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Dong M, Meinerz NM, Walker KD, Garcea RL, Randolph TW. Thermostability of a trivalent, capsomere-based vaccine for human papillomavirus infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:131-138. [PMID: 34438020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently licensed vaccines require a cold-chain to maintain efficacy. This cold-chain requirement reduces the availability of vaccines in resource-poor areas of the world. Commercially available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines protect against the most common HPV types related to cervical cancer; however, their impact is limited in many regions due to cold-chain requirements. The goal of this study was to test the thermostability of an adjuvanted, trivalent HPV L1 capsomere-based vaccine (containing HPV types 16, 18, and 31) that was formulated by using lyophilization to embed the antigens within a solid, glassy matrix. Thermal stabilities were determined by storing the vaccine formulations for 3 months at 50 °C, followed by immunization of BALB/c mice and measurement of antibody responses. Antibody responses to capsomere vaccines formulated with alum were unchanged after storage for 3 months at 50 °C. Neutralizing responses to these vaccines were unchanged by high-temperature storage, and were equivalent to those generated after administration of the commercially available liquid HPV vaccine Gardasil®9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dong
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Natalie M Meinerz
- The BioFrontiers Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kathryne D Walker
- The BioFrontiers Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Garcea
- The BioFrontiers Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; The Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Jahn R, Müller O, Nöst S, Bozorgmehr K. Public-private knowledge transfer and access to medicines: a systematic review and qualitative study of perceptions and roles of scientists involved in HPV vaccine research. Global Health 2020; 16:22. [PMID: 32138789 PMCID: PMC7059709 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public research organizations and their interactions with industry partners play a crucial role for public health and access to medicines. The development and commercialization of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines illustrate how licensing practices of public research organizations can contribute to high prices of the resulting product and affect accessibility to vulnerable populations. Efforts by the international community to improve access to medicines have recognised this issue and promote the public health-sensitive management of research conducted by public research organizations. This paper explores: how medical knowledge is exchanged between public and private actors; what role inventor scientists play in this process; and how they view the implementation of public health-sensitive knowledge exchange strategies. Methods We conducted a systematic qualitative literature review on medical knowledge exchange and qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of public sector scientists working on HPV vaccines. We explored the strategies by which knowledge is exchanged across institutional boundaries, how these strategies are negotiated, and the views of scientists regarding public health-sensitive knowledge exchange. Results We included 13 studies in the systematic review and conducted seven semi-structured interviews with high-ranking scientists. The main avenues of public-private medical knowledge exchange were publications, formal transfer of patented knowledge, problem-specific exchanges such as service agreements, informal exchanges and collaborative research. Scientists played a crucial role in these processes but appeared to be sceptical of public health-sensitive knowledge exchange strategies, as these were believed to deter corporate interest in the development of new medicines and thus risk the translation of the scientists’ research. Conclusion Medical scientists at public research institutions play a key role in the exchange of knowledge they generate and are concerned about the accessibility of medicines resulting from their research. Their scepticism towards implementing public health-sensitive knowledge management strategies appears to be based on a biased understanding of the costs and risks involved in drug development and a perceived lack of alternatives to private engagement. Scientists could be encouraged to exchange knowledge in a public health-sensitive manner through not-for-profit drug development mechanisms, education on industry engagement, and stronger institutional and legal backing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Jahn
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Olaf Müller
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Nöst
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.o. Box 10 01 31, D- 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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Taghinezhad-S S, Mohseni AH, Keyvani H, Razavilar V. Protection against human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors in C57BL/6 mice by mucosal vaccination with Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 expressing E6 oncoprotein. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:149-156. [PMID: 30391536 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant strains of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 that express native and codon-optimized E6 protein (fused to the SPusp45 secretion signal) were successfully constructed by using the nisin-controlled gene expression (NICE) system. Expression of the recombinant strains was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Female mice of strain C57BL/6 were immunized orally with recombinant lactococci expressing inducible E6 oncoprotein and the antigen-specific antibody production (IgA and IgG) and cytokines were measured by ELISA and ELISPOT assay, respectively. Our outcomes indicate that the HPV-16 E6 specific IL-2- and IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes in the antigen-stimulated intestinal mucosal lymphocytes, splenocytes and vaginal lymphocytes were significantly higher than the control groups. We showed that L. lactis having codon-optimized E6 oncogene had better inhibitory effect on tumor growth, better treatment effects on progression of tumor size, and better survival rate in comparison with L. lactis having native E6 oncogene, (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the