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Russotto Y, Micali C, Pellicanò GF, Nunnari G, Venanzi Rullo E. HIV and Mediterranean Zoonoses: A Review of the Literature. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:694-709. [PMID: 36136825 PMCID: PMC9498920 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Some zoonoses are very common in the Mediterranean area and endemic in specific regions, so they represent an important problem for public health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that has originated as a zoonosis and is now diffused globally, with the most significant numbers of infected people among the infectious diseases. Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the history for people living with HIV (PLWH) has changed drastically, and many diseases are now no different in epidemiology and prognosis as they are in not-HIV-infected people. Still, the underlying inflammatory state that is correlated with HIV and other alterations related to the infection itself can be a risk factor when infected with other bacteria, parasites or viruses. We reviewed the literature for infection by the most common Mediterranean zoonoses, such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Brucella, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Listeria and Echinococcus, and a possible correlation with HIV. We included Monkeypox, since the outbreak of cases is becoming a concern lately. We found that HIV may be related with alterations of the microbiome, as for campylobacteriosis, and that there are some zoonoses with a significant prevalence in PLWH, as for salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-0221-2032
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Akullian A, Montgomery JM, John-Stewart G, Miller SI, Hayden HS, Radey MC, Hager KR, Verani JR, Ochieng JB, Juma J, Katieno J, Fields B, Bigogo G, Audi A, Walson J. Multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with invasive disease in western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006156. [PMID: 29329299 PMCID: PMC5785031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of bloodstream infections in Africa, but the various contributions of host susceptibility versus unique pathogen virulence factors are unclear. We used data from a population-based surveillance platform (population ~25,000) between 2007–2014 and NTS genome-sequencing to compare host and pathogen-specific factors between individuals presenting with NTS bacteremia and those presenting with NTS diarrhea. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 and Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 were the most common isolates. Multi-drug resistant strains of NTS were more commonly isolated from patients presenting with NTS bacteremia compared to NTS diarrhea. This relationship was observed in patients under age five [aOR = 15.16, 95% CI (2.84–81.05), P = 0.001], in patients five years and older, [aOR = 6.70 95% CI (2.25–19.89), P = 0.001], in HIV-uninfected patients, [aOR = 21.61, 95% CI (2.53–185.0), P = 0.005], and in patients infected with Salmonella serogroup B [aOR = 5.96, 95% CI (2.28–15.56), P < 0.001] and serogroup D [aOR = 14.15, 95% CI (1.10–182.7), P = 0.042]. Thus, multi-drug-resistant NTS was strongly associated with bacteremia compared to diarrhea among children and adults. This association was seen in HIV-uninfected individuals infected with either S. Typhimurium or S. Enteritidis. Risk of developing bacteremia from NTS infection may be driven by virulence properties of the Salmonella pathogen. Though NTS is normally associated with self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans, it is a leading cause of bloodstream infection in Africa. The biological mechanisms that contribute to invasiveness in NTS in Africa are unclear. In this paper we address which specific host and pathogen risk factors are associated with blood stream infection from non-typhoidal Salmonella in rural Kenya. We found that multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of NTS were associated with NTS bacteremia, even after controlling for known host-factors including HIV, age, and NTS serogroup (a taxonomic grouping). Our results suggest that multi-drug resistant NTS is associated with blood stream infection even in the immune-competent host. Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type ST313, an emerging genotype in sub-Saharan Africa, was the most common cause of blood stream infection in children and adults, followed by Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type ST11. The increasing prevalence of commonly circulating non-typhoidal Salmonella poses a major challenge to the control of highly pathogenic NTS serovars. The specific biological and epidemiological mechanisms driving invasiveness from infection with drug-resistant NTS warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Akullian
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hillary S. Hayden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Radey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Hager
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jane Juma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jim Katieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Allan Audi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Judd Walson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network, Nairobi, Kenya
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O'Donnell H, Pham OH, Benoun JM, Ravesloot-Chávez MM, McSorley SJ. Contaminated water delivery as a simple and effective method of experimental Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1615-27. [PMID: 26439708 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In most infectious disease models, it is assumed that gavage needle infection is the most reliable means of pathogen delivery to the GI tract. However, this methodology can cause esophageal tearing and induces stress in experimental animals, both of which have the potential to impact early infection and the subsequent immune response. MATERIALS & METHODS C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with virulent Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 either by intragastric gavage preceded by sodium bicarbonate, or by contamination of drinking water. RESULTS We demonstrate that water contamination delivery of Salmonella is equivalent to gavage inoculation in providing a consistent model of infection. Furthermore, exposure of mice to contaminated drinking water for as little as 4 h allowed maximal mucosal and systemic infection, suggesting an abbreviated window exists for natural intestinal entry. CONCLUSION Together, these data question the need for gavage delivery for infection with oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Donnell
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Yersinia Research Unit, Microbiology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Benoun
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marietta M Ravesloot-Chávez
