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Wang W, Lv FY, Tu M, Guo XL. Perirenal fat thickness contributes to the estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1434333. [PMID: 39040678 PMCID: PMC11260611 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1434333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship between increased perirenal fat thickness (PrFT) and CVD risks in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PrFT and the estimated 10-year risk of CVD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in T2DM. Method The final analysis included 704 participants. PrFT was quantified using non-enhanced computed tomography scans, while the estimated 10-year CVD and ASCVD risk assessments were based on the Framingham and China-PAR equation risk scores, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze the correlation between PrFT and these risk scores. Results Higher quartiles of PrFT displayed elevated Framingham and China-PAR equation risk scores (P<0.001). After adjusting for cardiometabolic risk factors and visceral fat area, PrFT remained significantly correlated with Framingham equation risk scores in men (β=0.098, P=0.036) and women (β=0.099, P=0.032). Similar correlations were observed between PrFT and China-PAR equation risk scores in men (β=0.106, P=0.009) and women (β=0.108, P=0.007). Moreover, PrFT emerged as an independent variable associated with a high estimated 10-year risk of CVD and ASCVD, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.04-1.25, P=0.016) in men and 1.20 (95% CI: 1.11-1.31, P<0.001) in women for high estimated CVD risk, and ORs of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08-1.41, P=0.009) in men and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.12-1.60, P<0.001) in women for high estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline analyses confirmed a nonlinear relationship between PrFT and high estimated CVD and ASCVD risk in both genders (P for nonlinearity and overall < 0.05). Conclusions PrFT contributed as an independent variable to the estimated 10-year risk of CVD and ASCVD in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiu Li Guo
- National Metabolic Management Center, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, China
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Hassouneh R, Flynn S, Shen S, Tseng M, Bui AT, Pham J, Park D, Matherly S, Bruno D, Lee S, Kumaran V, Patel V, Muthiah M, Sharma A, Siddiqui MS. Impact of Liver Transplantation on Adipose Tissue Compartments and Its Association With Metabolic Sequela. Transplantation 2024; 108:235-241. [PMID: 37439776 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of skeletal muscle can be accompanied by an increase in adipose tissue leading to sarcopenic obesity. There are limited data on how liver transplantation (LT) might impact adipose tissue compartments, particularly among patients with metabolically active disease, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and subsequent metabolic sequela. METHODS Skeletal muscle, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were measured using cross-sectional imaging performed in 190 patients pre-LT, 6 mo post-LT and 12 mo post-LT. Changes in adipose tissue and their impact on metabolic diseases were determined in patients transplanted for NASH versus non-NASH. RESULTS Skeletal muscle, VAT, and SAT were similar in patients with NASH and non-NASH pre-LT despite a higher burden of metabolic diseases in patients with NASH. Following LT, no significant differences between skeletal muscle and SAT were observed in the entire cohort and among patients with NASH (versus non-NASH). LT recipients with the highest muscle mass pre-LT were at the greatest risk for muscle loss post-LT. A time-dependent increase in VAT was noted post-LT, which was more robust among patients with a history of NASH cirrhosis. In adjusted multivariate analysis, NASH versus non-NASH was a strong predictor of post-LT increase in VAT (β-coefficient 3.00, P = 0.04). Pre-LT VAT was an independent predictor of post-LT serum triglycerides (β-coefficient 5.49 ± 2.78, P = 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β-coefficient 1.80 ± 0.75, P = 0.02). A trend between pre-LT VAT and diabetes was noted but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS VAT but not SAT increases rapidly after LT, especially among patients transplanted for NASH cirrhosis and predicts future metabolic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Hassouneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sean Flynn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Steve Shen
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Michael Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Anh Tuan Bui
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jay Pham
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Dan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Scott Matherly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - David Bruno
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Seung Lee
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Vinay Kumaran
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Vaishali Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Heptology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Amit Sharma
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Huang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Wang T, Bai P, Xing J, Wang H, Chen B. High perirenal fat thickness predicts a greater risk of recurrence in Chinese patients with unilateral nephrolithiasis. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2158870. [PMID: 36637005 PMCID: PMC9848376 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2158870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between recurrence-free survival (RFS) and perirenal fat thickness (PFT) in a cohort of Chinese population with unilateral nephrolithiasis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 81 patients with unilateral nephrolithiasis in our center from January 2019 to June 2019. PFT measured on computed tomography (CT) scans was evaluated. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to assess significant differences in RSF between high-PFT and low-PFT groups within sexes. