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K SD, Puranik R, N S, K K, Fathima F, K R A, Joseph A, J A, Arunkumar G, Mudgal PP. Structure-based identification of small molecules against influenza A virus endonuclease: an in silico and in vitro approach. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5866476. [PMID: 32614388 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are known to cause acute respiratory illness, sometimes leading to high mortality rates. Though there are approved influenza antivirals available, their efficacy has reduced over time, due to the drug resistance crisis. There is a perpetual need for newer and better drugs. Drug screening based on the interaction dynamics with different viral target proteins has been a preferred approach in the antiviral drug discovery process. In this study, the FDA approved drug database was virtually screened with the help of Schrödinger software, to select small molecules exhibiting best interactions with the influenza A virus endonuclease protein. A detailed cytotoxicity profiling was carried out for the two selected compounds, cefepime and dolutegravir, followed by in vitro anti-influenza screening using plaque reduction assay. Cefepime showed no cytotoxicity up to 200 μM, while dolutegravir was non-toxic up to 100 μM in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The compounds did not show any reduction in viral plaque numbers indicating no anti-influenza activity. An inefficiency in the translation of the molecular interactions into antiviral activity does not necessarily mean that the molecules were inactive. Nevertheless, testing the molecules for endonuclease inhibition per se can be considered a worthwhile approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Disha K
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Puranik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh N
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha K
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fajeelath Fathima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anu K R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha J
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - G Arunkumar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Vriend J, Vormann MK, Lanz HL, Joore J, Trietsch SJ, Russel FG, Jacobsen B, Roth A, Lu S, Polli JW, Naidoo AA, Masereeuw R, Wilmer MJ, Suter-Dick L. Nephroscreen: A robust and versatile renal tubule-on-a-chip platform for nephrotoxicity assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vlasakova K, Troth SP, Sistare FD, Glaab WE. Evaluation of 10 Urinary Biomarkers for Renal Safety With 5 Nephrotoxicants in Nonhuman Primates. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:633-648. [PMID: 32633702 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320932159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, there has been very little published data evaluating the performance of novel urinary kidney biomarkers in nonhuman primates (NHPs). To assess the biomarker performance and characterize the corresponding histomorphologic patterns of tubular renal injury in the NHP, several studies were conducted using mechanistically diverse nephrotoxicants including cefpirome, cisplatin, naproxen, cyclosporine, and a combination of gentamicin with everninomicin. An evaluation of 10 urinary biomarkers (albumin, clusterin, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, osteopontin, retinol binding protein 4 and total protein) was performed on urine collected from these studies. Each of these 5 treatments resulted in kidney proximal tubule injury of various severities. Histomorphologic features observed following treatment were generally consistent with analogous drug-induced changes in humans described in the literature. Most of the analyzed biomarkers were able to detect the injury earlier and with greater sensitivity than blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Across all studies, KIM-1 and clusterin showed the highest overall performance. Differences in the patterns of biomarker responsiveness were noted among certain studies that may be informing tubular injury severity and recovery potential, underlying histopathologic processes, and prognosis. These findings demonstrate the utility of urinary kidney translational safety biomarkers in NHPs and provide additional supporting evidence for translating these biomarkers for use in clinical trial settings to further ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vlasakova
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Sean P. Troth
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Frank D. Sistare
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Warren E. Glaab
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA, USA
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