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Kumar R, Singh G. Study of Bacterial Pathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Ear Infections in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Panipat, India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.46347/jmsh.2019.v05i02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Hailegiyorgis TT, Sarhie WD, Workie HM. Isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from pediatric patients with otitis media in selected health institutions, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective cross-sectional study. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2018; 18:8. [PMID: 29849503 PMCID: PMC5968499 DOI: 10.1186/s12901-018-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane, which often occurs after an acute upper respiratory tract infection. It is the most common episode of infection in children and the second most important cause of hearing loss affecting 1.23 billion people, thus ranked fifth global burden of disease with a higher incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the isolation rate of bacterial pathogens from pediatric patients with otitis media. Methodology Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2013–June 2014 in Addis Ababa among 210 pediatrics patients. Demographic, clinical and associated factors data was obtained in face to face interview with guardians/parents by 5 trained nurse data collectors using structured questionnaire. Middle ear drainage swab was collected following all aseptic procedures and transported to the microbiology laboratory. Culture and Antimicrobial sensitivity test were performed according to the standards. The data quality was assured by questionnaire translation, retranslation and pretesting. Reference strains were used as a positive and negative control for biochemical tests, and culture results were cross checked. Data was checked for completeness, consistency and then entered into Epi Info v3.5.1 and analyzed by SPSS v20. Data interpretation was made using graphs, tables, and result statements. Result A total of 196 middle ear drainage swab samples were analyzed from pediatric patients and of those 95 (48.5%) samples were positive for pathogenic organisms. The major isolate was S. aureus (15.8%) followed by P. aeruginosa (10.9%), Viridians streptococcus (9.9%), S. pneumoniae (8.9%) and S. pyogenes (7.9%). Upper respiratory tract infection history and living in the rural area have shown significant association with the isolation of pathogenic organism, (p-value = 0.035) and (p-value = 0.003) respectively. Most of the isolates show a high level of resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Chloramphenicol. Conclusion S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most common pathogens that contribute to otitis media as well most of the isolates show a high level of resistance to commonly used drugs to treat otitis media. Therefore, culture and susceptibility testes have paramount importance for the better management of otitis media and drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis
- 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.BOX, 235 Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Demsiss Sarhie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wello University, P.O.BOX, =1145 Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie
- 3School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Pediatric Nursing, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.BOX, 235 Harar, Ethiopia
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DeAntonio R, Yarzabal JP, Cruz JP, Schmidt JE, Kleijnen J. Epidemiology of otitis media in children from developing countries: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 85:65-74. [PMID: 27240499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review examined the epidemiology of otitis media (OM) in children <6 years within 90 developing and newly industrialised countries. METHODS Literature searches (1992-2011), based on MEDLINE, EMBASE, WHO, Index Medicus, country-specific websites, conferences, and the reference lists of included studies, yielded 11,413 records; 59 of 344 studies analysed were included in this review. RESULTS The majority of the identified studies provided only a single timepoint for OM. In children <6 years of age, OM prevalence was found to be 9.2% in Nigeria, 10% in Egypt, 6.7% in China, 9.2% in India, 9.1% in Iran and 5.1-7.8% in Russia. Few studies examined the etiology of OM and the antibacterial resistance. The most common bacterial pathogens were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus. A high resistance to penicillin was reported in Nigeria and Turkey. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variability between the identified studies, this review indicates that OM and its various sub-types remain a significant burden in different settings. However, the heterogeneity of studies and a general lack of reliable data made generalisation very difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jos Kleijnen
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Kleijnen Systematic Reviews Ltd, York, United Kingdom.
