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Xia C, Zhou M, Dong X, Zhao Y, Jiang M, Zhu G, Zhang Z. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits hippocampal neuronal injury caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307735. [PMID: 39106233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been shown to effectively improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). One potential therapeutic strategy for AD is to prevent loss of adult hippocampal neurons. While recent studies have reported that GBE protects against oxidative stress in neurons, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, an AD-like rat model was established via bidirectional injection of amyloid beta 25-35 (Aβ25-35; 20 μg) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Learning and memory abilities of experimental rats were AD assessed in response to oral administration of 7.5 g/L or 15 g/L Ginkgo biloba extract 50 (GBE50) solution and the peroxidation phenomenon of hippocampal mitochondria determined via analysis of mitochondrial H2O2 and several related enzymes. Levels of the oxidative stress-related signaling factor cytochrome C (Cyto C), apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) and caspase-activated DNase (CAD) were further detected via western blot. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the major product of DNA oxidative stress, was evaluated to analyze DNA status. Our results showed elevated H2O2 levels and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and conversely, a decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus of AD rats. Administration of GBE50 regulated the activities of these three enzymes and induced a decrease in H2O2. GBE50 exerted regulatory effects on abnormally expressed apoptotic proteins in the AD rat hippocampus, enhancing the expression of Bcl-2, inhibiting release of Cyto C from mitochondria, and suppressing the level of caspase-3 (excluding cleaved caspase-3). Furthermore, GBE50 inhibited DNA damage by lowering the generation of 8-OHdG rather than influencing expression of CAD. The collective findings support a protective role of GBE50 in hippocampal neurons of AD-like animals against mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xia
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Jiang
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqin Zhu
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Song L, Zhang J, Lai R, Li Q, Ju J, Xu H. Chinese Herbal Medicines and Active Metabolites: Potential Antioxidant Treatments for Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675999. [PMID: 34054550 PMCID: PMC8155674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic disease that occurs in the arterial wall. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The dominance of oxidative stress over antioxidative capacity generates excess reactive oxygen species, leading to dysfunctions of the endothelium and accelerating atherosclerotic plaque progression. Studies showed that Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) might regulate oxidative stress; they have already been used to treat diseases related to atherosclerosis, including stroke and myocardial infarction. This review will summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and discuss studies of Chinese herbal medicines and TCM preparations treating atherosclerosis, aiming to increase understanding of TCM and stimulate research for new drugs to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmin Lai
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyi Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ju
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Li X, Lu L, Chen J, Zhang C, Chen H, Huang H. New Insight into the Mechanisms of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Vascular Aging Prevention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:334-345. [PMID: 31223090 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190621150725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging-associated vascular dysfunction promotes cardiovascular diseases. Recently, Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has attracted considerable attention in the prevention of aged vasculature. METHODS This review discusses the pathophysiological alterations in aged vasculature and the underlying mechanisms of GBE in vascular aging suppression. RESULTS Both arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are critical aging-related vascular phenotypes that result in the progression of cardiovascular diseases in the general population. Consistent oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction lead to vascular dysfunction. GBE ameliorates aging-related vascular dysfunction, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The main effects of GBE in aged vasculature might be associated with the longevity signaling pathways. GBE also attenuates the progression of vascular aging in diabetes mellitus via regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION GBE plays an important role in the prevention of vascular aging process. It is a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate aging-related vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuyi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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The role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis through the regulation of macrophage activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109375. [PMID: 31548175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of ischemic cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrophage activity has been proven to play a critical role during the AS pathological process, which involves the adhesion, aggregation of mononuclear-macrophages, cell differentiation of M1/M2 macrophages as part of complex mechanisms occurring during lipid metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and immune reaction. Therefore, the development of effective AS treatments is likely to target macrophage activity. Certain herbal extracts (such as Salvia miltiorrhiza) have exhibited enormous potential for AS treatment in the past. Here, we aim to provide a summary on the current understanding of the type of action and the underlying target/pathway in macrophage regulation of certain herbal extracts used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of AS.
