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Xu L, Che Y, Ding X, Song J, Zhang X, Sun X. Successful treatment of a rare subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: An unusual case report and literature review. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e12878. [PMID: 30884048 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liye Xu
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Yuxuan Che
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Jincheng Song
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
| | - Xiuhua Sun
- Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, China
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Kheterpal M, Mehta-Shah N, Virmani P, Myskowski PL, Moskowitz A, Horwitz SM. Managing Patients with Cutaneous B-Cell and T-Cell Lymphomas Other Than Mycosis Fungoides. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 11:224-33. [PMID: 27101016 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-016-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lymphomas (CL) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized with clinical and histopathological variation, as well as overlap with benign dermatoses. Diagnosis and treatment of CLs is challenging and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. However, prognostic knowledge of these conditions and awareness of treatment options can help optimize appropriate use of available regimens, thereby improving care for patients. Here, we review the most recent literature and outline treatment themes for managing patients with cutaneous B-cell and T-cell lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Kheterpal
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 500 Westchester Ave, West Harrison, NY, 10604, USA
| | - Neha Mehta-Shah
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1233 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pooja Virmani
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,, 16 E60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, USA
| | - Patricia L Myskowski
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,, 16 E60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, USA
| | - Alison Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Steven M Horwitz
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1233 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas represent 10% to 15% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and comprise more than 20 different entities. Treatment of very rare T-cell lymphomas can be challenging because there are no large or randomized studies to guide clinical decision making, and treatment paradigms are often based on small series or imperfect data. Although a strict algorithm cannot be written with certainty, through the literature that exists and clinical experience, themes and principles of approaches do emerge that when coupled with clinical judgment allow reasonable and logical decisions.
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Rubio-Gonzalez B, Zain J, Rosen ST, Querfeld C. Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphomas: current status and future directions. Br J Haematol 2016; 176:16-36. [PMID: 27782301 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary cutaneous lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of T-, Natural Killer- and B- cell neoplasms with a wide range of clinical and pathological presentations, and with very different prognoses compared to systemic lymphomas. Recent studies have shown that the skin microenvironment, which is composed of various immune cell subsets as well as their spatial distribution and T-cell interactions through different chemokines and cytokines, has an important role in the development and pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphomas and has assisted in the development of novel and more effective immunotherapies. The following review will focus on the major subtypes of primary cutaneous lymphomas, including the clinical and histological patterns, molecular hallmarks, and current and future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine Zain
- Department of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Department of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Division of Dermatology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Although all the peripheral T-cell lymphomas are uncommon, there are some entities that are truly rare. Subtypes, such as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, have an approximate annual incidence in United States of <500 each. In these very rare subtypes, there is limited data to guide clinical decision-making. As such, our treatment decisions are often based on extrapolation, case series, personal experience, and biases. We summarize the existing data regarding initial management of these entities and compare how that management follows paradigms established for the more common T-cell lymphomas.
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Abstract
Gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas are aggressive and rare diseases originating from gamma-delta lymphocytes. These cells, which naturally play a role in the innate, non-specific immune response, develop from thymic precursor in the bone marrow, lack the major histocompatibility complex restrictions and can be divided into two subpopulations: Vdelta1, mostly represented in the intestine, and Vdelta2, prevalently located in the skin, tonsils and lymph nodes. Chronic immunosuppression such as in solid organ transplanted subjects and prolonged antigenic exposure are probably the strongest risk factors for the triggering of lymphomagenesis. Two entities are recognised by the 2008 WHO Classification: hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (HSGDTL) and primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGDTL). The former is more common among young males, presenting with B symptoms, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia, usually with the absence of nodal involvement. Natural behaviour of HSGDTL is characterised by low response rates, poor treatment tolerability, common early progression of disease and disappointing survival figures. PCGDTL accounts for <1% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas, occurring in adults with relevant comorbidities. Cutaneous lesions may vary, but its clinical behaviour is usually aggressive and long-term survival is anecdotal. Available literature on gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas is fractioned, mostly consisting of case reports or small cumulative series. Therefore, clinical suspicion and diagnosis are usually delayed, and therapeutic management remains to be established. This review critically analyses available evidence on diagnosis, staging and behaviour of gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas, provides recommendations for therapeutic management in routine practice and discusses relevant unmet clinical needs for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Foppoli