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Longwe H, Jambo KC, Phiri KS, Mbeye N, Gondwe T, Hall T, Tetteh KKA, Drakeley C, Mandala WL. The effect of daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on natural development of antibody-mediated immunity against P. falciparum malaria infection in HIV-exposed uninfected Malawian children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121643. [PMID: 25807475 PMCID: PMC4373908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, currently recommended in HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) children as protection against opportunistic infections, also has some anti-malarial efficacy. We determined whether daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis affects the natural development of antibody-mediated immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. Methods Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we measured antibodies to 8Plasmodium falciparum antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, MSP-3, PfSE, EBA-175RII, GLURP R0, GLURP R2 and CSP) in serum samples from 33 HEU children and 31 HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children, collected at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Results Compared to HIV-uninfected children, HEU children had significantly lower levels of specific IgG against AMA-1 at 6 months (p = 0.001), MSP-119 at 12 months (p = 0.041) and PfSE at 6 months (p = 0.038), 12 months (p = 0.0012) and 18 months (p = 0.0097). No differences in the IgG antibody responses against the rest of the antigens were observed between the two groups at all time points. The breadth of specificity of IgG response was reduced in HEU children compared to HUU children during the follow up period. Conclusions Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis seems to reduce IgG antibody responses to P. falciparum blood stage antigens, which could be as a result of a reduction in exposure of those children under this regime. Although antibody responses were regarded as markers of exposure in this study, further studies are required to establish whether these responses are correlated in any way to clinical immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Longwe
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kamija S. Phiri
- Tropical Haematology Research Unit, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nyanyiwe Mbeye
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Thandile Gondwe
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tom Hall
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson L. Mandala
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail:
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Ramachandran G, Perkins DJ, Schmidlein PJ, Tulapurkar ME, Tennant SM. Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 with naturally attenuated flagellin elicits reduced inflammation and replicates within macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3394. [PMID: 25569606 PMCID: PMC4287482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) are an important cause of septicemia in children under the age of five years in sub-Saharan Africa. A novel genotype of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (multi-locus sequence type [ST] 313) circulating in this geographic region is genetically different to from S. Typhimurium ST19 strains that are common throughout the rest of the world. S. Typhimurium ST313 strains have acquired pseudogenes and genetic deletions and appear to be evolving to become more like the typhoidal serovars S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. Epidemiological and clinical data show that S. Typhimurium ST313 strains are clinically associated with invasive systemic disease (bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis) rather than with gastroenteritis. The current work summarizes investigations of the broad hypothesis that S. Typhimurium ST313 isolates from Mali, West Africa, will behave differently from ST19 isolates in various in vitro assays. Here, we show that strains of the ST313 genotype are phagocytosed more efficiently and are highly resistant to killing by macrophage cell lines and primary mouse and human macrophages compared to ST19 strains. S. Typhimurium ST313 strains survived and replicated within different macrophages. Infection of macrophages with S. Typhimurium ST19 strains resulted in increased apoptosis and higher production of proinflammatory cytokines, as measured by gene expression and protein production, compared to S. Typhimurium ST313 strains. This difference in proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death between S. Typhimurium ST19 and ST313 strains could be explained, in part, by an increased production of flagellin by ST19 strains. These observations provide further evidence that S. Typhimurium ST313 strains are phenotypically different to ST19 strains and instead share similar pathogenic characteristics with typhoidal Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darren J. Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Schmidlein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohan E. Tulapurkar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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RNA sequencing reveals differences between the global transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with high and low pathogenicities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:896-906. [PMID: 24271167 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02740-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the important causes of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. Field strains of S. Enteritidis are relatively genetically homogeneous; however, they show extensive phenotypic diversity and differences in virulence potential. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to characterize differences in the global transcriptome between several genetically similar but phenotypically diverse poultry-associated field strains of S. Enteritidis grown in laboratory medium at avian body temperature (42°C). These S. Enteritidis strains were previously characterized as high-pathogenicity (HP; n = 3) and low-pathogenicity (LP; n = 3) strains based on both in vitro and in vivo virulence assays. Using the negative binomial distribution-based statistical tools edgeR and DESeq, 252 genes were identified as differentially expressed in LP strains compared with their expression in the HP strains (P < 0.05). A majority of genes (235, or 93.2%) showed significantly reduced expression, whereas a few genes (17, or 6.8%) showed increased expression in all LP strains compared with HP strains. LP strains showed a unique transcriptional profile that is characterized by significantly reduced expression of several transcriptional regulators and reduced expression of genes involved in virulence (e.g., Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 [SPI-1], SPI-5, and fimbrial and motility genes) and protection against osmotic, oxidative, and other stresses, such as iron-limiting conditions commonly encountered within the host. Several functionally uncharacterized genes also showed reduced expression. This study provides a first concise view of the global transcriptional differences between field strains of S. Enteritidis with various levels of pathogenicity, providing the basis for future functional characterization of several genes with potential roles in virulence or stress regulation of S. Enteritidis.