rE6 protein displayed by L. lactis can induce humoral and cellular immunity. Taken together, these preclinical results represent a promising step towards the development of recombinant L. lactis as a live oral vector vaccine to treat the HPV-16 associated with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vadood Razavilar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Gu Y, Wei M, Wang D, Li Z, Xie M, Pan H, Wu T, Zhang J, Li S, Xia N. Characterization of an Escherichia coli-derived human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 bivalent vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:4637-4645. [PMID: 28736197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer worldwide. Neutralizing HPV prophylactic vaccines offer significant benefit, as they block HPV infection and prevent subsequent disease. However, the three licensed HPV vaccines that cover these two genotypes were produced in eukaryotic cells, which is expensive, particularly for low-income countries where HPV is highest. Here, we report a new HPV16 and -18 bivalent candidate vaccine produced from Escherichia coli. We used two strategies of N-terminal truncation of HPV L1 proteins and soluble non-fusion expression to generate HPV16 and HPV18 L1-only virus-like particles (VLPs) in a scalable process. Through comprehensive characterization of the bivalent candidate vaccine, we confirm lot consistency in a pilot scale-up of 30L, 100L and 500L. Using cryo-EM 3D reconstruction, we found that HPV16 and -18VLPs present in a T=7 icosahedral arrangement, similar in shape and size to that of the native virions. This HPV16/18 bivalent vaccine shares comparable immunogenicity with the licensed vaccines. Overall, we show that the production of a HPV16/18 bivalent vaccine from an E. coli expression system is robust and scalable, with potentially good accessibility worldwide as a population-based immunization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minxi Wei
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian 361022, China
| | - Daning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhihai Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huirong Pan
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, Xiamen, Fujian 361022, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Pan H, Li Z, Wang J, Song S, Wang D, Wei M, Gu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia N. Bacterially expressed human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 bivalent vaccine: Characterization, antigenicity and immunogenicity. Vaccine 2017; 35:3222-3231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The two licensed bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 (the major papillomavirus virion protein) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are regarded as safe, effective, and well established prophylactic vaccines. However, they have some inherent limitations, including a fairly high production and delivery cost, virus-type restricted protection, and no reported therapeutic activity, which might be addressed with the development of alternative dosing schedules and vaccine products. A change from a three-dose to a two-dose protocol for the licensed HPV vaccines, especially in younger adolescents (aged 9-13 years), is underway in several countries and is likely to become the future norm. Preliminary evidence suggests that recipients of HPV vaccines might derive prophylactic benefits from one dose of the bivalent vaccine. Substantial interest exists in both the academic and industrial sectors in the development of second-generation L1 VLP vaccines in terms of cost reduction-eg, by production in Escherichia coli or alternative types of yeast. However, Merck's nonavalent vaccine, produced via the Saccharomyces cerevisiae production system that is also used for their quadrivalent vaccine, is the first second-generation HPV VLP vaccine to be available on the market. By contrast, other pharmaceutical companies are developing microbial vectors that deliver L1 genes. These two approaches would add an HPV component to existing live attenuated vaccines for measles and typhoid fever. Prophylactic vaccines that are based on induction of broadly cross-neutralising antibodies to L2, the minor HPV capsid protein, are also being developed both as simple monomeric fusion proteins and as virus-like display vaccines. The strong interest in developing the next generation of vaccines, particularly by manufacturers in middle-to-high income countries, increases the likelihood that vaccine production will become decentralised with the hope that effective HPV vaccines will be made increasingly available in low-resource settings where they are most needed.
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Xiao CY, Fu BB, Li ZY, Mushtaq G, Kamal MA, Li JH, Tang GC, Xiao SS. Observations on the expression of human papillomavirus major capsid protein in HeLa cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 26064080 PMCID: PMC4461987 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to identify the nature of the inclusion bodies that have been found in HeLa cells (cervical cancer immortal cell line) by electron microscope and to determine whether the major capsid protein (L1) of human papillomavirus (HPV) can be expressed in HPV-positive uterine cervix cancer cells. Methods HPV L1 protein expression in HeLa cells was detected with anti-HPV L1 multivalent mice monoclonal antibody and rabbit polyclonal anti-HPV L1 antibody by ELISA, light microscope immunohistochemistry, electron microscope immunocytochemistry and Western blotting assays. Reverse transcriptional PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the transcription of L1 mRNA in HeLa cells. The immortalized human keratinocyte HeCat was used as the negative control. Results HPV L1 proteins reacted positively in the lysate of HeLa cells by ELISA assays. HRP labeled light microscope immunohistochemistry assay showed that there was a strong HPV L1 positive reaction in HeLa cells. Under the electron microscope, irregular shaped inclusion bodies, assembled by many small and uniform granules, had been observed in the cytoplasm of some HeLa cells. These granules could be labeled by the colloidal gold carried by HPV L1 antibody. The Western blotting assay showed that there was a L1 reaction strap at 80–85 kDa in the HeLa cell lysates, hence demonstrating the existence of HPV18 L1 in HeLa cells. RT-PCR assay showed that the L1 mRNA was transcribed in HeLa cells. Conclusions The inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells are composed of HPV18 L1 protein. Since HeLa cell line is a type of cervical cancer cells, this implies that HeLa cells have the ability to express HPV L1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Xiao
