1
|
The Role of Cytoskeleton Protein 4.1 in Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043777. [PMID: 36835189 PMCID: PMC9961941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 is an essential class of skeletal membrane protein, initially found in red blood cells, and can be classified into four types: 4.1R (red blood cell type), 4.1N (neuronal type), 4.1G (general type), and 4.1B (brain type). As research progressed, it was discovered that cytoskeleton protein 4.1 plays a vital role in cancer as a tumor suppressor. Many studies have also demonstrated that cytoskeleton protein 4.1 acts as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for tumors. Moreover, with the rise of immunotherapy, the tumor microenvironment as a treatment target in cancer has attracted great interest. Increasing evidence has shown the immunoregulatory potential of cytoskeleton protein 4.1 in the tumor microenvironment and treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of cytoskeleton protein 4.1 within the tumor microenvironment in immunoregulation and cancer development, with the intention of providing a new approach and new ideas for future cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Q, Liu J, Wang Z. 4.1N-Mediated Interactions and Functions in Nerve System and Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711302. [PMID: 34589518 PMCID: PMC8473747 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding protein 4.1N is a neuron-enriched 4.1 homologue. 4.1N contains three conserved domains, including the N-terminal 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM) domain, internal spectrin–actin–binding (SAB) domain, and C-terminal domain (CTD). Interspersed between the three domains are nonconserved domains, including U1, U2, and U3. The role of 4.1N was first reported in the nerve system. Then, extensive studies reported the role of 4.1N in cancers and other diseases. 4.1N performs numerous vital functions in signaling transduction by interacting, locating, supporting, and coordinating different partners and is involved in the molecular pathogenesis of various diseases. In this review, recent studies on the interactions between 4.1N and its contactors (including the α7AChr, IP3R1, GluR1/4, GluK1/2/3, mGluR8, KCC2, D2/3Rs, CASK, NuMA, PIKE, IP6K2, CAM 1/3, βII spectrin, flotillin-1, pp1, and 14-3-3) and the 4.1N-related biological functions in the nerve system and cancers are specifically and comprehensively discussed. This review provides critical detailed mechanistic insights into the role of 4.1N in disease relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Medical Laboratory, Shao Yang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang T, Sang S, Shao Q, Chen C, Deng Z, Wang T, Kang Q. Abnormal expression and prognostic significance of EPB41L1 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma based on data mining. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:356. [PMID: 32760223 PMCID: PMC7393885 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EPB41L1 gene (erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 1) encodes the protein 4.1N, a member of 4.1 family, playing a vital role in cell adhesion and migration, which is associated with the malignant progression of various human cancers. However, the expression and prognostic significance of EPB41L1 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remain to be investigated. Methods In this study, we collected the mRNA expression of EPB41L1 in KIRC through the Oncomine platform, and used the HPA database to perform the pathological tissue immunohistochemistry in patients. Then, the sub-groups and prognosis of KIRC were performed by UALCAN and GEPIA web-tool, respectively. Further, the mutation of EPB41L1 in KIRC was analyzed by c-Bioportal. The co-expression genes of EPB41L1 in KIRC were displayed from the LinkedOmics database, and function enrichment analysis was used by LinkFinder module in LinkedOmics. The function of EPB41L1 in cell adhesion and migration was confirmed by wound healing assay using 786-O cells in vitro. Co-expression gene network was constructed through the STRING database, and the MCODE plug-in of which was used to build the gene modules, both of them was visualized by Cytoscape software. Finally, the top modular genes in the same patient cohort were constructed through data mining in TCGA by using the UCSC Xena browser. Results The results indicated that EPB41L1 was down-expressed in KIRC, leading to a poor prognosis. Moreover, there is a mutation in the FERM domain of EPB41L1, but it has no significant effect on the prognosis of KIRC. The co-expressed genes of EPB41L1 were associated with cell adhesion and confirmed in vitro. Further analysis suggested that EPB41L1 and amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) were coordinated to regulated cancer cell adhesion, thereby increasing the incidence of cancer cell metastasis and tumor invasion. Conclusions In summary, EPB41L1 is constantly down-expressed in KIRC tissues, resulting a poor prognosis. Therefore, we suggest that it can be an effective biomarker for the diagnosis of KIRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyao Sang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu S, Hu C, Liu L, Cai L, Du X, Yu Q, Lin F, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Liu X, Li W. Comprehensive analysis and establishment of a prediction model of alternative splicing events reveal the prognostic predictor and immune microenvironment signatures in triple negative breast cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 18:286. [PMID: 32723333 PMCID: PMC7388537 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is widely concerning because of high malignancy and poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in the development of cancer and the formation of the tumour microenvironment. However, comprehensive analysis of AS signalling in TNBC is still lacking and urgently needed. Methods Transcriptome and clinical data of 169 TNBC tissues and 15 normal tissues were obtained and integrated from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), and an overview of AS events was downloaded from the SpliceSeq database. Then, differential comparative analysis was performed to obtain cancer-associated AS events (CAAS). Metascape was used to perform parent gene enrichment analysis based on CAAS. