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Moll GM, Swenson CL, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. BET Inhibitor JQ1 Attenuates Feline Leukemia Virus DNA, Provirus, and Antigen Production in Domestic Cat Cell Lines. Viruses 2023; 15:1853. [PMID: 37766260 PMCID: PMC10535802 DOI: 10.3390/v15091853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a cosmopolitan gammaretrovirus that causes lifelong infections and fatal diseases, including leukemias, lymphomas, immunodeficiencies, and anemias, in domestic and wild felids. There is currently no definitive treatment for FeLV, and while existing vaccines reduce the prevalence of progressive infections, they neither provide sterilizing immunity nor prevent regressive infections that result in viral reservoirs with the potential for reactivation, transmission, and the development of associated clinical diseases. Previous studies of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) established that host cell epigenetic reader bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins facilitate MuLV replication by promoting proviral integration. Here, we provide evidence that this facilitatory effect of BET proteins extends to FeLV. Treatment with the archetypal BET protein bromodomain inhibitor (+)-JQ1 and FeLV challenge of two phenotypically disparate feline cell lines, 81C fibroblasts and 3201 lymphoma cells, significantly reduced FeLV proviral load, total FeLV DNA load, and p27 capsid protein expression at nonlethal concentrations. Moreover, significant decreases in FeLV proviral integration were documented in 81C and 3201 cells. These findings elucidate the importance of BET proteins for efficient FeLV replication, including proviral integration, and provide a potential target for treating FeLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrick M. Moll
- Comparative Medicine & Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Cheryl L. Swenson
- Comparative Medicine & Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Comparative Medicine & Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Chatzidaki I, Curteis T, Luedke H, Mezzio DJ, Rhee MS, McArthur E, Eddowes LA. Indirect Treatment Comparisons of Lenacapavir Plus Optimized Background Regimen Versus Other Treatments for Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:810-822. [PMID: 36566886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Heavily treatment-experienced (HTE) people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) may not achieve virologic suppression (VS) with combination antiretroviral therapy due to multidrug resistance (MDR), intolerance, and safety concerns. These PWH often receive highly individualized treatment regimens, but these regimens may not enable PWH to achieve VS, thereby halting disease progression. Novel medications are required for treating individuals with MDR HIV. Lenacapavir (LEN), a first-in-class HIV capsid inhibitor, is under investigation for the treatment of HTE individuals with MDR HIV in the phase 2/3 CAPELLA study. This study aimed to compare LEN plus optimized background regimen (OBR) with fostemsavir (FTR) + OBR, ibalizumab (IBA) + OBR, and OBR alone in terms of VS, CD4 cell count change from baseline, immunologic recovery, and discontinuation due to adverse events, using indirect treatment comparisons. METHODS A systematic review identified clinical evidence on HIV-1 treatments in HTE PWH. A feasibility assessment evaluated the identified studies for indirect treatment comparison analyses based on population characteristics, interventions, comparators, and outcomes of interest. Unanchored simulated treatment comparisons of LEN + OBR versus comparators were conducted. RESULTS LEN + OBR had 6.57 times higher odds of VS at weeks 24 to 28 than FTR + OBR (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-32.28), 8.93 times higher odds of VS than IBA + OBR (95% CI 2.07-38.46), and 12.74 times higher odds of VS than OBR alone (95% CI 1.70-95.37). Change from baseline in CD4 cell count was similar across LEN + OBR, FTR + OBR, and IBA + OBR. CONCLUSION LEN + OBR has statistically significantly greater odds of VS at weeks 24 to 28 than its comparators and represents a novel treatment for people with MDR HIV.