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Chen Y, Yu K, Hu Y, Chang Y. Ginkgo biloba Extract Protects Mesenteric Arterioles of Old Rats via Improving Vessel Elasticity through Akt/FoxO3a Signaling Pathway. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 57:220-228. [PMID: 30684626 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) dietary diminished salt-related elevation of blood pressure and ameliorated ischemic diseases. However, whether GBE could improve vascular elasticity to protect mesenteric arterioles of old rats is still elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of GBE on vascular elasticity of old rats and its possible underlying mechanism. METHODS Morphological changes of mesenteric arterioles were observed using hematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining, and diameters of mesenteric arterioles under various pressure were detected after GBE administration. In addition, phosphorylation level of Akt and FoxO3a proteins from mesenteric arterioles were detected. RESULTS The results implicated that GBE treatment narrowed endothelial cell gap and increased the curvature of inner elastic membrane with reduced middle layer collagen fiber. Meanwhile, compared with young rats, old rats appeared to have lower vascular elasticity while GBE treatment at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg dosage through intragastric administration per day for 3 weeks could effectively improve the vascular elasticity under different pressures in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, phosphorylation level of Akt and FoxO3a was also reduced in GBE-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to indicate that GBE might exert protective effect on mesenteric arterioles of old rats via improving vascular elasticity and Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway might be involved in this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Saleh A, Anwar MM, Zayed AE, Ezz Eldeen MES, Afifi G, Alnashiri HM, Gomaa AMS, Abd-Elkareem M, Abou-Elhamd AS, Shaheen ES, Mohamed GA, Hetta HF, Kotb AM. Impact of Ginkgo biloba extract and magnetized water on the survival rate and functional capabilities of pancreatic β-cells in type 2 diabetic rat model. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1339-1347. [PMID: 31496771 PMCID: PMC6689767 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s209856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a widely distributed disease that affects large population worldwide. This study aimed to verify the role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) extract and magnetized water (MW) on the survival rate and functional capabilities of pancreatic β-cells in type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS T2D was induced by feeding the rats on a high-fat diet (20% fat, 45% carbohydrate, 22% protein) for eight weeks followed by intra-peritoneal injection of a single low dose of streptozotocin (25mg/Kg). Forty rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10 rats) as follows: non treated control and three diabetic groups. One diabetic group served as a positive control (diabetic), while the other two groups were orally administered with water extract of GB leaves (0.11 g/kg/day) and MW (600 gauss) for four weeks, respectively. RESULTS The β-cell mass and insulin expression in these cells increased markedly after both treatments, particularly in GB treated group. In addition, the immune-expression of the two antioxidant enzymes; glutathione and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in the pancreatic tissue demonstrated a down-regulation in GB and MW treated groups as compared with the diabetic group. CONCLUSION A four-week treatment of GB and MW protected pancreatic β-cell cells and improved their insulin expression and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saleh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
- Exploratory Center of Science and Technology
, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Zayed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Manal El Sayed Ezz Eldeen
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gamal Afifi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
- National Institute for Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa MS Gomaa
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Elkareem
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Alaa Sayed Abou-Elhamd
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghada A Mohamed
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Correspondence: Helal F HettaDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 231 Albert B. Sabin Way, PO Box 670595, OH45267-0595, USAEmail
| | - Ahmed M Kotb
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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Cho YL, Park JG, Kang HJ, Kim W, Cho MJ, Jang JH, Kwon MG, Kim S, Lee SH, Lee J, Kim YG, Park YJ, Kim WK, Bae KH, Kwon BM, Chung SJ, Min JK. Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, prevents adipogenesis through STAT5-mediated PPARγ and C/EBPα regulation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:325-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Czauderna C, Palestino-Dominguez M, Castven D, Becker D, Zanon-Rodriguez L, Hajduk J, Mahn FL, Herr M, Strand D, Strand S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Wörns MA, Galle PR, Marquardt JU. Ginkgo biloba induces different gene expression signatures and oncogenic pathways in malignant and non-malignant cells of the liver. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209067. [PMID: 30576355 PMCID: PMC6303069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) is a widely used botanical drug. Several reports indicate that EGb761 confers preventive as well as anti-tumorigenic properties in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We here evaluate functional effects and molecular alterations induced by EGb761 in hepatoma cells and non-malignant hepatocytes. Hepatoma cell lines, primary human HCC cells and immortalized human hepatocytes (IH) were exposed to various concentrations (0–1000 μg/ml) of EGb761. Apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated after 72h of EGb761 exposure. Response to oxidative stress, tumorigenic properties and molecular changes were further investigated. While anti-oxidant effects were detected in all cell lines, EGb761 promoted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects mainly in hepatoma cells. Consistently, EGb761 treatment caused a significant reduction in colony and sphere forming ability in hepatoma cells and no mentionable changes in IH. Transcriptomic changes involved oxidative stress response as well as key oncogenic pathways resembling Nrf2- and mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, EGb761 induces differential effects in non-transformed and cancer cells. While treatment confers protective effects in non-malignant cells, EGb761 significantly impairs tumorigenic properties in cancer cells by affecting key oncogenic pathways. Results provide the rational for clinical testing of EGb761 in preventive and therapeutic strategies in human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Czauderna
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mayrel Palestino-Dominguez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Darko Castven
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luis Zanon-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jovana Hajduk
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike L. Mahn
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Herr
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Strand
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics of Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis E. Gomez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Marcus A. Wörns