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed to analyse the characteristics of immune infiltration in the microenvironment. A splicing network was established based on the correlation between CAAS events and splicing factors (SFs). We then constructed prediction models and assessed the accuracy of these models by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Furthermore, a nomogram was adopted to predict the individualized survival rate of TNBC patients. Results We identified 1194 cancer-associated AS events (CAAS) and evaluated the enrichment of 981 parent genes. The top 20 parent genes with significant differences were mostly related to cell adhesion, cell component connection and other pathways. Furthermore, immune-related pathways were also enriched. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in TNBC. The splicing network also suggested an obvious correlation between SFs expression and CAAS events in TNBC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the survival-related AS events were detected, including some significant participants in the carcinogenic process. A nomogram incorporating risk, AJCC and radiotherapy showed good calibration and moderate discrimination. Conclusion Our study revealed AS events related to tumorigenesis and the immune microenvironment, elaborated the potential correlation between SFs and CAAS, established a prognostic model based on survival-related AS events, and created a nomogram to better predict the individual survival rate of TNBC patients, which improved our understanding of the relationship between AS events and TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lixiao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luya Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedan Du
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongjie Yu
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinduo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loss of 4.1N in epithelial ovarian cancer results in EMT and matrix-detached cell death resistance. Protein Cell 2020; 12:107-127. [PMID: 32448967 PMCID: PMC7862473 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the leading causes of death from gynecologic cancers and peritoneal dissemination is the major cause of death in patients with EOC. Although the loss of 4.1N is associated with increased risk of malignancy, its association with EOC remains unclear. To explore the underlying mechanism of the loss of 4.1N in constitutive activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and matrix-detached cell death resistance, we investigated samples from 268 formalin-fixed EOC tissues and performed various in vitro and in vivo assays. We report that the loss of 4.1N correlated with progress in clinical stage, as well as poor survival in EOC patients. The loss of 4.1N induces EMT in adherent EOC cells and its expression inhibits anoikis resistance and EMT by directly binding and accelerating the degradation of 14-3-3 in suspension EOC cells. Furthermore, the loss of 4.1N could increase the rate of entosis, which aggravates cell death resistance in suspension EOC cells. Moreover, xenograft tumors in nude mice also show that the loss of 4.1N can aggravate peritoneal dissemination of EOC cells. Single-agent and combination therapy with a ROCK inhibitor and a 14-3-3 antagonist can reduce tumor spread to varying degrees. Our results not only define the vital role of 4.1N loss in inducing EMT, anoikis resistance, and entosis-induced cell death resistance in EOC, but also suggest that individual or combined application of 4.1N, 14-3-3 antagonists, and entosis inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of EOC.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamzeh O, Alkhateeb A, Zheng JZ, Kandalam S, Leung C, Atikukke G, Cavallo-Medved D, Palanisamy N, Rueda L. A Hierarchical Machine Learning Model to Discover Gleason Grade-Specific Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040219. [PMID: 31835700 PMCID: PMC6963340 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background:One of the most common cancers that affect North American men and men worldwide is prostate cancer. The Gleason score is a pathological grading system to examine the potential aggressiveness of the disease in the prostate tissue. Advancements in computing and next-generation sequencing technology now allow us to study the genomic profiles of patients in association with their different Gleason scores more accurately and effectively. (2) Methods: In this study, we used a novel machine learning method to analyse gene expression of prostate tumours with different Gleason scores, and identify potential genetic biomarkers for each Gleason group. We obtained a publicly-available RNA-Seq dataset of a cohort of 104 prostate cancer patients from the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository, and categorised patients based on their Gleason scores to create a hierarchy of disease progression. A hierarchical model with standard classifiers in different Gleason groups, also known as nodes, was developed to identify and predict nodes based on their mRNA or gene expression. In each node, patient samples were analysed via class imbalance and hybrid feature selection techniques to build the prediction model. The outcome from analysis of each node was a set of genes that could differentiate each Gleason group from the remaining groups. To validate the proposed method, the set of identified genes were used to classify a second dataset of 499 prostate cancer patients collected from cBioportal. (3) Results: The overall accuracy of applying this novel method to the first dataset was 93.3%; the method was further validated to have 87% accuracy using the second dataset. This method also identified genes that were not previously reported as potential biomarkers for specific Gleason groups. In particular, PIAS3 was identified as a potential biomarker for Gleason score 4 + 3 = 7, and UBE2V2 for Gleason score 6. (4) Insight: Previous reports show that the genes predicted by this newly proposed method strongly correlate with prostate cancer development and progression. Furthermore, pathway analysis shows that both PIAS3 and UBE2V2 share similar protein interaction pathways, the JAK/STAT signaling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hamzeh
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (O.H.); (J.Z.Z.)