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Onco-Hematological Medicine, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Schlaak M, Pickenhain J, Theurich S, Skoetz N, von Bergwelt‐Baildon M, Kurschat P. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation versus conventional therapy for advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD008908. [PMID: 23986525 PMCID: PMC7156921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008908.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) belong to the group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and usually run an indolent course. However, some patients progress to advanced tumour or leukaemic stages. To date, there is no cure for those cases. In the last few years, several publications reported durable responses in some patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2011 and updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of conventional therapies with allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1950 to January 2013), Internet-databases of ongoing trials, conference proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO, 2009 to July 2013) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH, 2009 to July 2013). We also contacted members of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force to check for ongoing study activities. We handsearched citations from identified trials and relevant review articles. In addition, we handsearched randomised controlled trials from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and International Conference on Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma, ASCO and ASH up to July 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials eligible for inclusion were genetically randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing alloSCT plus conditioning therapy (regardless of agents) with conventional therapy as treatment for advanced CTCL. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors would have extracted data from eligible studies and assessed their quality. The primary outcome measure was overall survival; secondary outcomes were time to progression, response rate, treatment-related mortality, adverse events and quality of life. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any randomised controlled trials from the updated search in January 2013. In 2011, we found 2077 citations but none were relevant genetically or non-genetically randomised controlled trials. All 41 studies that were thought to be potentially suitable were excluded after full text screening for being non-randomised, not including CTCL or being review articles. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We planned to report evidence from genetically or non-genetically randomised controlled trials comparing conventional therapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, we did not identify any randomised controlled trials addressing this question. Nevertheless, prospective genetically randomised controlled trials need to be initiated to evaluate the precise role of alloSCT in advanced CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schlaak
- University Hospital of CologneDepartment of Dermatology and VenerologyKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Juliane Pickenhain
- University Hospital of CologneDepartment of Dermatology and VenerologyKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- University Hospital of CologneDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Stem Cell Transplantation ProgramKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- University Hospital of CologneCochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal MedicineKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Michael von Bergwelt‐Baildon
- University Hospital of CologneDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Stem Cell Transplantation ProgramKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
| | - Peter Kurschat
- University Hospital of CologneDepartment of Dermatology and VenerologyKerpener Str. 62CologneGermany50924
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Izu-Belloso R, García-Ruiz J. Actualización terapéutica en linfomas cutáneos. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:694-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Izu-Belloso R, García-Ruiz J. Treatment of Cutaneous Lymphomas: an Update. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Zhang X, Schlaak M, Fabri M, Mauch C, Kurschat P. Successful Treatment of a Panniculitis-Like Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma of the α/β Type with Bexarotene. Case Rep Dermatol 2012; 4:56-60. [PMID: 22548037 PMCID: PMC3339687 DOI: 10.1159/000337433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTL) of the α/β type is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the skin. Although these tumors usually run an indolent course, disease-related morbidity is often severe. Clinical findings include subcutaneous tumors located on the extremities or trunk, often accompanied by systemic symptoms like fever or fatigue. Due to the low incidence of SPTL, no standardized therapy has been defined so far and there is currently no curative therapy available for this type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. By sharing our experience with bexarotene therapy, we present a safe and potentially improved treatment for patients with SPTL. In the case presented, bexarotene was able to induce remission even after recurrence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Centre, Cologne, Germany
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Schlaak M, Pickenhain J, Theurich S, Skoetz N, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Kurschat P. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation versus conventional therapy for advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 1:CD008908. [PMID: 22258991 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008908.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) belong to the group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and usually run an indolent course. However, some patients progress to advanced tumour or leukaemic stages. Up to now, no curative treatment has been established for those cases. In the last few years, several publications have reported durable responses in some patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of conventional therapies with allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. SEARCH METHODS The search strategy included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1950 to May 2011), Internet-databases of ongoing trials (www.controlled-trials.com; www.clinicaltrials.gov), conference proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO, 2009 to present) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH, 2009 to present). We also contacted members of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force to check for ongoing study activities. We handsearched citations from identified trials and relevant review articles. In addition, randomised controlled trials from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and International Conference on Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma, ASCO and ASH up to 2010 were handsearched. SELECTION CRITERIA Genetically randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing alloSCT plus conditioning therapy regardless of agents with conventional therapy as treatment for advanced CTCL were eligible to be included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS From eligible studies data would have been extracted by two review authors and assessed for quality. Primary outcome measures were overall survival, secondary criteria were time to progression, response rate, treatment-related mortality, adverse events and quality of life. MAIN RESULTS We found 2077 citations but none were relevant genetically or non-genetically randomised controlled trials. All 41 studies that were thought to be potentially suitable were excluded after full text screening for being non-randomised, not including CTCL or being review articles. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We planned to report evidence from genetically or non-genetically randomised controlled trials comparing conventional therapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, no randomised trials addressing this question were identified. Nevertheless, prospective genetically randomised controlled trials need to be initiated to evaluate the precise role of alloSCT in advanced CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schlaak
- Department ofDermatology andVenerology,UniversityHospital ofCologne,Cologne,Germany.
