Prevalence of Malocclusion among Male School Children in Riyadh City

Evolution of the Terminal Plane from Deciduous to Mixed Dentition

(1) Introduction: Correct development and growth of the dental arches and occlusion in the deciduous dentition is crucial for physiological occlusion in the permanent dentition. The present study evaluates the evolution of the terminal plane and canine occlusion class in the same children from deciduous to mixed dentition. (2) Materials and methods: The study included 257 children (164 girls and 93 boys) aged 3-5 years in the first phase and 8-10 years in the second phase. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon test were used in the case of quantitative variables, as applicable. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. (3) Results: The most common terminal plane in the first phase of the study was a bilateral flush plane (70%), followed by distal and mesial, with few differences between them. In the second phase, the most common terminal plane was mesial, followed by bilateral flush and distal. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender. Canine occlusion in the first phase was predominantly bilateral class I, followed by class II and class III. Similar results were recorded in the permanent dentition, except for a lesser percentage of children with canine class II. Molar occlusion in the second phase was predominantly class I, followed by half cusp class II and full cusp class II and class III. (4) Conclusions: The present study shows that knowing the age range in which maximum dental development and growth in both arches occurs may contribute to avoiding malocclusions and the possible need for orthodontic-orthopedic treatment, resulting in improved outcomes and greater stability.

Can malocclusion among children impact their oral health-related quality of life? parents' perspective

Background and Aim

Malocclusion can negatively impact the quality of life of children. Therefore, this study assesses the impact of proxy-reported malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from the parents or guardians' perspectives.

Materials and Methods

A self-administered electronic questionnaire was used to assess the correlation between proxy-reported malocclusion conditions during the early mixed dentition stage (children age 6-12 years) and oral health-related quality of life using the OHIP-14 measure. All collected data were analyzed using SPSS.

Results

Among the 353 participants in the study, anterior open-bite was the most common proxy-reported malocclusion with a prevalence of 19%, followed by unilateral posterior cross bite (13.3%). Furthermore, 31% reported that their children sometimes experienced negative impacts on quality of life from malocclusions. The results also show that OHIP-14 scores were significantly associated with all proxy-reported malocclusion (p < 0.05). The highest OHIP-14 score was found to be significantly associated with the presence of deep-bite from parents' or guardians' perspective.

Conclusion

The presence of some proxy-assessed malocclusion was associated with negative impacts on children's oral health-related quality of life. This is very important to consider when assessing the need for orthodontic intervention, especially at this stage as this age is critical in building a child's confidence and self-esteem.

Assessment of Perception and Barriers toward Orthodontic Treatment Needs in the Saudi Arabian Adult Population

Patients’ decisions regarding orthodontic treatment are influenced by a variety of factors, such as their subjective opinions of how their oral cavity looks, age, gender, educational level, and income. The present study aimed to measure the orthodontic treatments needs for the Saudi Arabian population, and also to report potential barriers towards it. It is an observational study with cross sectional design. Data was collected from nationals and residents living in Saudi Arabia and who are at least 18 years old. A total of 1184 adult patients (880 females and 304 males) were included in this study. The population for the study was reached and chosen using a non-probability snowball sampling method. A validated and reliable questionnaire was distributed to the participants electronically through google form. Inferential statistics was applied using Pearson Chi Square test. p value < 0.05 was considered significant. The majority of the sample (73.2%) exhibited a favorable attitude toward orthodontic treatment. Most participants including male and female gender wanted orthodontic treatment primarily to have their protruding teeth fixed. The proportion of persons who cited chewing difficulty as the reason they needed orthodontic treatment was strongly influenced by the monthly income variable (p = 0.005). Cost and time of orthodontic therapy were the biggest obstacles to undergoing treatment, accounting for 34.5% and 19.5%, respectively. There was highly significant difference between the underlying medical conditions and the age and monthly income variables (p = 0.000). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that protruding teeth are the most important treatment needs perceived by the Saudi population, followed by spacing in between teeth, crowding of teeth, and unaesthetic smile. Cost of the orthodontic treatment was identified as the most significant barrier to the treatment needs, followed by long duration of orthodontic treatment, and pain.

Alamoudi R, Alturki G. Factors influencing the desire for orthodontic treatment among patients and parents in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

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Malocclusion Among 10- to 12-Year-Old Male Schoolchildren in Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Epidemiological Study