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Deng Y, Mo YF, Chen XM, Zhang LZ, Liao CF, Song Y, Xu C. Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Clopidogrel in Rats. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1886-1892. [PMID: 27487816 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Department of Pharmacy; The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen; Guangdong 518101 China
| | - Yu-fei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Xin-meng Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, N. T. Hong Kong
| | - Lv-zhao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen; Guangdong 518101 China
| | - Chao-feng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy; The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen; Guangdong 518101 China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Pharmacy; The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen; Guangdong 518101 China
| | - Chenshu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen Guangdong 518060 China
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Wang Y, Lv J, Cheng Y, Du J, Chen D, Li C, Zhang J. Apoptosis induced by Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) in melanoma cells is Mcl-1-dependent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124812. [PMID: 25860257 PMCID: PMC4393283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer. Unfortunately, there is currently no chemotherapeutic agent available to significantly prolong the survival of the most patients with metastatic melanomas. Here we report that the Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761), one of the most widely sold herbal supplements in the world, potently induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells by disturbing the balance between pro- and anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family proteins. Treatment with EGb761 induced varying degrees of apoptosis in melanoma cell lines but not in melanocytes. Induction of apoptosis was caspase-dependent and appeared to be mediated by the mitochondrial pathway, in that it was associated with reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of Bax and Bak. Although EGb761 did not cause significant change in the expression levels of the BH3-only Bcl-2 family proteins Bim, Puma, Noxa, and Bad, it significantly downregulated Mcl-1 in sensitive but not resistant melanoma cells, suggesting a major role of Mcl-1 in regulating apoptosis of melanoma cells induced by EGb761. Indeed, siRNA knockdown of Mcl-1 enhanced EGb761-induced apoptosis, which was associated with increased activation of Bax and Bak. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EGb761 kills melanoma cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and that Mcl-1 is a major regulator of sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis induced by EGb761. Therefore, EGb761 with or without in combination with targeting Mcl-1 may be a useful strategy in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Junping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Biomedicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jipei Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Degao Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chengtao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Melzer J, Saller R. [Clinical studies in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: update from the aspects of a meta-narrative review]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20 Suppl 2:17-21. [PMID: 23860108 DOI: 10.1159/000351720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Its association with the metabolic syndrome requires a multimodal therapy setting, to alleviate symptoms and for primary and secondary prevention. In the planning of the therapy, information about evidence of the interventions and a rationale for reasonable combinations are important. METHOD For compiling a meta-narrative review (MNR) on the evidence of complementary and conventional pharmaco-therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), the literature was searched for meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These were evaluated taking into account network-pharmacological aspects and research parameters. RESULTS 4 suitable meta-analyses were found. In comparison to placebo, treatments with verum showed a significant improvement of the maximum walking distance of 63.5 m (95% confidence interval (CI) 27.11-99.91 m; Padma 28, Tibetan Formula), 41.3 m (95% CI -7.1-89.7 m; cilostazol, phosphodiesterase IIl inhibitor), 43.8 m (95% CI 14.1-73.6 m; pentoxifylline, rheological drug), and 71.2 m (95% CI 13.3-129.0 m; naftidrofuryl, rheological drug). Only for Padma 28, clinical relevance, defined as an increase of the maximum walking distance by >100 m, was analyzed and reached by 18.2% of the verum and 2.1% of the placebo patients (odds ratio 10; 95% CI 3.03-33.33). 1 conventional and 1 complementary drug additionally showed to have significant pleiotropic effects (Padma 28 and cilostazol (e.g. reduction of triglycerides)). CONCLUSIONS According to meta-analytic evidence, naftidrofuryl and Padma 28 show clinically relevant efficacy for the treatment of early stages of PAOD. The extent to which the theoretically possible combination of different drugs contributes to improve the systemic disease under a network-pharmacological rationale remains to be shown in a multi-armed RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Melzer
- Institut für Naturheilkunde, Universitätsspital Zürich, Schweiz.
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A combination of cilostazol and Ginkgo biloba extract protects against cisplatin-induced Cochleo-vestibular dysfunction by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic and ERK pathways. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e509. [PMID: 23429295 PMCID: PMC3734837 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum; CDDP) is an anticancer drug that induces significant hearing loss and balance dysfunction as side effects. Cilostazol (CS, 6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) butoxy]-3, 4-dihydro-2-(1H)-quinolinone) has neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, whereas Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) has preventive effects on CDDP-induced hearing loss in rats, and GbE enhances the antiatherogenic effect of CS by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of renexin (RXN), which contains GbE and CS, against CDDP-induced cochleo-vestibular dysfunction in rats and to elucidate the mechanism underlying the protective effects of RXN on auditory cells. Rats intraperitoneally injected with CDDP exhibited an increase in hearing threshold and vestibular dysfunction, which agreed with hair cell damage in the Organ of Corti and otoliths. However, these impairments were significantly prevented in a dose-dependent manner by pre- and co-treatment with RXN, and these preventive effects in RXN-treated rats were more prominent than those in GbE-treated rats. In a CDDP pharmacokinetic study, platinum concentration was very similar between CDDP-only treated and RXN+CDDP cotreated rats. RXN markedly attenuated CDDP-induced intracellular ROS and significantly reduced CDDP-activated expression of p-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), BAX, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, but increased BCL-XL expression. These results show that RXN may have a synergistic effect by strongly protecting hearing and vestibular dysfunction induced by CDDP by inhibiting ROS production, mitochondrial pathways and the ERK pathway, without interfering with CDDP pharmacokinetics. Therefore, RXN could potentially be used to reduce CDDP-related hearing loss and dizziness.
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