- Tumor Research Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Bing Fu
- Tumor Research Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ; Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770 Australia
| | - Jia-Hua Li
- Tumor Research Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Cheng Tang
- Tumor Research Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo-Shuang Xiao
- Tumor Research Institute, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 Hubei Province People's Republic of China
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Chatterjee A. The next generation of HPV vaccines: nonavalent vaccine V503 on the horizon. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1279-90. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.963561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Liu B, Han SM, Tang XY, Han L, Li CZ. Cervical Cancer Gene Therapy by Gene Loaded PEG-PLA Nanomedicine. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4915-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Siu JYM. Perceptions of and barriers to vaccinating daughters against human papillomavirus (HPV) among mothers in Hong Kong. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:73. [PMID: 24890226 PMCID: PMC4049476 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Significant others are noted to be remarkable influences in modelling children’s and young people’s health perceptions and their adoption of health behaviour. The vaccinations which a child receives are shown to be significantly influenced by his or her parents. However, there is a paucity of Chinese-based studies. When discussing the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, very few studies examine the perceptions of Chinese parents regarding the vaccine as a preventive health measure, and even fewer examine how these perceptions of the vaccine and sexual values influence their motivations in encouraging their children to be vaccinated. In view of the literature gap, this article investigates the perceptions of Hong Kong mothers in regard to vaccinating their daughters against HPV in Hong Kong. Methods A qualitative research approach with individual semi-structured interviews was conducted with 35 mothers aged 30 to 60 years old with daughter(s) between 9 and 17 years old. Results Six connected themes emerged. The participants commonly perceived the HPV vaccination as being unnecessary for their daughters in view of their young age. They worried that it would encourage their daughters to engage in premarital sex, and perceived the vaccination to be potentially harmful to health. Also, their low perceived risk of HPV in addition to the lack of reassurance from their health care providers failed to convince the participants that the vaccination was important for their daughters’ health. Finally, the participants found the vaccine to be expensive and perceived it to have little protection value in comparison to other optional vaccines. Conclusion The sampled mothers did not have a positive perception of the HPV vaccine. The cultural association between receiving the vaccination and premarital sex was prevalent. Bounded by their cultural values, the participants also had many misconceptions regarding the vaccine and the transmission of HPV, which discouraged them from having their daughters vaccinated. Furthermore, a lack of support from health care providers and the government health authorities concerning HPV vaccination failed to provide confidence and reassurance to mothers, and conveyed a meaning to these mothers that HPV vaccine is relatively unimportant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yuen-man Siu
- David C, Lam Institute for East-West Studies (Environment, Health, and Sustainability working group), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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BARRETO SC, UPPALAPATI M, RAY A. Small Circular DNAs in Human Pathology. Malays J Med Sci 2014; 21:4-18. [PMID: 25246831 PMCID: PMC4163554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, human pathogen-related small circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules are bacterial plasmids and a group of viral genomes. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal small circular DNAs that are capable of replicating independently of the host, and are present throughout a variety of different microorganisms, most notably bacteria. While plasmids are not essential components of the host, they can impart an assortment of survival enhancing genes such as for fertility, drug resistance, and toxins. Furthermore, plasmids are of particular interest to molecular biology especially in relation to gene-cloning. Among viruses, genomes of anelloviruses, papillomaviruses, and polyomaviruses consist of small circular DNA. The latter two virus families are known for their potential roles in a number of pathogenic processes. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are now widely recognised to be associated with a greatly increased risk of cervical cancer, especially oncogenic strains 16 and 18. On the other hand, human cells may contain several types of small circular DNA molecules including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mitochondrial genome consists of 37 genes that encode for proteins of the oxidation phosphorylation system, transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs), and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Though mitochondria can replicate independently of the host; nuclear DNA does encode for several mitochondrial proteins. Mutations in mtDNA contribute to some well characterised diseases; mtDNA is also implicated in several diseases and malignancies with poorly elucidated aetiologies. Furthermore, mtDNA can function as a diagnostic tool. Other extra-chromosomal circular DNAs are usually detected in cancer. This review article is intended to provide an overview of four broad categories of small circular DNAs that are present in non-eukaryotic (plasmids and relevant viral genomes) and eukaryotic (mtDNA and other extra-chromosomal DNAs) systems with reference to human diseases, particularly cancer. For this purpose, a literature search has been carried out mainly from PubMed. Improved understanding of the significance of small circular DNA molecules is expected to have far reaching implications in many fields of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Carolina BARRETO
