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Lu RS, Asada K, Krichbaum TP, Park J, Tazaki F, Pu HY, Nakamura M, Lobanov A, Hada K, Akiyama K, Kim JY, Marti-Vidal I, Gómez JL, Kawashima T, Yuan F, Ros E, Alef W, Britzen S, Bremer M, Broderick AE, Doi A, Giovannini G, Giroletti M, Ho PTP, Honma M, Hughes DH, Inoue M, Jiang W, Kino M, Koyama S, Lindqvist M, Liu J, Marscher AP, Matsushita S, Nagai H, Rottmann H, Savolainen T, Schuster KF, Shen ZQ, de Vicente P, Walker RC, Yang H, Zensus JA, Algaba JC, Allardi A, Bach U, Berthold R, Bintley D, Byun DY, Casadio C, Chang SH, Chang CC, Chang SC, Chen CC, Chen MT, Chilson R, Chuter TC, Conway J, Crew GB, Dempsey JT, Dornbusch S, Faber A, Friberg P, García JG, Garrido MG, Han CC, Han KC, Hasegawa Y, Herrero-Illana R, Huang YD, Huang CWL, Impellizzeri V, Jiang H, Jinchi H, Jung T, Kallunki J, Kirves P, Kimura K, Koay JY, Koch PM, Kramer C, Kraus A, Kubo D, Kuo CY, Li CT, Lin LCC, Liu CT, Liu KY, Lo WP, Lu LM, MacDonald N, Martin-Cocher P, Messias H, Meyer-Zhao Z, Minter A, Nair DG, Nishioka H, Norton TJ, Nystrom G, Ogawa H, Oshiro P, Patel NA, Pen UL, Pidopryhora Y, Pradel N, Raffin PA, Rao R, Ruiz I, Sanchez S, Shaw P, Snow W, Sridharan TK, Srinivasan R, Tercero B, Torne P, Traianou E, Wagner J, Walther C, Wei TS, Yang J, Yu CY. A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet. Nature 2023; 616:686-690. [PMID: 37100940 PMCID: PMC10132962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The nearby radio galaxy M87 is a prime target for studying black hole accretion and jet formation1,2. Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87 in 2017, at a wavelength of 1.3 mm, revealed a ring-like structure, which was interpreted as gravitationally lensed emission around a central black hole3. Here we report images of M87 obtained in 2018, at a wavelength of 3.5 mm, showing that the compact radio core is spatially resolved. High-resolution imaging shows a ring-like structure of [Formula: see text] Schwarzschild radii in diameter, approximately 50% larger than that seen at 1.3 mm. The outer edge at 3.5 mm is also larger than that at 1.3 mm. This larger and thicker ring indicates a substantial contribution from the accretion flow with absorption effects, in addition to the gravitationally lensed ring-like emission. The images show that the edge-brightened jet connects to the accretion flow of the black hole. Close to the black hole, the emission profile of the jet-launching region is wider than the expected profile of a black-hole-driven jet, suggesting the possible presence of a wind associated with the accretion flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Sen Lu
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Keiichi Asada
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | - Jongho Park
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Fumie Tazaki
- Simulation Technology Development Department, Tokyo Electron Technology Solutions, Oshu, Japan
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Oshu, Japan
| | - Hung-Yi Pu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Astronomy and Gravitation, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of General Science and Education, National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, Hachinohe City, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Hada
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Oshu, Japan.