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Hailu D, Mekonnen D, Derbie A, Mulu W, Abera B. Pathogenic bacteria profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ear infection at Bahir Dar Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Ethiopia. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:466. [PMID: 27119070 PMCID: PMC4833760 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ear infection linked with frequent antibiotic prescription, hearing impairment, severe disability and death is a public health threat in developing countries. However, there is scarcity of documented data in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed at determining bacterial etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients of all age groups referred to Bahir Dar Regional Health Research Laboratory Center. Retrospective data recorded on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility profile were retrieved for analysis. Pus swabs from discharging ears collected and processed for aerobic bacteria culture and susceptibility testing. Of the total 368 pus swab samples processed, 296 (80.4 %) were culture positive. Of which, 289 (97.6 %) were bacteria and 7 (2.4 %) were yeast cells. The proportion of ear infection was higher in males (92.7 %) than females (65 %) (P = 0.014). The frequency of ear infection below 21 years of age was 65.2 %. The predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.7 %) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (26.3 %) and Proteus spp. (21.9 %). High level of antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin and penicillin whereas ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin and amikacin were found effective against the isolated bacteria. Aerobic bacterial otitis media linked with high levels of resistance against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin is major health problem in the study area. Moreover, considerable level of oxacillin resistant S. aureus suggests the diffusion of methicillin resistant S. aureus in the community. Therefore, treatment of otitis media in the study area needs to be guided by antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derese Hailu
- Bahir Dar Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Derbie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Wasihun AG, Zemene Y. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of otitis media in Ayder Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mekelle University, Northern Ethiopia. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:701. [PMID: 26609503 PMCID: PMC4646885 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Middle Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults particularly in resource limited countries. Nevertheless, in Ethiopia and particularly in the study area, there is scarcity of recent data that indicate the magnitude of the problem. Thus this study aimed to identify bacterial isolates and determine their drug susceptibility patterns from patients who had ear infection. Cross sectional study was carried out on patients with ear infection and who visited the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic of Ayder referral and teaching hospital from November 2014 to June 2015. Middle ear discharges were collected and processed for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using standard bacteriological techniques. Clinical and demographic data were collected using standard questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software and p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the total of 162 patients with ear discharges, 68.5 % were from rural areas, 71 % with chronic infection, 54.9 % referred cases and 67.3 % of them had decreased hearing status. Pathogens were isolated from 157 (98.2 %) of the patients with a total of 216 isolates. Staphylococcus aureus 46 (28.4 %), Proteus mirabilis 39 (24.1 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27 (16.7 %), Klebsiella spp. and Haemophilus influenzae 18 (11.1 % each) were the dominant bacteria. Out of the individuals with ear infection, single and mixed bacterial infection was seen among 185 (90.7 %) and 59 (39.5 %) respectively. Age group of 0–5 years (p = 0.02), chronic patients (p = 0.042) and referred cases (p = 0.045) showed high bacterial isolates. High resistance was seen to most antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin Norfloxacin and Erythromycin were effective against isolated bacteria. The overall multi drug resistance rate of bacteria in this study was 74.5 %. Prevalence of bacteria associated with otitis media and multidrug resistance was very high in the study area. Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, norfloxacin and erythromycin can be used to treat otitis media. Treatment of patients should be based on antimicrobial susceptibility test to prevent complications, development of further antibiotic resistance and extra treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebereyesus Wasihun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yilikal Zemene
- Department of ENT, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Effect of different antibiotics on aerobic pathogenic bacteria and urinary tract infection in Al-Manathera City, Iraq: a comparative study. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Muluye D, Wondimeneh Y, Ferede G, Moges F, Nega T. Bacterial isolates and drug susceptibility patterns of ear discharge from patients with ear infection at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2013; 13:10. [PMID: 23914777 PMCID: PMC3750257 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developing countries. However in Ethiopia particularly in the study area, there is no recent data that shows the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients who had ear infection. Method A retrospective study was conducted from September, 2009 to August, 2012 at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ear discharge samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar plates. A standard biochemical procedure was used for full identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar by using disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20 software and P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result A total of 228 ear discharge samples were tested for bacterial isolation and 204 (89.5%) cases were found to have bacterial isolates. From the total bacterial isolates, 115 (56.4%) were gram negative bacteria and the predominant isolate was proteus species (27.5%). Of individuals who had ear infection, 185 (90.7%) had single bacterial infection while 19 (9.3%) had mixed infections. Under five children were more affected by ear infection. The prevalence of ear infection was significantly high in males (63.7 vs 36.3%) (P = 0.017). Of all bacterial isolates, 192 (94.1%) had multiple antibiotic resistant pattern. Non Lactose Fermenter Gram Negative Rods (46.0%), Klebsella species (47.7%) and Pseudomonas species (48.5%) were resistant against the commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion The prevalence of ear infection was very high in the study area. Majority of the bacterial isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Hence antibiotics susceptibility test is mandatory before prescribing any antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagnachew Muluye
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P,O, Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Osazuwa F, Nwofor Q, Ibeh I. Aetiologic Agents of Otitis Media in Benin City, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmsci.2011.112.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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