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Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Wentzien NM, Zorrilla-Fontanesi Y, Valverde-Corredor A, Fernández-González AJ, Fernández-López M, Mercado-Blanco J. Impacts of the Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 on the Banana Holobiont: Alteration of Root Microbial Co-occurrence Networks and Effect on Host Defense Responses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809126. [PMID: 35242117 PMCID: PMC8885582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the versatile biocontrol and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 on the banana holobiont under controlled conditions was investigated. We examine the fate of this biological control agent (BCA) upon introduction in the soil, the effect on the banana root microbiota, and the influence on specific host genetic defense responses. While the presence of strain PICF7 significantly altered neither the composition nor the structure of the root microbiota, a significant shift in microbial community interactions through co-occurrence network analysis was observed. Despite the fact that PICF7 did not constitute a keystone, the topology of this network was significantly modified-the BCA being identified as a constituent of one of the main network modules in bacterized plants. Gene expression analysis showed the early suppression of several systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) markers. This outcome occurred at the time in which the highest relative abundance of PICF7 was detected. The absence of major and permanent changes on the banana holobiont upon PICF7 introduction poses advantages regarding the use of this beneficial rhizobacteria under field conditions. Indeed a BCA able to control the target pathogen while altering as little as possible the natural host-associated microbiome should be a requisite when developing effective bio-inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nuria M. Wentzien
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Valverde-Corredor
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Fernández-González
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-López
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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Samsatly J, Bayen S, Jabaji SH. Vitamin B6 Is Under a Tight Balance During Disease Development by Rhizoctonia solani on Different Cultivars of Potato and on Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:875. [PMID: 32670323 PMCID: PMC7327096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is well recognized as an essential antioxidant and plays a role in stress responses. Co-expression of plant and pathogen-derived vitamin B6 genes is critical during disease development of R. solani. However, little is known about the functionality of vitamin B6 vitamers during plant-R. solani interactions and their involvement in disease tolerance. Here, we explored the possible involvement of vitamin B6 during disease progression of potato cultivars of different susceptibility levels to R. solani. A distinct pattern of gene expression, pyridoxine (PN) concentration, and fungal biomass was found in the susceptible cv. Russet Burbank and tolerant cv. Chieftain. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in R. solani mycelia or plant tissues applying non-fluorescence or fluorescence methods was related to up-regulation in the vitamin B6 pathway and is indicative of oxidative stress. Russet Burbank was susceptible to R. solani, which was linked to reduced amounts of VB6 content. Prior to infection, constitutive PN levels were significantly higher in Russet Burbank by 1.6-fold compared to Chieftain. Upon infection with R. solani, PN levels in infected tissues increased more in Chieftain (1.7-fold) compared to Russet Burbank (1.4-fold). R. solani AG3 infection of potato sprouts in both cultivars significantly activates the fungal and plant vitamin B6 and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes in a tissue-specific response. Significant fold increases of transcript abundance of the fungal genes ranged from a minimum of 3.60 (RsolSG3GST) to a maximum of 13.91 (RsolAG3PDX2) in the surrounding necrotic lesion tissues (zone 1). On the other hand, PCA showed that the top plant genes STGST and STPDX1.1 were linked to both tissues of necrotic lesions (zone 2) and their surrounding areas of necrotic lesions. Functional characterization of Arabidopsis pdx1.3 mutants challenged with R. solani provided evidence into the role of the vitamin B6 pathway in the maintenance of plant tolerance during disease progression. Overall, we demonstrate that the production of vitamin VB6 is under tight control and is an essential determinant of disease development during the interaction of R. solani with potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Suha H. Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Suha H. Jabaji,