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mitaka, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Akiyama
- Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, USA
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan Marti-Vidal
- Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Gómez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Tomohisa Kawashima
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Feng Yuan
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Eduardo Ros
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Alef
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Britzen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bremer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Avery E Broderick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akihiro Doi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Gabriele Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Radio Astronomia, INAF, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paul T P Ho
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mareki Honma
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Oshu, Japan
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David H Hughes
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wu Jiang
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Motoki Kino
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan
- Academic Support Center, Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Shoko Koyama
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michael Lindqvist
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
| | - Jun Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alan P Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satoki Matsushita
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mitaka, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Japan
| | | | - Tuomas Savolainen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Aalto University, Kylmälä, Finland
| | | | - Zhi-Qiang Shen
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Hai Yang
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Juan Carlos Algaba
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Uwe Bach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Do-Young Byun
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Carolina Casadio
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Shu-Hao Chang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- System Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Song-Chu Chang
- System Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Chen Chen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Tang Chen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Ryan Chilson
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | | | - John Conway
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Crew
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, USA
| | - Jessica T Dempsey
- East Asian Observatory, Hilo, HI, USA
- ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chih-Chiang Han
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chang Han
- System Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yau-De Huang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Wei L Huang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Violette Impellizzeri
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Homin Jiang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao Jinchi
- Electronic Systems Research Division, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Taehyun Jung
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juha Kallunki
- Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Aalto University, Kylmälä, Finland
| | - Petri Kirves
- Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Aalto University, Kylmälä, Finland
| | | | - Jun Yi Koay
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Patrick M Koch
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Carsten Kramer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Alex Kraus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Derek Kubo
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Te Li
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lupin Chun-Che Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Tang Liu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Yu Liu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Ping Lo
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ming Lu
- System Development Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | - Hugo Messias
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Joint ALMA Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zheng Meyer-Zhao
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dhanya G Nair
- Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Hiroaki Nishioka
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Timothy J Norton
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Nystrom
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Hideo Ogawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter Oshiro
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Nimesh A Patel
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ue-Li Pen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yurii Pidopryhora
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Pradel
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Philippe A Raffin
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Ramprasad Rao
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ignacio Ruiz
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Paul Shaw
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - William Snow
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - T K Sridharan
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ranjani Srinivasan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Pablo Torne
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, Granada, Spain
| | - Efthalia Traianou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Jan Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ta-Shun Wei
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
| | - Chen-Yu Yu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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38
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Psaltis D, Medeiros L, Christian P, Özel F, Akiyama K, Alberdi A, Alef W, Asada K, Azulay R, Ball D, Baloković M, Barrett J, Bintley D, Blackburn L, Boland W, Bower GC, Bremer M, Brinkerink CD, Brissenden R, Britzen S, Broguiere D, Bronzwaer T, Byun DY, Carlstrom JE, Chael A, Chan CK, Chatterjee S, Chatterjee K, Chen MT, Chen Y, Cho I, Conway JE, Cordes JM, Crew GB, Cui Y, Davelaar J, De Laurentis M, Deane R, Dempsey J, Desvignes G, Dexter J, Eatough RP, Falcke H, Fish VL, Fomalont E, Fraga-Encinas R, Friberg P, Fromm CM, Gammie CF, García R, Gentaz O, Goddi C, Gómez JL, Gu M, Gurwell M, Hada K, Hesper R, Ho LC, Ho P, Honma M, Huang CWL, Huang L, Hughes DH, Inoue M, Issaoun S, James DJ, Jannuzi BT, Janssen M, Jiang W, Jimenez-Rosales A, Johnson MD, Jorstad S, Jung T, Karami M, Karuppusamy R, Kawashima T, Keating GK, Kettenis M, Kim JY, Kim J, Kim J, Kino M, Koay JY, Koch PM, Koyama S, Kramer M, Kramer C, Krichbaum TP, Kuo CY, Lauer TR, Lee SS, Li YR, Li Z, Lindqvist M, Lico R, Liu J, Liu K, Liuzzo E, Lo WP, Lobanov AP, Lonsdale C, Lu RS, Mao J, Markoff S, Marrone DP, Marscher AP, Martí-Vidal I, Matsushita S, Mizuno Y, Mizuno I, Moran JM, Moriyama K, Moscibrodzka M, Müller C, Musoke G, Mus Mejías A, Nagai H, Nagar NM, Narayan R, Narayanan G, Natarajan I, Neri R, Noutsos A, Okino H, Olivares H, Oyama T, Palumbo DCM, Park J, Patel N, Pen UL, Piétu V, Plambeck R, PopStefanija A, Prather B, Preciado-López JA, Ramakrishnan V, Rao R, Rawlings MG, Raymond AW, Ripperda B, Roelofs F, Rogers A, Ros E, Rose M, Roshanineshat A, Rottmann H, Roy AL, Ruszczyk C, Ryan BR, Rygl KLJ, Sánchez S, Sánchez-Arguelles D, Sasada M, Savolainen T, Schloerb FP, Schuster KF, Shao L, Shen Z, Small D, Sohn BW, SooHoo J, Tazaki F, Tilanus RPJ, Titus M, Torne P, Trent T, Traianou E, Trippe S, van Bemmel I, van Langevelde HJ, van Rossum DR, Wagner J, Wardle J, Ward-Thompson D, Weintroub J, Wex N, Wharton R, Wielgus M, Wong GN, Wu Q, Yoon D, Young A, Young K, Younsi Z, Yuan F, Yuan YF, Zhao SS. Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:141104. [PMID: 33064506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.141104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the central source in M87 have led to the first measurement of the size of a black-hole shadow. This observation offers a new and clean gravitational test of the black-hole metric in the strong-field regime. We show analytically that spacetimes that deviate from the Kerr metric but satisfy weak-field tests can lead to large deviations in the predicted black-hole shadows that are inconsistent with even the current EHT measurements. We use numerical calculations of regular, parametric, non-Kerr metrics to identify the common characteristic among these different parametrizations that control the predicted shadow size. We show that the shadow-size measurements place significant constraints on deviation parameters that control the second post-Newtonian and higher orders of each metric and are, therefore, inaccessible to weak-field tests. The new constraints are complementary to those imposed by observations of gravitational waves from stellar-mass sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Psaltis
