1
|
Mairinger FD, Walter RFH, Theegarten D, Hager T, Vollbrecht C, Christoph DC, Worm K, Ting S, Werner R, Stamatis G, Mairinger T, Baba H, Zarogoulidis K, Huang H, Li Q, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis P, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J. Gene Expression Analysis of the 26S Proteasome Subunit PSMB4 Reveals Significant Upregulation, Different Expression and Association with Proliferation in Human Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumours. J Cancer 2014; 5:646-54. [PMID: 25157275 PMCID: PMC4142326 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Proteasomal subunit PSMB4 was suggested to be a survival gene in an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma and in glioblastoma cell lines. In pulmonary adenocarcinoma, a high expression of these genes was found to be associated with poor differentiation and survival. This study investigates the gene expression levels of 26S proteasome subunits in human pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours including typical (TC) and atypical (AC) carcinoid tumours as well as small cell (SCLC) and large cell (LCNEC) neuroendocrine carcinomas. Material and methods: Gene expression levels of proteasomal subunits (PSMA1, PSMA5, PSMB4, PSMB5 and PSMD1) were investigated in 80 neuroendocrine pulmonary tumours (each 20 TC, AC, LCNLC and SCLC) and compared to controls. mRNA levels were determined by using TaqMan assays. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMA) was performed to determine the expression of ki67, cleaved caspase 3 and PSMB4. Results: All proteasomal subunit gene expressions were significantly upregulated in TC, AC, SCLC and LCNEC compared to controls. PSMB4 mRNA is differently expressed between all neuroendocrine tumour subtypes demonstrating the highest expression and greatest range in LCNEC (p=0.043), and is significantly associated with proliferative activity (p=0.039). Conclusion: In line with other 26S proteasomal subunits PSMB4 is significantly increased, but differently expressed between pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours and is associated with the proliferative activity. Unlike in pulmonary adenocarcinomas, no association with biological behaviour was observed, suggesting that increased proteasomal subunit gene expression is a common and probably early event in the tumorigenesis of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours regardless of their differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Fred Henry Walter
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. ; 2. Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Theegarten
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollbrecht
- 3. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Karl Worm
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ting
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Werner
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Georgios Stamatis
- 5. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- 6. Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hideo Baba
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 7. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haidong Huang
- 8. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China
| | - Qiang Li
- 8. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- 9. Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- 7. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- 1. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gautschi O, Mack PC, Heighway J, Gumerlock PH, Gandara DR. Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer as the Basis for Targeted Therapy. Lung Cancer 2007. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420020359.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Small cell lung cancer is a chemosensitive malignancy, yet long-term survival remains elusive for the majority of patients. Here, we report on progress in evaluating novel targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Interferons, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, thalidomide, bevacizumab, ZD6474, imatinib, gefitinib, oblimersen and aplidine have all entered clinical trial in patients with small cell lung cancer. Immunotherapy approaches targeting cell surface antigens such as CD-56 (BB10901) and GD3 ganglioside are also being evaluated. Interferons, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, imatinib and gefitinib have failed to demonstrate efficacy for this disease. Preliminary data for thalidomide are promising and so results from trials of other antiangiogenics such as bevacizumab and ZD6474 are awaited with interest. SUMMARY Although the promise of targeted therapy has yet to be realized in patients with small cell lung cancer, the number of agents available for evaluation provides new optimism that progress will be made over the next decades.
Collapse
|
4
|
Efficient inefficiency: biochemical "junk" may represent molecular bridesmaids awaiting emergent function as a buffer against environmental fluctuation. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:914-21. [PMID: 16581198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical function of many parts of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and interactome remain largely unknown. We propose that portions of these fundamental building blocks of life have no current biochemical function per se. Rather, sections of these "omes" may contribute to an inventory of biochemical parts and circuits that participate in the development of emergent functions. Low fidelity deoxyribonucleic acid replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification all represent potential mechanisms to produce an inventory of parts. Stochastic processes that influence the conformations of ribonucleic acid molecules and proteins may also contribute to potential biochemical inventory. Some components of the biochemical inventory may enable future adaptations, some may produce disease, and some may remain useless. The function of many of these components await discovery, not by science, but by evolution. While carrying such purposeless biochemical units may appear to dilute fitness by exacting a thermodynamic cost, we argue that net fitness becomes enhanced when considering the value for potential future innovations. One can envision components that intermingle, interact, and act out mock pathways, but in most cases remain molecular bridesmaids. Given sufficiently low thermodynamic cost, such stochastic cycling may persist until a markedly advantageous or cataclysmically disadvantageous trait emerges. Maladaptive screening and utilization of inventory content can lead to disease phenotypes, a process buffered and regulated in part by the heat shock protein and stress response network. Whereas failure of the ubiquitin pathway to recycle misfolded proteins has become increasingly recognized as a source of disease, protein misfolding may itself represent one step in a process that maximizes functional innovation through increasing proteomic diversity. Fractal correlates of these processes occur at the organizational level of cells and organisms. That the abnormal accumulation of units induces local collapse may serve to limit the extension of damage to the greater system at large. The immune and cognitive systems that selectively sample and prune environmental content may serve as additional portals for innovation.
Collapse
|