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Taha Z, Elhag H, Hassan AA, Adam I. Association Between Hemoglobin Level, Anemia, and Hypertension Among Adults in Northern Sudan: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2024; 20:323-331. [PMID: 39070218 PMCID: PMC11277984 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s472480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension and anemia are major health problems globally. However, data regarding the association between hypertension and hemoglobin/anemia among adults are few and controversial. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the associations between hemoglobin/anemia and hypertension among Sudanese adults. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northern Sudan from September to December 2022. The participants' sociodemographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire. Standardized procedures measured participants' weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, and hypertension. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the association between anemia and hypertension. Results Three hundred eighty-four adults were enrolled; 195 (50.8%) and 189 (49.2%) were males and females, respectively. The median interquartile age of the enrolled adults of age, BMI, and hemoglobin level was 45.0 (33.0‒55.8) years, 26.6 (22.6‒30.6) kg/m2, and 13.4 (12.4‒14.4) g/dl, respectively. Of 384 adults, 216 (56.3%) had hypertension, and 148 (38.5%) were newly diagnosed hypertensive. Eighty-six adults (22.4%) had anemia. In univariate analysis, while increasing age, being female, being unmarried, having a positive family history of hypertension, and increasing BMI were positively associated with hypertension, anemia was inversely associated with hypertension. Education, occupation, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were not associated with hypertension. In multivariate analysis, age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03‒1.07), BMI (AOR= 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03‒1.12) were inversely associated with hypertension, being female (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.43‒5.94), positive family history of hypertension (AOR= 1.73, 95% CI = 1.09‒2.75), and hemoglobin level (AOR= 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12‒1.61) were associated with hypertension. Anemia (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34‒0.99) was inversely associated with hypertension. Conclusion Both anemia and hypertension are major public health problems in Northern Sudan. Anemia is associated with hypertension. Further research is needed to explore the complex association between hemoglobin/anemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Taha
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hiba Elhag
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Ali Hassan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Ali SA, Hassan AA, Adam I. History of Pica, Obesity, and Their Associations with Anemia in Pregnancy: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2220. [PMID: 38004359 PMCID: PMC10672325 DOI: 10.3390/life13112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia in pregnancy represents a major global health problem, and progress is insufficient to meet the World Health Assembly's global nutrition target of halving anemia prevalence by 2030. We assessed the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women in northern Sudan. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Almatamah, River Nile State, Sudan. Sociodemographic and obstetric data were collected using a questionnaire. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using an automated hematology analyzer. Multivariate and simple linear regression analyses were performed. A total of 586 pregnant women were enrolled. Their median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 25 (21-30) years. The median (IQR) of body mass index (BMI) was 26.67 (24.34-30.04) kg/m2. The median (IQR) for Hb was 11.0 (10.0-11.9) g/dL. Of the 586 women, 271 (46.2%) had anemia (Hb: <11 gm/dL). In multivariate analysis, increasing BMI and obesity were significantly associated with decreased odds ratios (ORs) of anemia, while pica was associated with increased ORs of anemia. In conclusion, anemia in pregnant women is a major public health problem, as approximately half of pregnant women in northern Sudan have anemia. Increasing BMI and obesity were associated with a lower risk for anemia. More efforts are needed to improve the maternal nutritional status for good pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila A. Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed A. Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 102, Sudan;
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
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Bashir AO, Hassan AA, Mahdi ELB, Adam GK, AlHabardi N, Adam I. The association between blood groups, Rhesus factors, body mass index and obesity among pregnant women at Gadarif Maternity Hospital, Eastern Sudan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:801. [PMID: 37978459 PMCID: PMC10656889 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing evidence regarding the link between blood groups and obesity remains inconclusive, and there is a noticeable lack of data on the potential association between blood groups and obesity during pregnancy. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the association between blood groups, body mass index (BMI), and obesity among pregnant women receiving care at Gadarif Maternity Hospital in eastern Sudan. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern Sudan during the period from April to September 2022. A questionnaire was employed to gather sociodemographic information from pregnant women. BMI was computed based on weight and height. Blood groups determinations were made using the agglutination method which is commonly used in the study's region. Multinominal and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, and adjusted for covariates in the regression models. RESULTS Eight hundred and thirty-three pregnant women were enrolled with a median (interquartile range, IQR) gestational age of 10.0 (9.3‒11.0) weeks. The median (IQR) BMI of the women was 26.3(24.2‒29.4) kg/m2. Of these women, 11(1.3%) were underweight, 268(32.2%) were of normal weight, 371(44.5%) were overweight, and 183(22.0%) were obese. One hundred eighty-three (22.0%) women had blood group A, 107 (12.8%) had blood group B, 56 (6.7%) had blood group AB, and 487(58.5%) had blood group O. While 798 (95.8%) of the women were Rhesus factor positive, only 35 (4.2%) were Rhesus factor negative. Multinominal regression showed that only urban residency (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 2.46, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.47‒4.13) was associated with overweight. Blood groups and Rhesus factors were not associated with overweight. Age (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01‒1.11), urban residence (AOR = 2.46, 95%, CI = 1.47‒4.13), and blood group O (AOR = 1.60, 95%, CI = 1.06‒2.40), were associated with obesity. Rhesus factors were not associated with obesity. In the multiple linear regression, age (coefficient = 0.07, P = 0.028), gravidity (coefficient = 0.25, P = 0.014), urban residence (coefficient = 1.33, P = 0.001), and blood group O (coefficient = 0.68, P = 0.035) were associated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS Blood group O was associated with obesity and high BMI among pregnant women in eastern Sudan. Rhesus factors were not associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal O Bashir
- Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Umm Al Qura, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - E L Bagir Mahdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal K Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan
| | - Nadiah AlHabardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia.