| | - Abedalrhman Alkhateeb
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (O.H.); (J.Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.P.); (L.R.); Tel.: +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3793) (A.A.); +1-313-874-6396 (N.P.); +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3002) (L.R.)
| | - Julia Zhuoran Zheng
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (O.H.); (J.Z.Z.)
| | - Srinath Kandalam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (S.K.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Crystal Leung
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | | | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (S.K.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.P.); (L.R.); Tel.: +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3793) (A.A.); +1-313-874-6396 (N.P.); +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3002) (L.R.)
| | - Luis Rueda
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (O.H.); (J.Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.P.); (L.R.); Tel.: +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3793) (A.A.); +1-313-874-6396 (N.P.); +1-519-253-0000 (ext. 3002) (L.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han X, Wang X, Li H, Zhang H. Mechanism of microRNA-431-5p- EPB41L1 interaction in glioblastoma multiforme cells. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1555-1564. [PMID: 31749885 PMCID: PMC6855151 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.88274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a kind of malignant brain tumor prevalent in adults, with the characteristics well adapted to poorly immunogenic and hypoxic conditions. Effective treatment of GBM is impeded due to the high proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM cells. GBM cells migrate by degrading the extracellular matrix, so it is difficult to have GBM cells eradicated completely by surgery. This study aims to confirm that miR-431-5p could influence the proliferation, invasion and migration of human glioblastoma multiforme cells by targeting EPB41L1 (erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1). MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression levels of miR-431-5p and EPB41L1 were detected in GBM cells and tissues using qRT-PCR. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot were applied to confirm the targeting relationship between miR-431-5p and EPB41L1. GBM cell line U87 was used in MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell, and wound healing assays to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS MiR-431-5p was overexpressed in GBM tissues while EPB41L1 was under-expressed. The results of dual luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot demonstrated that miR-431-5p could target EPB41L1 and suppress its expression. Down-regulating the expression of miR-431-5p or up-regulating the expression of EPB41L1 could inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration but promote the apoptosis of GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS MiR-431-5p facilitated the progression of GBM by inhibiting EPB41L1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Han
- Third Department of Neurosurgery, CangZhou Central Hospital, CangZhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xirui Wang
- Third Department of Neurosurgery, CangZhou Central Hospital, CangZhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Surgery, Dongguang County Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, CangZhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Third Department of Neurosurgery, CangZhou Central Hospital, CangZhou, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan D, Li J, Li Y, Guo Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu X, Liu J, Dai L, Zhang L, Kang Q, Ji Z. Protein 4.1R negatively regulates CD8 + T-cell activation by modulating phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells. Immunology 2019; 157:312-321. [PMID: 31135971 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1R, an 80 000 MW membrane skeleton protein, is a vital component of the red blood cell membrane cytoskeleton that stabilizes the spectrin-actin network and regulates membrane properties of deformability and mechanical stability. It has been shown that 4.1R is expressed in T cells, including CD8+ T cells, but its role in CD8+ T cells remains unclear. Here, we have explored the role of 4.1R in CD8+ T cells using 4.1R-/- mice. Our results showed that cell activation, proliferation and secretion levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ were significantly increased in 4.1R-/- CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and its downstream signaling molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase were enhanced in the absence of 4.1R. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed a direct interaction between 4.1R and LAT. Moreover, 4.1R-/- CD8+ T cells and mice exhibited an enhanced T-cell-dependent immune response. These data enabled the identification of a negative regulation function for 4.1R in CD8+ T cells by a direct association between 4.1R and LAT, possibly through inhibiting phosphorylation of LAT and then modulating intracellular signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fan
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Pathology, Xuchang Central Hospital Affiliated To Henan University of Science and Technology, Xuchang, China