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Kröger C, Dillon SC, Cameron ADS, Papenfort K, Sivasankaran SK, Hokamp K, Chao Y, Sittka A, Hébrard M, Händler K, Colgan A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Langridge GC, Lohan AJ, Loftus B, Lucchini S, Ussery DW, Dorman CJ, Thomson NR, Vogel J, Hinton JCD. The transcriptional landscape and small RNAs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1277-86. [PMID: 22538806 PMCID: PMC3356629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 y of research have provided great insight into the physiology, metabolism, and molecular biology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), but important gaps in our knowledge remain. It is clear that a precise choreography of gene expression is required for Salmonella infection, but basic genetic information such as the global locations of transcription start sites (TSSs) has been lacking. We combined three RNA-sequencing techniques and two sequencing platforms to generate a robust picture of transcription in S. Typhimurium. Differential RNA sequencing identified 1,873 TSSs on the chromosome of S. Typhimurium SL1344 and 13% of these TSSs initiated antisense transcripts. Unique findings include the TSSs of the virulence regulators phoP, slyA, and invF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that RNA polymerase was bound to 70% of the TSSs, and two-thirds of these TSSs were associated with σ(70) (including phoP, slyA, and invF) from which we identified the -10 and -35 motifs of σ(70)-dependent S. Typhimurium gene promoters. Overall, we corrected the location of important genes and discovered 18 times more promoters than identified previously. S. Typhimurium expresses 140 small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) at early stationary phase, including 60 newly identified sRNAs. Almost half of the experimentally verified sRNAs were found to be unique to the Salmonella genus, and <20% were found throughout the Enterobacteriaceae. This description of the transcriptional map of SL1344 advances our understanding of S. Typhimurium, arguably the most important bacterial infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kröger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Shane C. Dillon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Andrew D. S. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Kai Papenfort
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sathesh K. Sivasankaran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yanjie Chao
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sittka
- Molecular Pulmonology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Magali Hébrard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Kristian Händler
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Aoife Colgan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, and
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gemma C. Langridge
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Lohan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and
| | - Brendan Loftus
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and
| | - Sacha Lucchini
- Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Ussery
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, and
| | - Charles J. Dorman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, and
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Levantesi C, Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Grohmann E, Toze S, Tandoi V. Salmonella in surface and drinking water: Occurrence and water-mediated transmission. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Okoro CK, Kingsley RA, Quail MA, Kankwatira AM, Feasey NA, Parkhill J, Dougan G, Gordon MA. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism analysis distinguishes recrudescence and reinfection in recurrent invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella typhimurium disease. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:955-63. [PMID: 22318974 PMCID: PMC3297646 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella Typhimurium disease is a common and frequently recurrent cause of bacteremia across sub-Saharan Africa. We use high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism analysis to distinguish between reinfection and recrudescence in disease recurrence within single individuals over time. Background. Bloodstream infection with invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is common and severe among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemiology of iNTS is poorly understood. Survivors frequently experience multiply recurrent iNTS disease, despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy, but recrudescence and reinfection have previously been difficult to distinguish. Methods. We used high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and whole-genome phylogenetics to investigate 47 iNTS isolates from 14 patients with multiple recurrences following an index presentation with iNTS disease in Blantyre, Malawi. We isolated nontyphoidal salmonellae organisms from blood (n = 35), bone marrow (n = 8), stool (n = 2), urine (n = 1), and throat (n = 1) samples; these isolates comprised serotypes Typhimurium (n = 43) and Enteritidis (n = 4). Results. Recrudescence with identical or highly phylogenetically related isolates accounted for 78% of recurrences, and reinfection with phylogenetically distinct isolates accounted for 22% of recurrences. Both recrudescence and reinfection could occur in the same individual, and reinfection could either precede or follow recrudescence. The number of days to recurrence (23–486 d) was not different for recrudescence or reinfection. The number of days to recrudescence was unrelated to the number of SNPs accumulated by recrudescent organisms, suggesting that there was little genetic change during persistence in the host, despite exposure to multiple courses of antibiotics. Of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, 42 of 43 were pathovar ST313. Conclusions. High-resolution whole-genome phylogenetics successfully discriminated recrudescent iNTS from reinfection, despite a high level of clonality within and among individuals, giving insights into pathogenesis and management. These methods also have adequate resolution to investigate the epidemiology and transmission of this important African pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere K Okoro