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Eltayeb R, Binsaleh NK, Alsaif G, Ali RM, Alyahyawi AR, Adam I. Hemoglobin Levels, Anemia, and Their Associations with Body Mass Index among Pregnant Women in Hail Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3508. [PMID: 37630699 PMCID: PMC10458202 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of association between hemoglobin level/anemia and obesity during pregnancy is not yet fully understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail Maternity Hospital in northern Saudi Arabia from March to May 2023 to assess the associations between hemoglobin levels, anemia, and obesity among pregnant women. Reproductive history was gathered through a questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated/computed from the women's weight and height. Linear and binary regression analyses were performed. A total of 334 pregnant women were enrolled. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age and parity were 33.2 (27.4-37.8) years and 3 (1-5), respectively. Of the 334 women, 52 (15.6%) were normal weight, while 87 (26.0%) were overweight and 195 (58.4%) were obese. In the multiple linear regression, parity (coefficient = -0.121, p = 0.001) and BMI (coefficient = 0.030, p = 0.006) were negatively associated with the hemoglobin level. Ninety-nine (26.9%) women had anemia. In the multivariate analysis, primiparity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.97), increasing BMI (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89-0.97), and obesity (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.61) were associated with decreased ORs of anemia. Increasing parity was associated with increased ORs of anemia (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05-1.32). Being overweight was not associated with anemia (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.27-1.16). In the current study, a high hemoglobin level and lower prevalence of anemia were observed among obese pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Naif K. Binsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Ghaida Alsaif
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Reem M. Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Amjad R. Alyahyawi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
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The effect of prepregnancy body mass index on maternal micronutrient status: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18100. [PMID: 34518612 PMCID: PMC8437962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and maternal micronutrient status is inconsistent and has not received sufficient attention. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of prepregnancy BMI on micronutrient levels in pregnant women. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles that contained information on micronutrient levels and prepregnancy BMI. A random-effects model was used to determine the association between prepregnancy BMI and maternal micronutrient status. Sixty-one eligible articles were eventually included, with 83,554 participants. Vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, iron and ferritin were the main micronutrients evaluated in our meta-analysis. Prepregnancy obesity and overweight may lead to an increased risk of micronutrient deficiency, including vitamin B12, folate and vitamin D deficiency, while prepregnancy obesity or overweight may have no significant association with ferritin deficiency. Additionally, the results of the dose-response analyses demonstrated a possible significant inverse correlation between prepregnancy BMI and levels of micronutrient, except for iron and ferritin. Compared with women with normal weight, women who were overweight or obese prepregnancy have lower micronutrient concentrations and are more likely to exhibit micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy, which is harmful to both mothers and neonates.
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Al-Shafei AI, Musa SM, Rayis DA, Lutfi MF, El-Gendy OA, Adam I. Heart rate variability and hematological parameters in pregnant women. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23250. [PMID: 32091186 PMCID: PMC7307359 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are few researches on hematological parameters (hemoglobin, red cell distribution width [RDW], white blood cells [WBCs], mean platelets volume [MPV], and heart rate variability [HRV]). There are no published data on this concept (HRV and hematological parameters) during pregnancy. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted at Saad Abul Ela hospital in Khartoum, Sudan during the period of July to August 2018. Pregnant women with singleton, a live baby, were enrolled in this study. Clinical history and examination were performed. HRV (autonomic modulation) was assessed using time and frequency domain HRV indices. Results One hundred and five pregnant women were enrolled. The median (quartile) of the age, parity, and gestational age was 30.0 (25.0‐35.0) years, 1.0 (0‐3.0), and 38.0 (32.0‐39.0) weeks, respectively. While there were positive correlations between hemoglobin and low frequency (LF), RDW and high frequency (HF), WBCs and HF Norm, WBCs and LF/HF, MPV and HF Norm, LF Norm and LF/HF, there was no significant correlation between the hematological (hemoglobin, WBCs, RDW, and MPV) and HRV parameters. Linear regression analysis showed no significant association between age, parity, gestational age, body mass index, hemoglobin, RDW, and HRV variables. The Log10 WBCs were negatively associated with Log10 HF (ms2/Hz). MPV was positively associated with LF Norm and negatively associated with HF Norm. Conclusion The study failed to show significant associations between age, parity, gestational age, hemoglobin, RDW, and HRV variables. The WBCs were negatively associated with HF. MPV was positively associated with LF Norm, and it was negatively associated with HF Norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad I Al-Shafei
- Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaza M Musa
- Faculty of medicine, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed F Lutfi
- College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A El-Gendy
- Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Eltayeb R, Rayis DA, Sharif ME, Ahmed ABA, Elhardello O, Adam I. The prevalence of serum magnesium and iron deficiency anaemia among Sudanese women in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:31-35. [PMID: 30325455 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaemia during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and child health. Investigations of anaemia and its predictors among pregnant women are needed for preventive measures. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and determinants of anaemia in early pregnancy in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical characteristics were gathered using a questionnaire. Serum ferritin, magnesium and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using different laboratory methods. Results Of the 180 women in the study, 65.0% had anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb] <11 g/dl), 0.6% had severe anaemia (Hb <7 g/dl), 38.9% had iron deficiency (serum ferritin <15 μg/l), 30.6% had iron deficiency anaemia (<11 g/dl and serum ferritin <15 μg/l) and 57.2% had magnesium deficiency (<1.80 mg/dl). There was no significant difference in the age, parity, gestational age, body mass index (BMI) and hs-CRP between anaemic and non-anaemic pregnant women. Anaemic pregnant women had significantly lower levels of serum ferritin and serum magnesium. While age, parity, gestational age, BMI and hs-CRP were not associated with anaemia, low serum ferritin (odds ratio [OR] 0.97 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.96 to 0.99]) and low serum magnesium (OR 0.91 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.99]) were associated with anaemia. There were significant positive correlations between Hb and serum ferritin (r=0.382, p<0.001) and serum magnesium (r=0.192, p=0.010). Conclusion The role of magnesium as a possible contributing factor to anaemia in pregnancy has important implications for prevention and treatment of these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eltayeb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Manal E Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdel Bagi A Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ishag Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Adib Rad H, Sefidgar SAA, Tamadoni A, Sedaghat S, Bakouei F, Bijani A, Omidvar S. Obesity and iron-deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age in northern Iran. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2019; 8:115. [PMID: 31334267 PMCID: PMC6615127 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_371_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and iron deficiency (ID) are two forms of the most usual nutritional disorders worldwide. Some studies have discovered a correlation between ID and obesity although more investigation is required. This study was aimed to determine the association between obesity and ID anemia (IDA) in Iranian childbearing age women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 256 women of reproductive age in northern Iran. The anthropometric measurements including height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Low blood index of the hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were evaluated with ferritin, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity. Baseline data were expressed as means ± standard deviations. Chi-square test was applied to compare the categorical variable. Differences between the two groups were evaluated with independent samples t-test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Obesity was in urban women higher than rural women (55.1% vs. 44.9%), and this difference was significant (P < 0.021). There was found no association between hematological characteristics and BMI. The data showed that only 13.4% of obese women and 17.1% of the women with normal weight had IDA (odds ratio = 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-1.49, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, it seems that the relationship between obesity and IDA is controversial. Hence, further studies are needed to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Adib Rad
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sayed Ali Asghar Sefidgar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tamadoni
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sadegh Sedaghat
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bakouei
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shabnam Omidvar
- Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Adam I, Ibrahim Y, Elhardello O. Prevalence, types and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Sudan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2018; 18:31. [PMID: 30455961 PMCID: PMC6225563 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-018-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Anemia during pregnancy is a public health problem especially in developing countries and it is associated with maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes. There is no meta-analysis on anemia during pregnancy in Sudan. The current systemic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence, types and determinant of anemia during pregnancy in Sudan. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed. The databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online) were searched using; anemia, pregnancy related anemia and Sudan. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) and Modified Newcastle – Ottawa quality assessment scale were used for critical appraisal of studies. The pooled Meta logistic regression was computed using OpenMeta Analyst software. Results Sixteen cross-sectional studies included a total of 15, 688 pregnant women were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Sudan was 53.0% (95%, CI = 45.9–60.1). The meta-analysis showed no statistical significant between the age (mean difference = 0.143, 95 CI = − 0.033 − 0.319, P = 0.112), parity (mean difference = 0.021, 95% CI = − 0.035 − 0.077, P = 0.465) between the anemic and no anemic women. Malaria was investigated in six studies. Pregnant women who had malaria infection during pregnancy were 1.94 times more likely to develop anemia than women who had no malaria infection (OR = 1.94, 95% CI =1.33–2.82). Six (37.5%) studies investigated type of anemia. The pooled prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among pregnant women in Sudan was 13.6% (95% CI = 8.9–18.2). Conclusion There is a high prevalence of anemia among pregnant in the different region of Sudan. While age and parity have no association with anemia, malaria infection was associated with anemia. Interventions to promote the strengthening of antenatal care, and access and adherence to nutrition, and malaria preventive measures are needed to reduce the high level of anemia among pregnant women in Sudan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12878-018-0124-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishag Adam
- 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yassin Ibrahim
- 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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