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Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1043-1052. [PMID: 31715109 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1692814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), treatment of HIV infection has improved radically, shifting the concept of HIV disease from a highly mortal epidemic to a chronic illness which needs systematic management. However, HAART does not target the integrated proviral DNA. Hence, prolonged use of antiviral drugs is needed for sustaining life. As a consequence, severe side effects emerge. Several parameters involve in causing these adverse effects. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were pointed as common factor among them. It is, therefore, necessary to critically examine mitochondrial dysfunction in order to understand the side effects.Areas covered: There are many events involved in causing drug-induced side-effects; in this review, we only highlight mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the events. We present up-to-date findings on mitochondrial dysfunction caused by HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Both in vivo and in vitro studies on mitochondrial dysfunction like change in morphology, membrane depolarization, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA depletion, and intrinsic apoptosis have been discussed.Expert opinion: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with severe complications that often lead to discontinuation or change in treatment regimen. Prior knowledge of side effects of antiviral drugs would help in better management and future research should focus to avoid mitochondrial targeting of antiviral drugs while maintaining their antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Ganta
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Surdo M, Cortese MF, Orlandi C, Di Santo F, Aquaro S, Magnani M, Perno CF, Casabianca A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F. Different kinetics of viral replication and DNA integration in the main HIV-1 cellular reservoirs in the presence and absence of integrase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:165-174. [PMID: 30420339 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To compare the kinetics of integration, p24 production and equilibrium of the different HIV-DNA forms in human primary cells in the presence/absence of integrase-inhibitors (INIs) in vitro. Monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDMs), CD4+ T-cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were infected with HIV-1 in the presence/absence of raltegravir and dolutegravir. HIV-DNA levels and p24 production were measured by qPCR and ELISA assays, respectively. In the absence of INIs, levels of HIV-DNA forms were initially very low, with an increase in the integration process starting at 3 dpi. HIV-DNA increased more slowly in MDMs than it did in CD4+ T-cells and PMBCs peaking at 21 dpi with a mean of 1580 (±890) and 615 (±37) copies/103 cells for proviral and unintegrated HIV-DNA, and 455,972 (±213,255) pg/mL of p24 at the same time point. In CD4+ T-cells the proviral HIV-DNA increased together with unintegrated HIV-DNA peaking at 7 dpi (583 ± 261 and 338 ± 254 copies/103 cells) when the p24 was 218,000 (±75,600) pg/mL. A similar trend was observed in PBMCs (494 ± 361 and 350 ± 123 copies/103 cells for proviral and unintegrated HIV-DNA, and p24 production of 149,400 ± 131,800 pg/mL). Both INIs inhibited viral replication and integration in all the cell types that were tested, especially starting at 3 dpi. However, a small but measurable amount of HIV-DNA (<5 copies/103 cells) was still observed in treated-MDMs up to 30 dpi. In conclusion, our study showed differences in HIV-DNA kinetic integration between CD4+ T-cells and MDMs, which could explain the divergent kinetics of viral-replication. Both INIs inhibited HIV-1 integration and replication with no difference found between CD4+ T-cells and MDMs. However, residual HIV-DNA remained detectable up to 30 dpi in INI-treated MDMs although complete inhibition of HIV replication was achieved. The clinical significance of this minor DNA persistence deserves further investigation considering the role of macrophages as reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Surdo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Francesca Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Di Santo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy.