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the potential risk factors for renal stone recurrence. RESULTS High PFT was significantly associated with high BMI and hyperlipidemia (p = .003 and.047, respectively). The PFT of stone-bearing kidney was significantly greater than PFT of non-stone-bearing kidney (0.77 ± 0.60 cm vs. 0.67 ± 0.58 cm, p = .002) . During the follow-up periods (median 31 months), 21 (25.9%) patients experienced ipsilateral renal stone recurrence. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with low PFT had a significant better RFS than those with high PFT (p = .012). In the univariable Cox analyses, male sex and high PFT were significantly associated with a poor RFS (p = .042 and .018, respectively). Moreover, both male sex and high PFT retained significance in the multivariable analyses (p = .045 and .020, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that PFT is a noninvasive and feasible parameter, which may help in the risk stratification of renal stone recurrence in the follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peide Bai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinchun Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,CONTACT Huiqiang Wang
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Bin Chen Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Boorsma EM, Sorimachi H, Ter Maaten JM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Omote K, Takahashi N, Testani JM, Willems TP, Voors AA, Borlaug BA. Perirenal Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Renal Dysfunction and Abnormal Hemodynamics in Patients With HFpEF. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2023; 11:1463-1465. [PMID: 37656080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Yu A, Li Y, Zhang H, Hu G, Zhao Y, Guo J, Wei M, Yu W, Yan Z. Development and validation of a preoperative nomogram for predicting the surgical difficulty of laparoscopic colectomy for right colon cancer: a retrospective analysis. Int J Surg 2023; 109:870-878. [PMID: 36999773 PMCID: PMC10389525 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for right colon cancer, complete mesocolic excision is a standard procedure that involves extended lymphadenectomy and blood vessel ligation. This study aimed to establish a nomogram to facilitate evaluation of the surgical difficulty of laparoscopic right hemicolectomy based on preoperative parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The preoperative clinical and computed tomography-related parameters, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The difficulty of laparoscopic colectomy was defined using the scoring grade reported by Escal et al . with modifications. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to identify parameters that increased the surgical difficulty. A preoperative nomogram to predict the surgical difficulty was established and validated. RESULTS A total of 418 consecutive patients with right colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical resection at a single tertiary medical center between January 2016 and May 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. The patients were randomly assigned to a training data set ( n =300, 71.8%) and an internal validation data set ( n =118, 28.2%). Meanwhile, an external validation data set with 150 consecutive eligible patients from another tertiary medical center was collected. In the training data set, 222 patients (74.0%) comprised the non-difficulty group and 78 (26.0%) comprised the difficulty group. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that adipose thickness at the ileocolic vessel drainage area, adipose area at the ileocolic vessel drainage area, adipose density at the ileocolic vessel drainage area, presence of the right colonic artery, presence of type III Henle's trunk, intra-abdominal adipose area, plasma triglyceride concentration, and tumor diameter at least 5 cm were independent risk factors for surgical difficulty; these factors were included in the nomogram. The nomogram incorporating seven independent predictors showed a high C-index of 0.922 and considerable reliability, accuracy, and net clinical benefit. CONCLUSIONS The study established and validated a reliable nomogram for predicting the surgical difficulty of laparoscopic colectomy for right colon cancer. The nomogram may assist surgeons in preoperatively evaluating risk and selecting appropriate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yu
- Department of General Surgery
| | | | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanbo Hu
- Shandong Healthcare Industry Development Group Co. Ltd., Shandong Healthcare, Zaozhuang
| | - Yuetang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Yutai County People’s Hospital, Jining
| | - Jinghao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Wenbin Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Zhibo Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
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Yang Y, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Xu Y, Fang Y, Ke J, Zhao D. The perirenal fat thickness was independently associated with serum uric acid level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:210. [PMID: 35987648 PMCID: PMC9392942 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important risk factor for hyperuricemia. We aimed to explore the relationship between perirenal fat thickness (PrFT) and paranephric fat thickness (PnFT) and serum uric acid (SUA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 257 patients with T2DM recruited from Beijing Luhe Hospital from September 2019 to May 2020. The basic and clinical information such as age, gender, duration of diabetes was collected through the medical records. All patients underwent a physical examination including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, systolic blood pressures and diastolic blood pressure. The venous blood and urine samples were collected to measure SUA, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and glycosylated hemoglobin. PrFT and PnFT were measured via ultrasonography. Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the association between PrFT and PnFT and SUA. RESULTS We found that PrFT and PnFT increased according to the tertiles of SUA level (P = 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). In addition, the PrFT and PnFT were positively associated with SUA level (r = 0.25, P < 0.001, r = 0.23, P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, this association was stronger in males, non-obesity patients and patients with normal renal function. In the multivariate analysis, the PrFT was independently associated with SUA level after adjusting confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The PrFT was independently associated with SUA level in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Yang