- Saint James School of Medicine, Albert Lake Drive, The Quarter AI 2640, Anguilla, British West Indies
| | - Madhuri UPPALAPATI
- Saint James School of Medicine, Albert Lake Drive, The Quarter AI 2640, Anguilla, British West Indies
| | - Amitabha RAY
- Saint James School of Medicine, Albert Lake Drive, The Quarter AI 2640, Anguilla, British West Indies
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Conesa-Zamora P. Immune responses against virus and tumor in cervical carcinogenesis: Treatment strategies for avoiding the HPV-induced immune escape. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:480-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Siu JYM. Barriers to receiving human papillomavirus vaccination among female students in a university in Hong Kong. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2013; 15:1071-1084. [PMID: 23826650 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2013.807518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates, using a qualitative approach, barriers to receiving Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among female undergraduate students in a Hong Kong university. By conducting individual semi-structured interviews with 35 young women aged 19 to 23, seven intertwining perceptual, social and cultural, healthcare provider and financial barriers were identified. These barriers included the perception as being low-risk due to an absence of sexual contact, lack of confidence in the safety of the vaccine, suspicion of parents concerning the intention to get vaccinated, lack of positive discussion among peers, insufficient information from primary-care doctors, difficulty in choosing a suitable HPV vaccine and cost of the vaccine. Future HPV-vaccination promotion therefore not only needs to enhance risk perception and needs awareness of young women, but also educate parents and correct their misconceptions. As primary care doctors are the first line of contact with patients, providing more support to enhance their knowledge of the HPV vaccine and to encourage their enthusiasm in providing responsive disease-prevention education can motivate young women to get vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yuen-man Siu
- a David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Archambault J, Melendy T. Targeting human papillomavirus genome replication for antiviral drug discovery. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:271-83. [PMID: 23615820 DOI: 10.3851/imp2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a major human health problem; they are the cause of recurrent benign warts and of several cancers of the anogenital tract and head and neck region. Although there are two prophylactic HPV vaccines that could, if used universally, prevent as many as two-thirds of HPV-induced cancers, as well as several cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents for localized treatment of infections, there are currently no HPV antiviral drugs in our arsenal of therapeutic agents. This review examines the status of past and ongoing research into the development of HPV antivirals, focused primarily upon approaches targeting the replication of the viral genome. The only HPV enzyme, E1, is a DNA helicase that interfaces with the cellular DNA replication machinery to replicate the HPV genome. To date, searches for small molecule inhibitors of E1 for use as antivirals have met with limited success. The lack of other viral enzymes has meant that the search for antivirals has shifted to a large degree to the modulation of protein-protein interactions. There has been some success in identifying small molecule inhibitors targeting interactions between HPV proteins but with activity against a small subset of viral types only. As noted in this review, it is thought that targeting E1 interactions with cellular replication proteins may provide inhibitors with broader activity against multiple HPV types. Herein, we outline the steps in HPV DNA replication and discuss those that appear to provide the most advantageous targets for the development of anti-HPV therapeutics.
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Faust H, Jelen MM, Poljak M, Klavs I, Učakar V, Dillner J. Serum antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) pseudovirions correlate with natural infection for 13 genital HPV types. J Clin Virol 2013; 56:336-41. [PMID: 23290386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serology for human papillomaviruses (HPV) types -16 and -18 is established as an important tool for studies of HPV vaccinology and epidemiology. However, as there are a large number of oncogenic genital types of HPV there is a need for development of high-throughput, validated HPV serological assays that can be used for more comprehensive seroepidemiological studies and for research on multivalent HPV vaccines. OBJECTIVES To develop a multiplexed pseudovirion-based serological assay (PsV-Luminex) encompassing 21 HPV types and validate the method by correlating the serology with the presence of type specific HPV DNA in cervical samples. STUDY DESIGN Cervical swabs from 3,291 unvaccinated women attending organized cervical screening in Slovenia were tested with 3 different HPV DNA detection methods and presence of HPV DNA compared to presence of serum antibodies to pseudovirions from 15 genital HPV types (HPV-6,-11,-16,-18,-31,-33,-35,-39,-45,-52,-56,-58,-59,-68,-73). RESULTS On average 51% of the HPV DNA positive women were seropositive for the same HPV type that was detected in the cervical specimen. We found a strong correlation with presence of HPV DNA and antibodies to the same HPV type for 13/15 genital HPV types (median OR = 5.7, CI 95% = 2.4-12.9). HPV-52 serology failed the validation and HPV-11 serology could not be validated because only a single woman was positive for HPV-11 DNA. The correlation between serology and HPV DNA status tended to be stronger among women infected with single HPV type (median OR=10.5, CI 95% = 2.4-48.4) than among women with multiple HPV infections (median OR = 4.6, CI 95% = 1.8-11.7). CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed HPV PsV-Luminex assay has been developed and validated to correlate with natural HPV infection for 13 HPV types, thus enabling more comprehensive studies in HPV epidemiology and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Faust
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Mirza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, 653-1 West 8th Street, LRC 3rd Floor, L-13, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
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