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Samsatly J, Copley TR, Jabaji SH. Antioxidant genes of plants and fungal pathogens are distinctly regulated during disease development in different Rhizoctonia solani pathosystems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192682. [PMID: 29466404 PMCID: PMC5821333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress, as a result of plant-pathogen interactions, induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the cells, causing severe oxidative damage to plants and pathogens. To overcome this damage, both the host and pathogen have developed antioxidant systems to quench excess ROS and keep ROS production and scavenging systems under control. Data on ROS-scavenging systems in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani are just emerging. We formerly identified vitamin B6 biosynthetic machinery of R. solani AG3 as a powerful antioxidant exhibiting a high ability to quench ROS, similar to CATALASE (CAT) and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE (GST). Here, we provide evidence on the involvement of R. solani vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathway genes; RsolPDX1 (KF620111.1), RsolPDX2 (KF620112.1), and RsolPLR (KJ395592.1) in vitamin B6 de novo biosynthesis by yeast complementation assays. Since gene expression studies focusing on oxidative stress responses of both the plant and the pathogen following R. solani infection are very limited, this study is the first coexpression analysis of genes encoding vitamin B6, CAT and GST in plant and fungal tissues of three pathosystems during interaction of different AG groups of R. solani with their respective hosts. The findings indicate that distinct expression patterns of fungal and host antioxidant genes were correlated in necrotic tissues and their surrounding areas in each of the three R. solani pathosystems: potato sprout-R. solani AG3; soybean hypocotyl-R. solani AG4 and soybean leaves-R. solani AG1-IA interactions. Levels of ROS increased in all types of potato and soybean tissues, and in fungal hyphae following infection of R. solani AGs as determined by non-fluorescence and fluorescence methods using H2DCF-DA and DAB, respectively. Overall, we demonstrate that the co-expression and accumulation of certain plant and pathogen ROS-antioxidant related genes in each pathosystem are highlighted and might be critical during disease development from the plant's point of view, and in pathogenicity and developing of infection structures from the fungal point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Suha H. Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Copley TR, Duggavathi R, Jabaji S. The transcriptional landscape of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA during infection of soybean as defined by RNA-seq. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184095. [PMID: 28877263 PMCID: PMC5587340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infects most plant families and can cause significant agricultural yield losses worldwide; however, plant resistance to this disease is rare and short-lived, and therefore poorly understood, resulting in the use of chemical pesticides for its control. Understanding the functional responses of this pathogen during host infection can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are necessary for successful host invasion. Using the pathosystem model soybean-R. solani anastomosis group AG1-IA, we examined the global transcriptional responses of R. solani during early and late infection stages of soybean by applying an RNA-seq approach. Approximately, 148 million clean paired-end reads, representing 93% of R. solani AG1-IA genes, were obtained from the sequenced libraries. Analysis of R. solani AG1-IA transcripts during soybean invasion revealed that most genes were similarly expressed during early and late infection stages, and only 11% and 15% of the expressed genes were differentially expressed during early and late infection stages, respectively. Analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed shifts in molecular pathways involved in antibiotics biosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as pathways involved in antioxidant production. Furthermore, several KEGG pathways were unique to each time point, particularly the up-regulation of genes related to toxin degradation (e.g., nicotinate and nicotinamid metabolism) at onset of necrosis, and those linked to synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biosynthesis 24 h.p.o. of necrosis. These results suggest that particular genes or pathways are required for either invasion or disease development. Overall, this study provides the first insights into R. solani AG1-IA transcriptome responses to soybean invasion providing beneficial information for future targeted control methods of this successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Animal Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Hennessy RC, Glaring MA, Olsson S, Stougaard P. Transcriptomic profiling of microbe-microbe interactions reveals the specific response of the biocontrol strain P. fluorescens In5 to the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:376. [PMID: 28807055 PMCID: PMC5557065 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies to date report the transcriptional response of biocontrol bacteria toward phytopathogens. In order to gain insights into the potential mechanism underlying the antagonism of the antimicrobial producing strain P. fluorescens In5 against the phytopathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum, global RNA sequencing was performed. METHODS Differential gene expression profiling of P. fluorescens In5 in response to either R. solani or P. aphanidermatum was investigated using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Total RNA was isolated from single bacterial cultures of P. fluorescens In5 or bacterial cultures in dual-culture for 48 h with each pathogen in biological triplicates. RNA-seq libraries were constructed following a default Illumina stranded RNA protocol including rRNA depletion and were sequenced 2 × 100 bases on Illumina HiSeq generating approximately 10 million reads per sample. RESULTS No significant changes in global gene expression were recorded during dual-culture of P. fluorescens In5 with any of the two pathogens but rather each pathogen appeared to induce expression of a specific set of genes. A particularly strong transcriptional response to R. solani was observed and notably several genes possibly associated with secondary metabolite detoxification and metabolism were highly upregulated in response to the fungus. A total of 23 genes were significantly upregulated and seven genes were significantly downregulated with at least respectively a threefold change in expression level in response to R. solani compared to the no fungus control. In contrast, only one gene was significantly upregulated over threefold and three transcripts were significantly downregulated over threefold in response to P. aphanidermatum. Genes known to be involved in synthesis of secondary metabolites, e.g. non-ribosomal synthetases and hydrogen cyanide were not differentially expressed at the time points studied. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that genes possibly involved in metabolite detoxification are highly upregulated in P. fluorescens In5 when co-cultured with plant pathogens and in particular the fungus R. solani. This highlights the importance of studying microbe-microbe interactions to gain a better understanding of how different systems function in vitro and ultimately in natural systems where biocontrol agents can be used for the sustainable management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna C Hennessy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A Glaring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Olsson
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Peter Stougaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Copley T, Bayen S, Jabaji S. Biochar Amendment Modifies Expression of Soybean and Rhizoctonia solani Genes Leading to Increased Severity of Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:221. [PMID: 28270822 PMCID: PMC5318381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of biochar, a pyrolyzed biomass from organic sources, to agricultural soils is considered a promising strategy to sustain soil fertility leading to increased plant productivity. It is also known that applications of biochar to soilless potting substrates and to soil increases resistance of plants against diseases, but also bear the potential to have inconsistent and contradictory results depending on the type of biochar feedstock and application rate. The following study examined the effect of biochar produced from maple bark on soybean resistance against Rhizoctonia foliar blight (RFB) disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani, and examined the underlying molecular responses of both soybean and R. solani during interaction with biochar application. Soybean plants were grown in the presence of 1, 3, or 5% (w/w) or absence of maple bark biochar for 2 weeks, and leaves were infected with R. solani AG1-IA. At lower concentrations (1 and 3%), biochar was ineffective against RFB, however at the 5% amendment rate, biochar was conducive to RFB with a significant increase in disease severity. For the first time, soybean and R. solani responsive genes were monitored during the development of RFB on detached leaves of plants grown in the absence and presence of 5% biochar at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h post-inoculation (h.p.i.). Generally, large decreases in soybean transcript abundances of genes associated with primary metabolism such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, starch, amino acid and glutathione metabolism together with genes associated with plant defense and immunity such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid pathways were observed after exposure of soybean to high concentration of biochar. Such genes are critical for plant protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. The general down-regulation of soybean genes and changes in SA hormonal balance were tightly linked with an increased susceptibility to RFB. In conjunction, R. solani genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism were up-regulated, while genes involved in redox reactions and detoxification had varying effects. In conclusion, this study presents strong evidence that maple bark biochar increased susceptibility of soybean to a foliar disease. This condition is partly mediated by the down-regulation of soybean genes leading to reduced immunity and also affecting R. solani gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Copley
- Plant Science Department, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Braga RM, Dourado MN, Araújo WL. Microbial interactions: ecology in a molecular perspective. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47 Suppl 1:86-98. [PMID: 27825606 PMCID: PMC5156507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microorganism–microorganism or microorganism–host interactions are the key strategy to colonize and establish in a variety of different environments. These interactions involve all ecological aspects, including physiochemical changes, metabolite exchange, metabolite conversion, signaling, chemotaxis and genetic exchange resulting in genotype selection. In addition, the establishment in the environment depends on the species diversity, since high functional redundancy in the microbial community increases the competitive ability of the community, decreasing the possibility of an invader to establish in this environment. Therefore, these associations are the result of a co-evolution process that leads to the adaptation and specialization, allowing the occupation of different niches, by reducing biotic and abiotic stress or exchanging growth factors and signaling. Microbial interactions occur by the transference of molecular and genetic information, and many mechanisms can be involved in this exchange, such as secondary