Objective To identify the prevalence of malocclusion in late mixed dentition in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. This will be the first epidemiological study of its kind in this region. It will be very helpful for planning effective preventive measures and therapy programs. Materials and methods This study was performed in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia starting from October 2018 to March 2019. The examination was performed by two well-trained general dentists after using a specially prepared clinical examination form. A total of 536 children aged between 10 and 12 and those who met the inclusion criteria have been examined for Angle's relationship, overjet, overbite, crossbite, midline deviation and lip competent. Results Class I relation accounted for the highest percentage of the sample, whilst 31.3% presented with Class I ideal occlusion, and 48.9% Class I with malocclusion. This was followed by Class II malocclusion (12.5% of the sample), and Class III accounted for the lowest proportion (7.3%). Increased overjet was present in 34.4% of the sample, whereas 3.9% had edge-to-edge and 2.2% a reverse overjet. Regarding overbite, 39% reported increased overbite, whilst 3% had open bite. A total of 63 children presented with crossbite - 6.15% had anterior crossbite, 5% unilateral posterior, and 0.5% bilateral posterior. Regarding the midline, only visible and noticed deviation was recorded. The results showed that 90% had no deviation, while 10% had a deviated midline. Regarding lip competence, only 12.1% had an incompetent lip. Conclusion Early intervention and correction of occlusal discrepancies will facilitate the treatment and eliminate possible defects in developing dental arches.

Orthodontic treatment need and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition among 8-9-year old Saudi children

Purpose

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of occlusal traits and to evaluate the orthodontic treatment need among children aged 8-9 years in Al Ahsa, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 Saudi children who were randomly selected from those visiting dental outpatient clinics at the College of dentistry in King Faisal University, AlAhsa. All the children were evaluated using the DHC and AC components of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Descriptive statistics, chisquare test and Fisher's Exact test were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at p< 0.05.

Results

The most prevalent malocclusal trait was crowding (39.7%) followed by increased overjet (28.4%). About 30.9% and 17% of the children were in definite need for orthodontic treatment according to DHC and AC of IOTN, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the distribution of DHC (p=0.116) and AC (p=0.177) scores between the gender.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated high percentage of malocclusal traits and orthodontic treatment need in the mixed dentition period among 8-9-year-old children in the Eastern region. Emphasis should be placed on early orthodontic screening and treatment in the mixed dentition stage of dental development.

Craniofacial characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II division 1 malocclusion: a retrospective study

Background

Malocclusion characteristics vary across different ethnic groups and populations. Limited data are available regarding the characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II division 1 (Class II-1) malocclusion, and the recent inflow of Syrian refugees and immigrants into Europe and many areas worldwide demonstrate the need for updated studies to discover the craniofacial characteristics of these new immigrants.

Objectives

The present compound cephalometric and tooth-size study sought to assess the dentofacial morphology, upper-airway dimensions, and tooth-size characteristics of Syrian adolescents with Class II-1 malocclusion and compare the results with established Syrian population norms.

Materials and Methods

The study sample consisted of 43 Syrian patients including 24 females and 19 males with Class II-1 malocclusion (age: 14.3 (±1.5) years, mean (±SD)). Cephalometric radiographs and orthodontic casts were analyzed using special orthodontic software (OnyxCeph3^™) and a universal digital caliper, respectively. Statistics were calculated using the SPSS software.

Results

In Syrian adolescents with Class II-1 malocclusion, the position of the mandible relative to the nasion perpendicular (mean (95% confidence interval)) was −11.01 (−12.45, −9.57) mm. Facial axis angle showed a negative value: −6.25 (−7.65, −4.85) degrees. An obtuse nasolabial angle was observed: 104.05 (101.77, 106.33) degrees. The average width of the upper pharynx was 11.50 (10.53, 12.47) mm; however, there was no prevalence of an upper-pharyngeal width of 5 mm or less. The average value of the anterior tooth-size ratio was 80.69 (79.85, 81.53) percent. In total, 39.5% of the investigated subjects had anterior ratios outside two standard deviations from Bolton’s norm, while 25.6% of the investigated subjects had anterior ratios outside two standard deviations from Syrian population norm.

Conclusions

In this study, the inter-maxillary discrepancy of Class II-1 Syrian adolescents was a consequence of their hyperdivergent facial pattern. The observed small pharyngeal widths were not clinically significant, while the anterior tooth-size discrepancy might be clinically relevant.

Prevalence of Malocclusion among Schoolchildren in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND:

The prevalence of malocclusion varies from one region to another and among different age groups and ethnicities. According to the World Health Organization, malocclusion is the third most common abnormal dental condition.

AIM:

This study aims to establish the prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in the Holy City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 Saudi schoolchildren, 12-15 years of age, of both genders, randomly selected from 15 schools in different regions of Makkah. Molar and canine relationships were examined, in addition to traits such as crowding, spacing, overjet, overbite, cross-bite, scissor bite, and maxillary diastema.

RESULTS:

The most prevalent molar relationship was Class I (52.3%), followed by Class II (25%), and Class III (20.5%). Crowding was the most prevalent malocclusion trait (74%), and scissor bite was the least common (2.5%). A statistically significant difference was found between males and females in most of the recorded criteria (P < 0.005).

CONCLUSION:

Among schoolchildren in Makkah, Class I molar relationship was the most prevalent type of occlusion, and the most prevalent malocclusion trait was crowding.