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Lawhon SD, Khare S, Rossetti CA, Everts RE, Galindo CL, Luciano SA, Figueiredo JF, Nunes JES, Gull T, Davidson GS, Drake KL, Garner HR, Lewin HA, Bäumler AJ, Adams LG. Role of SPI-1 secreted effectors in acute bovine response to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: a systems biology analysis approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26869. [PMID: 22096503 PMCID: PMC3214023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes enterocolitis with diarrhea and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) influx into the intestinal mucosa in humans and calves. The Salmonella Type III Secretion System (T3SS) encoded at Pathogenicity Island I translocates Salmonella effector proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 into epithelial cells and is required for induction of diarrhea. These effector proteins act together to induce intestinal fluid secretion and transcription of C-X-C chemokines, recruiting PMNs to the infection site. While individual molecular interactions of the effectors with cultured host cells have been characterized, their combined role in intestinal fluid secretion and inflammation is less understood. We hypothesized that comparison of the bovine intestinal mucosal response to wild type Salmonella and a SipA, SopABDE2 effector mutant relative to uninfected bovine ileum would reveal heretofore unidentified diarrhea-associated host cellular pathways. To determine the coordinated effects of these virulence factors, a bovine ligated ileal loop model was used to measure responses to wild type S. Typhimurium (WT) and a ΔsipA, sopABDE2 mutant (MUT) across 12 hours of infection using a bovine microarray. Data were analyzed using standard microarray analysis and a dynamic bayesian network modeling approach (DBN). Both analytical methods confirmed increased expression of immune response genes to Salmonella infection and novel gene expression. Gene expression changes mapped to 219 molecular interaction pathways and 1620 gene ontology groups. Bayesian network modeling identified effects of infection on several interrelated signaling pathways including MAPK, Phosphatidylinositol, mTOR, Calcium, Toll-like Receptor, CCR3, Wnt, TGF-β, and Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton and Apoptosis that were used to model of host-pathogen interactions. Comparison of WT and MUT demonstrated significantly different patterns of host response at early time points of infection (15 minutes, 30 minutes and one hour) within phosphatidylinositol, CCR3, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling pathways and the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cristi L. Galindo
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Luciano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josely F. Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - George S. Davidson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Computation, Computers and Mathematics Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Harold R. Garner
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A &M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Levine MM, Farag TH. Invasive Salmonella Infections and HIV in Northern Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:349-51. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myron M. Levine
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamer H. Farag
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Detection of non-typhoid Salmonella infection by citrus and citrus extracts in Lao PDR. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will present recent studies on a subset of CD4 T helper cells, Th17 cells, that appears to be critical for regulating gut mucosal immune responses against extracellular microbial pathogens and may serve as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Implications of the loss of Th17 CD4 T cells in HIV infection will be discussed in relation to the chronic immune activation and HIV pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Severe depletion of CD4 T cells occurs in the gut mucosa during primary HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. A pronounced loss of mucosal Th17 CD4 T cells in the simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque model of AIDS is linked to impaired immune responses in the gut mucosa to an enteric pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium, leading to the lack of local control of the pathogen and its translocation. Recovery of the gut mucosal immune system during highly active antiretroviral therapy is slow and incomplete compared with the peripheral blood compartment. Recent studies suggest that the replenishment of Th17 CD4 T cells in the gut mucosa during highly active antiretroviral therapy, or during nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infections in the nonhuman primate models, correlates with better restoration and function of the gut mucosal immune system. SUMMARY A better understanding of the role of Th17 CD4 cells in the generation of mucosal immune responses to enteric pathogens and maintenance of the intestinal epithelial integrity in HIV-infected patients will help in the development of novel strategies to modulate and enhance mucosal immune system and its function.
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