metabolites, siderophores, quorum sensing system, biofilm formation, and cellular transduction signaling, among others. The ultimate unit of interaction is the gene expression of each organism in response to an environmental (biotic or abiotic) stimulus, which is responsible for the production of molecules involved in these interactions. Therefore, in the present review, we focused on some molecular mechanisms involved in the microbial interaction, not only in microbial–host interaction, which has been exploited by other reviews, but also in the molecular strategy used by different microorganisms in the environment that can modulate the establishment and structuration of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Mesquita Braga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella Nóbrega Dourado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Welington Luiz Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Samsatly J, Chamoun R, Gluck-Thaler E, Jabaji S. Genes of the de novo and Salvage Biosynthesis Pathways of Vitamin B6 are Regulated under Oxidative Stress in the Plant Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1429. [PMID: 26779127 PMCID: PMC4700284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is recognized as an important cofactor required for numerous metabolic enzymes, and has been shown to act as an antioxidant and play a role in stress responses. It can be synthesized through two different routes: salvage and de novo pathways. However, little is known about the possible function of the vitamin B6 pathways in the fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Using genome walking, the de novo biosynthetic pathway genes; RsolPDX1 and RsolPDX2 and the salvage biosynthetic pathway gene, RsolPLR were sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences of the three genes had high degrees of similarity to other fungal PDX1, PDX2, and PLR proteins and are closely related to other R. solani anastomosis groups. We also examined their regulation when subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress inducers, the superoxide generator paraquat, or H2O2, and compared it to the well-known antioxidant genes, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The genes were differentially regulated with transcript levels as high as 33 fold depending on the gene and type of stress reflecting differences in the type of damage induced by ROS. Exogenous addition of the vitamers PN or PLP in culture medium significantly induced the transcription of the vitamin B6 de novo encoding genes as early as 0.5 hour post treatment (HPT). On the other hand, transcription of RsolPLR was vitamer-specific; a down regulation upon supplementation of PN and upregulation with PLP. Our results suggest that accumulation of ROS in R. solani mycelia is linked to transcriptional regulation of the three genes and implicate the vitamin B6 biosynthesis machinery in R. solani, similar to catalases and GST, as an antioxidant stress protector against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Gkarmiri K, Finlay RD, Alström S, Thomas E, Cubeta MA, Högberg N. Transcriptomic changes in the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 in response to the antagonistic bacteria Serratia proteamaculans and Serratia plymuthica. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:630. [PMID: 26296338 PMCID: PMC4546130 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved understanding of bacterial-fungal interactions in the rhizosphere should assist in the successful application of bacteria as biological control agents against fungal pathogens of plants, providing alternatives to chemicals in sustainable agriculture. Rhizoctonia solani is an important soil-associated fungal pathogen and its chemical treatment is not feasible or economic. The genomes of the plant-associated bacteria Serratia proteamaculans S4 and Serratia plymuthica AS13 have been sequenced, revealing genetic traits that may explain their diverse plant growth promoting activities and antagonistic interactions with R. solani. To understand the functional response of this pathogen to different bacteria and to elucidate whether the molecular mechanisms that the fungus exploits involve general stress or more specific responses, we performed a global transcriptome profiling of R. solani Rhs1AP anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) during interaction with the S4 and AS13 species of Serratia using RNA-seq. Results Approximately 104,504 million clean 75-100 bp paired-end reads were obtained from three libraries, each in triplicate (AG3-Control, AG3-S4 and AG3-AS13). Transcriptome analysis revealed that approximately 10 % of the fungal transcriptome was differentially expressed during challenge with Serratia. The numbers of S4- and AS13-specific differentially expressed genes (DEG) were 866 and 292 respectively, while there were 1035 common DEGs in the two treatment groups. Four hundred and sixty and 242 genes respectively had values of log2 fold-change > 3 and for further analyses this cut-off value was used. Functional classification of DEGs based on Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and on KEGG pathway annotations revealed a general shift in fungal gene expression in which genes related to xenobiotic degradation, toxin and antioxidant production, energy, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and hyphal rearrangements were subjected to transcriptional regulation. Conclusions This RNA-seq profiling generated a novel dataset describing the functional response of the phytopathogen R. solani AG3 to the plant-associated Serratia bacteria S4 and AS13. Most genes were regulated in the same way in the presence of both bacterial isolates, but there were also some strain-specific responses. The findings in this study will be beneficial for further research on biological control and in depth exploration of bacterial-fungal interactions in the rhizosphere. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1758-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia Gkarmiri