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Rozera G, Fabbri G, Lorenzini P, Mastrorosa I, Timelli L, Zaccarelli M, Amendola A, Vergori A, Plazzi MM, Cicalini S, Antinori A, Capobianchi MR, Abbate I, Ammassari A. Peripheral blood HIV-1 DNA dynamics in antiretroviral-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving directly-acting antivirals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187095. [PMID: 29077766 PMCID: PMC5659787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim was to determine the dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)- associated total HIV-1 DNA in successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA treatment and to explore possible virological hypotheses underlying the phenomenon. METHODS Longitudinal, single-centre study measuring total HIV-1 DNA before the start of DAA, at the end of treatment (EOT), and 3 months after treatment. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to assess factors associated with HIV-1 DNA increase ≥0.5 Log copies/million PBMC. Episomal 2-LTR forms, residual HIV-1 viremia and proviral DNA quasispecies evolution were also investigated. RESULTS 119 successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients were included. Median baseline HIV-1 DNA was 3.84 Log copies/million PBMC (95%CI 3.49-4.05), and no significant variation with respect to baseline was found at EOT and after 3 months of DAA termination. In 17% of cases an increase ≥0.5 Log copies/million PBMC was observed at EOT compared to baseline. HIV-1 DNA increase was independently associated with lower baseline HIV-1 DNA, longer HIV suppression, raltegravir-based ART and previous exposure to interferon/ribavirin for HCV treatment. In none of the patients with HIV-1 DNA increase, 2-LTR forms were detected at baseline, while in 2 cases 2-LTR forms were found at EOT, without association with residual HIV-1 RNA viremia. No evidence of viral evolution was observed. CONCLUSIONS In successfully ART-treated HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA, PBMC-associated total HIV-1 DNA was quite stable over time, but some patients showed a considerable increase at EOT when compared to baseline. A significantly higher risk of HIV DNA increase was found, in presence of lower cellular HIV reservoir at baseline. Activation of replicative-competent virus generating new rounds of viral replication seems unlikely, while mobilization of cell-associated HIV from tissue reservoirs could be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Fabbri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lorenzini
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mastrorosa
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Timelli
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaccarelli
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vergori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Plazzi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cicalini
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Ammassari
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Michelini Z, Galluzzo CM, Pirillo MF, Francisci D, Degli Antoni A, Vivarelli A, Ladisa N, Cirioni O, Weimer LE, Fragola V, Cara A, Floridia M, Baroncelli S. HIV-1 DNA dynamics and variations in HIV-1 DNA protease and reverse transcriptase sequences in multidrug-resistant patients during successful raltegravir-based therapy. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2115-2124. [PMID: 27197719 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on the variations of HIV-1 DNA mutation profile in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes during suppressive antiretroviral treatment (plasma HIV-1 RNA continuously <50 copies/ml) with raltegravir (RAL)-based regimens in patients with baseline RT/PR resistant HIV. Twelve multidrug resistant (RT: 12/12, PR: 8/12) HIV-infected patients were followed during effectively suppressive RAL-based therapy. Total and integrated HIV-1 DNA were assessed by real time PCR at baseline and every 6 months. Ultrasensitive (threshold: 2.5 copies/ml) plasma HIV-1 RNA and genotypic analysis of RT and PR in proviral DNA were performed at baseline and at 24 months. Half of the patients had full viral suppression (plasma HIV-RNA < 2.5 copies/ml) at month 12. Total HIV-1 DNA declined significantly after 12 months of therapy (from 249.2 to 145.7 copies/106 cells, P = 0.023), and remained stable until 24 months, when total HIV-1 DNA levels raised, concomitantly with a less stringent suppression of HIV-1 RNA (81.8% of patients with >2.5 copies/ml). Integrated HIV-1 DNA did not show fluctuations during the study period. Sequencing of the PR and RT regions from HIV-1 DNA revealed changes in the resistance mutation profile in five patients. Total HIV-1 DNA declined after the introduction of RAL-based therapy, with a rebound after 2 years. No changes were observed in levels of integrated DNA, suggesting limited effect on archived HIV. The RT and PR sequence changes in archived HIV-1 DNA suggest that variation of the mutation profile can occur even in the absence of detectable HIV-1 RNA. J. Med. Virol. 88:2115-2124, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleika Michelini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Clementina Maria Galluzzo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Franca Pirillo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Degli Antoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Oscar Cirioni
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liliana Elena Weimer
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fragola
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Floridia
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Baroncelli
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Abad-Fernández M, Cabrera C, García E, Vallejo A. Transient increment of HTLV-2 proviral load in HIV-1-co-infected patients during treatment intensification with raltegravir. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:204-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sharma M, Walmsley SL. Raltegravir as antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:395-405. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.868884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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