochemically Colocalized Markers of Neurodegeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2437:229-239. [PMID: 34902152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2030-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), the essential steps in sample preparation include collection and storage. The most widely used preservation procedure for MSI consists in freezing samples and storing them at temperatures below -80 °C. On the other hand, the most common method for preserving biological samples in clinical practice is their fixation in paraformaldehyde. The storage of free-floating sections is a particular type of the preservation of paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues that is used in immunohistochemistry. This chapter describes the approach of the multimodal imaging of free-floating brain sections using the MSI of lipids and the immunohistochemistry of neurodegeneration markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Strnad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Strnadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Corrà MF, Sousa M, Reis I, Tanganelli F, Vila-Chã N, Sousa AP, Magalhães R, Sampaio P, Taipa R, Maia L. Advantages of an Automated Method Compared With Manual Methods for the Quantification of Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber in Skin Biopsy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:685-694. [PMID: 34041546 PMCID: PMC8357338 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) measurements in skin biopsy are performed manually by 1–3 operators. To improve diagnostic accuracy and applicability in clinical practice, we developed an automated method for fast IENFD determination with low operator-dependency. Sixty skin biopsy specimens were stained with the axonal marker PGP9.5 and imaged using a widefield fluorescence microscope. IENFD was first determined manually by 3 independent observers. Subsequently, images were processed in their Z-max projection and the intradermal line was delineated automatically. IENFD was calculated automatically (fluorescent images automated counting [FIAC]) and compared with manual counting on the same fluorescence images (fluorescent images manual counting [FIMC]), and with classical manual counting (CMC) data. A FIMC showed lower variability among observers compared with CMC (interclass correlation [ICC] = 0.996 vs 0.950). FIMC and FIAC showed high reliability (ICC = 0.999). A moderate-to-high (ICC = 0.705) was observed between CMC and FIAC counting. The algorithm process took on average 15 seconds to perform FIAC counting, compared with 10 minutes for FIMC counting. This automated method rapidly and reliably detects small nerve fibers in skin biopsies with clear advantages over the classical manual technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francisca Corrà
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Mafalda Sousa
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Inês Reis
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Fabiana Tanganelli
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Nuno Vila-Chã
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Ana Paula Sousa
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Rui Magalhães
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Paula Sampaio
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
| | - Luís Maia
- From the Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (MFC, RM, RT, LM); Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) (MFC, IR, NV-C, APS, RM, RT, LM); Instituto de investigação e inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (i3S) (MS, PS, LM), Porto, Portugal; Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany (FT)
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