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sadhna Alström
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Fungal Disease Ecology, Genetics and Population Biology, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Drive, Suite 233, 225 Partners III, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Marc A Cubeta
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Fungal Disease Ecology, Genetics and Population Biology, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Drive, Suite 233, 225 Partners III, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Nils Högberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Chamoun R, Aliferis KA, Jabaji S. Identification of signatory secondary metabolites during mycoparasitism of Rhizoctonia solani by Stachybotrys elegans. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:353. [PMID: 25972848 PMCID: PMC4413796 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys elegans is able to parasitize the fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 following a complex and intimate interaction, which, among others, includes the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, intracellular colonization, and expression of pathogenic process encoding genes. However, information on the metabolome level is non-existent during mycoparasitism. Here, we performed a direct-infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) metabolomics analysis using an LTQ Orbitrap analyzer in order to detect changes in the profiles of induced secondary metabolites of both partners during this mycoparasitic interaction 4 and 5 days following its establishment. The diketopiperazine(s) (DKPs) cyclo(S-Pro-S-Leu)/cyclo(S-Pro-S-Ile), ethyl 2-phenylacetate, and 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid were detected as the primary response of Rhizoctonia 4 days following dual-culturing with Stachybotrys, whereas only the latter metabolite was up-regulated 1 day later. On the other hand, trichothecenes and atranones were mycoparasite-derived metabolites identified during mycoparasitism 4 and 5 days following dual-culturing. All the above secondary metabolites are known to exhibit bioactivity, including fungitoxicity, and represent key elements that determine the outcome of the interaction being studied. Results could be further exploited in programs for the evaluation of the bioactivity of these metabolites per se or their chemical analogs, and/or genetic engineering programs to obtain more efficient mycoparasite strains with improved efficacy and toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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11
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Wang Y, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jiang YL, Li DW, Zhao DG. Overview of Stachybotrys (Memnoniella) and current species status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-014-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Chamoun R, Samsatly J, Pakala SB, Cubeta MA, Jabaji S. Suppression subtractive hybridization and comparative expression of a pore-forming toxin and glycosyl hydrolase genes in Rhizoctonia solani during potato sprout infection. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:877-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chamoun R, Aliferis KA, Jabaji SH. Characterization and transcriptional regulation of Stachybotrys elegans mitogen-activated-protein kinase gene smkA following mycoparasitism and starvation conditions. Curr Genet 2012; 59:43-54. [PMID: 23271388 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-012-0386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways play an important role in the development and conidiation of fungal pathogens on their hosts and the sensing of host-derived cues. Mycoparasitism is a fungus-fungus interaction comprising host-pathogen cross talk. Until now, only little information is available on the role of the MAPK signaling pathway during this interaction. Here, we report on the differential expression of a MAPK/ERK gene in the mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans in response to direct parasitism of different vegetative structures of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (i.e., carbon-rich condition) and to nutrient starvation (i.e., carbon-poor condition). Western blot analysis against ERK1/2 highlighted an increase in their phosphorylated forms when S. elegans was grown under starvation condition compared to that detected in response to mycoparasitism. A higher abundance of phosphorylated ERK1/2 at the third day of interaction compared to that estimated under starvation condition was detected applying LC-MS/MS. At the transcriptional level, smkA, a YERK1 class member, was significantly induced in response to hyphal parasitism compared to parasitized sclerotia at 3, 4, and 5 days of interaction. However, under starvation condition, smkA levels were significantly induced after 7 days of growth. Southern blot analysis revealed that smkA is member of a small gene family. Collectively, these results suggest that smkA could be implicated in the mycoparasitic process in S. elegans as well as in stress-activated pathways. These results may be of wider significance in other fungus-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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