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Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:928-48. [PMID: 21990092 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY Tumor, node, metastasis, and blood (TNMB) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral, or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic-response modifiers, denileukin diftitox, and histone deacetylase inhibitors before escalating therapy to include systemic, single-agent chemotherapy. Multiagent chemotherapy may be used for those patients with extensive visceral involvement requiring rapid disease control. In highly-selected patients with disease refractory to standard treatments, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, 48109-5948, USA. rywilcox@med. umich.edu
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Mehta N, Wayne AS, Kim YH, Hale GA, Alvarado CS, Myskowski P, Jaffe ES, Busam KJ, Pulitzer M, Zwerner J, Horwitz S. Bexarotene is active against subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in adult and pediatric populations. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 12:20-5. [PMID: 22001256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTL-AB) and cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma (CGD-TCL) are rare T-cell lymphomas with varying clinical courses. There is no standard treatment, although chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are commonly used. We describe results using bexarotene for children and adults with these disorders. METHODS We identified 15 patients (12 adults, 3 children) who were treated with bexarotene between 2000 and 2010 from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center lymphoma database, the Stanford Cancer Center Registry, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) pediatric lymphoma database. There were 8 females and 7 males, with a median age of 45 years (range, 3 years to 85 years). All patients had stage IV disease. Two of 15 and 4 of 15 patients had documented CGD-TCL and SPTL-AB, respectively; others were presumed to have SPTL-AB. Bexarotene was administered at flat doses corresponding to 91 to 339 mg/m(2)/d. Two of 15 patients received concurrent denileukin diftitox. Two children received bexarotene as maintenance therapy and were not evaluable for response. RESULTS Among those treated with bexarotene alone, the overall response rate (ORR) was 82% (6/11 complete response [CR], 3/11 partial response [PR]). One of the 2 patients treated with concomitant denileukin diftitox responded for an ORR of 10/13 (77%), including 54% CR and 23% PR. Median progression-free survival was 38.4 months; median duration of response was 26.3 months. Six patients developed hypothyroidism and 9 developed hyperlipidemia; one patient developed dose-limiting hypertriglyceridemia. One pediatric patient developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective series, bexarotene showed a high response rate in SPTL-AB and CGD-TCL. It was generally well-tolerated with durable responses; therefore, bexarotene represents a promising therapy for children and adults with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Cervigón-González I, Torres-Iglesias LM, Palomo-Arellano A, Gil-Pascual B. Advanced-stage primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with bexarotene and denileukin diftitox. Case Rep Dermatol 2011; 3:13-7. [PMID: 21931572 PMCID: PMC3175357 DOI: 10.1159/000324185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced-stage primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has an unfavorable prognosis and low survival rates. Aggressive treatment with chemotherapy is not curative and causes considerable side effects. The combination of bexarotene and denileukin diftitox is associated with an acceptable safety profile and a likely synergistic effect because bexarotene is capable of modulating expression of IL-2 receptor and enhance the susceptibility of T-cell leukemia cells to denileukin diftitox. In the case reported here, the response to this combined treatment was satisfactory and well tolerated. The patient showed a complete regression of pruritus, restlessness, and insomnia. Skin lesions improved partially, and lymphadenopathy was reduced and finally disappeared completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cervigón-González
- Dermatology and Anatomical Pathology Unit, Hospital Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
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Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are uncommon neoplasms, accounting for about 12% of all lymphoid tumors worldwide. TCLs in which gammadelta T-cell receptors are expressed (gammadelta TCLs) are extremely aggressive and rare (<1% of lymphoid neoplasms). gammadelta TCLs originate from gammadelta T cells, a small subset of peripheral T cells with direct antigen recognition capability acting at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Two distinct gammadelta TCL entities are recognized: hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL) and primary cutaneous gammadelta T-cell lymphoma (PCGD-TCL). HSTL is a well-characterized extranodal lymphoma that has a disguised onset, secondary to intrasinusoidal infiltration of the spleen, liver and bone marrow, has a rapidly progressive course that is poorly responsive to chemotherapy, and often ensues in the setting of immune system suppression. PCGD-TCL can present with prominent epidermal involvement or with a panniculitis-like clinical picture that can be complicated by a concurrent hemophagocytic syndrome; the disease shows biological and phenotypic overlap with other extranodal gammadelta TCLs that involve the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract mucosa. The regular application of phenotypic and molecular techniques is crucial for the diagnosis of gammadelta TCLs. In this Review, we discuss the clinical and biological features, the diagnostic challenges and the therapeutic perspectives of HSTL and PCGD-TCL.
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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