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuechao Xu
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dong Zhao
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Boorsma EM, Ter Maaten JM, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ. Renal Compression in Heart Failure: The Renal Tamponade Hypothesis. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:175-183. [PMID: 35241245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is one of the strongest predictors of outcome in heart failure. Several studies have revealed that both reduced perfusion and increased congestion (and central venous pressure) contribute to worsening renal function in heart failure. This paper proposes a novel factor in the link between cardiac and renal dysfunction: "renal tamponade" or compression of renal structures caused by the limited space for expansion. This space can be limited either by the rigid renal capsule that encloses the renal interstitial tissue or by the layer of fat around the kidneys or by the peritoneal space exerting pressure on the retroperitoneal kidneys. Renal decapsulation in animal models of heart failure and acute renal ischemia has been shown effective in alleviating pressure-related injury within the kidney itself, thus supporting this concept and making it a potentially interesting novel treatment in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Boorsma
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jozine M Ter Maaten
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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D'Marco L, Puchades MJ, Panizo N, Romero-Parra M, Gandía L, Giménez-Civera E, Pérez-Bernat E, Gonzalez-Rico M, Gorriz JL. Cardiorenal Fat: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor With Implications in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640814. [PMID: 34113631 PMCID: PMC8185173 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the potential role of adipose tissues in cardiac and renal pathophysiology, and determining the mechanisms by which fat compartments around the heart and kidneys influence cardiovascular disease is of clinical importance in both general and high-risk populations. Epicardial fat and perirenal fat have been associated with adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Epicardial fat is a rich source of free fatty acids and is capable of secreting inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokines that promote atherosclerosis through a local paracrine effect. Recent evidence has demonstrated that perirenal fat has a closer correlation with kidney diseases than other visceral fat deposits in obesity or metabolic disturbances. Moreover, perirenal fat has been reported as an independent risk factor for CKD progression and even associated with cardiorenal dysfunction. Accordingly, these forms of organ-specific fat deposits may act as a connecter between vascular and cardiorenal disease. This review explores the possible links between epicardial and perirenal fat and its significant role as a modulator of cardiorenal dysfunction in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D'Marco
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Puchades
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Universidad de Valencia, Medicine School, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nayara Panizo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Romero-Parra
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Gandía
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Giménez-Civera
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Pérez-Bernat
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gonzalez-Rico
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Gorriz
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute of Health Research (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Universidad de Valencia, Medicine School, Valencia, Spain
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Anti-Obesity Effects of a Prunus persica and Nelumbo nucifera Mixture in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113392. [PMID: 33158191 PMCID: PMC7694277 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus persica and Nelumbo nucifera are major crops cultivated worldwide. In East Asia, both P. persica flowers and N. nucifera leaves are traditionally used for therapeutic purposes and consumed as teas for weight loss. Herein, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of an herbal extract mixture of P. persica and N. nucifera (HT077) and the underlying mechanism using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet, HFD, HFD containing 0.02% orlistat (positive control), or HFD containing 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% HT077 for 12 weeks. HT077 significantly reduced final body weights, weight gain, abdominal fat weights, liver weights, and hepatic levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. HT077 also lowered glucose, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and leptin levels and increased AST/ALT and adiponectin/leptin ratios and adiponectin levels. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that HT077 decreased the expression of lipogenic genes and increased the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes in adipose tissue. Our results indicate that HT077 exerts anti-obesity effects and prevents the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. These beneficial effects might be partially attributed to ameliorating adipokine imbalances and regulating lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue.
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