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Lia Medeiros
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Pierre Christian
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Feryal Özel
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Kazunori Akiyama
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Antxon Alberdi
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Walter Alef
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Keiichi Asada
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rebecca Azulay
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Observatori Astronmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - David Ball
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Mislav Baloković
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John Barrett
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA
| | - Dan Bintley
- East Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Lindy Blackburn
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wilfred Boland
- Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey C Bower
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Michael Bremer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Christiaan D Brinkerink
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roger Brissenden
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Silke Britzen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominique Broguiere
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Thomas Bronzwaer
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Do-Young Byun
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - John E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Andrew Chael
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Chi-Kwan Chan
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Shami Chatterjee
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Koushik Chatterjee
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ming-Tang Chen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ilje Cho
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - John E Conway
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
| | - James M Cordes
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Crew
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA
| | - Yuzhu Cui
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - Jordy Davelaar
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mariafelicia De Laurentis
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- INFN Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roger Deane
- Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa
- Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Jessica Dempsey
- East Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Gregory Desvignes
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Jason Dexter
- JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ralph P Eatough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heino Falcke
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vincent L Fish
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA
| | - Ed Fomalont
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Raquel Fraga-Encinas
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Per Friberg
- East Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Christian M Fromm
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles F Gammie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Roberto García
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Olivier Gentaz
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Ciriaco Goddi
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory-Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - José L Gómez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Minfeng Gu
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Gurwell
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hada
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - Ronald Hesper
- NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Luis C Ho
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Ho
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mareki Honma
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chih-Wei L Huang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - David H Hughes
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sara Issaoun
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David J James
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Buell T Jannuzi
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Michael Janssen
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wu Jiang
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| | | | - Michael D Johnson
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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| | - Svetlana Jorstad
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- Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Taehyun Jung
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansour Karami
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Onatrio, N2L 2Y5, Canada
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| | - Ramesh Karuppusamy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tomohisa Kawashima
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| | - Garrett K Keating
- Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mark Kettenis
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| | - Jae-Young Kim
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| | - Junhan Kim
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| | - Jongsoo Kim
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| | - Motoki Kino
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| | - Jun Yi Koay
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Patrick M Koch
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shoko Koyama
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Michael Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten Kramer
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| | - Thomas P Krichbaum
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| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
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| | - Tod R Lauer
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| | - Sang-Sung Lee
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| | - Yan-Rong Li
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| | - Zhiyuan Li
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| | - Michael Lindqvist
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| | - Rocco Lico
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| | - Jun Liu
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| | - Kuo Liu
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| | - Elisabetta Liuzzo
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| | - Wen-Ping Lo
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| | - Andrei P Lobanov
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| | - Colin Lonsdale
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| | - Ru-Sen Lu
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| | - Jirong Mao
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| | - Sera Markoff
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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| | - Daniel P Marrone
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| | - Alan P Marscher
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| | - Iván Martí-Vidal
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| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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| | - Izumi Mizuno
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| | - James M Moran
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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| | - Kotaro Moriyama
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- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
| | - Monika Moscibrodzka
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| | - Gibwa Musoke
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| | - Hiroshi Nagai
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| | - Neil M Nagar
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| | - Ramesh Narayan
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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| | - Gopal Narayanan
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| | - Iniyan Natarajan
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| | - Héctor Olivares
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| | - Daniel C M Palumbo
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| | | | - Ben Prather
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| | - Jason SooHoo
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| | - Fumie Tazaki
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| | - Remo P J Tilanus
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| | - Feng Yuan
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