| | - Yi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Pathogen Biology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng G, Guo K, Yan Q, Ye Y, Shen M, Ruan S, Qiu S. Expression of Protein 4.1 Family in Breast Cancer: Database Mining for 4.1 Family Members in Malignancies. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3374-3389. [PMID: 31063460 PMCID: PMC6524556 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein 4.1 family is a family of cytoskeletal proteins that play an important role in maintaining normal cell morphology and cell adhesion, migration, division, and intercellular signaling. The main aim of this study was to explore the prognostic significance of the protein 4.1 family in breast cancer (BC) patients and to provide new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of BC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of 4.1 family members in various tumor types was compared to normal controls using the ONCOMINE and GOBO databases. The prognostic significance of the 4.1 family in BC patients was determined by Kaplan-Meier Plotter. RESULTS EPB41L2 (4.1G) was expressed at higher levels in normal tissues compared with BC patients for all 4.1 family members. In survival analysis, 4.1G and EPB41 (4.1R) mRNA high expressions were associated with better survival in BC patients. Moreover, 4.1G high expression was significantly associated with longer overall survival (OS) in luminal A and protracted relapse-free survival (RFS) in luminal B subtype BC patients who received Tamoxifen treatment. In addition, high expression of each 4.1 family member also showed better prognostic value in different molecular subtypes of BC. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the protein 4.1 family can be regarded as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for BC. Further research is needed to explore the detailed biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Feng
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kaibo Guo
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qingying Yan
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ye
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Minhe Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shanming Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shengliang Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Ma B, Li H, Xiao X, Zhou W, Liu F, Zhang B, Zhu M, Yang Q, Zeng Y, Sun Y, Sun S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Weng H, Chen L, Ye M, An X, Liu J. Protein 4.1N acts as a potential tumor suppressor linking PP1 to JNK-c-Jun pathway regulation in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2016; 7:509-23. [PMID: 26575790 PMCID: PMC4808014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1N is a member of protein 4.1 family and has been recognized as a potential tumor suppressor in solid tumors. Here, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanisms of 4.1N in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We confirmed that the expression level of 4.1N was inversely correlated with the metastatic properties of NSCLC cell lines and histological grade of clinical NSCLC tissues. Specific knockdown of 4.1N promoted tumor cell proliferation, migration and adhesion in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in mouse xenograft models. Furthermore, we identified PP1 as a novel 4.1N-interacting molecule, and the FERM domain of 4.1N mediated the interaction between 4.1N and PP1. Further, ectopic expression of 4.1N could inactivate JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway through enhancing PP1 activity and interaction between PP1 and p-JNK. Correspondingly, expression of potential downstream metastasis targets (ezrin and MMP9) and cell cycle targets (p53, p21 and p19) of JNK-c-Jun pathway were also regulated by 4.1N. Our data suggest that down-regulation of 4.1N expression is a critical step for NSCLC development and that repression of JNK-c-Jun signaling through PP1 is one of the key anti-tumor mechanisms of 4.1N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bianyin Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yayue Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuming Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Weng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiuli An
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
4.1N is involved in a flotillin-1/β-catenin/Wnt pathway and suppresses cell proliferation and migration in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12713-12723. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
12
|
Baines AJ, Lu HC, Bennett PM. The Protein 4.1 family: hub proteins in animals for organizing membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:605-19. [PMID: 23747363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the 4.1 family are characteristic of eumetazoan organisms. Invertebrates contain single 4.1 genes and the Drosophila model suggests that 4.1 is essential for animal life. Vertebrates have four paralogues, known as 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G and 4.1B, which are additionally duplicated in the ray-finned fish. Protein 4.1R was the first to be discovered: it is a major mammalian erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein, essential to the mechanochemical properties of red cell membranes because it promotes the interaction between spectrin and actin in the membrane cytoskeleton. 4.1R also binds certain phospholipids and is required for the stable cell surface accumulation of a number of erythrocyte transmembrane proteins that span multiple functional classes; these include cell adhesion molecules, transporters and a chemokine receptor. The vertebrate 4.1 proteins are expressed in most tissues, and they are required for the correct cell surface accumulation of a very wide variety of membrane proteins including G-Protein coupled receptors, voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, as well as the classes identified in erythrocytes. Indeed, such large numbers of protein interactions have been mapped for mammalian 4.1 proteins, most especially 4.1R, that it appears that they can act as hubs for membrane protein organization. The range of critical interactions of 4.1 proteins is reflected in disease relationships that include hereditary anaemias, tumour suppression, control of heartbeat and nervous system function. The 4.1 proteins are defined by their domain structure: apart from the spectrin/actin-binding domain they have FERM and FERM-adjacent domains and a unique C-terminal domain. Both the FERM and C-terminal domains can bind transmembrane proteins, thus they have the potential to be cross-linkers for membrane proteins. The activity of the FERM domain is subject to multiple modes of regulation via binding of regulatory ligands, phosphorylation of the FERM associated domain and differential mRNA splicing. Finally, the spectrum of interactions of the 4.1 proteins overlaps with that of another membrane-cytoskeleton linker, ankyrin. Both ankyrin and 4.1 link to the actin cytoskeleton via spectrin, and we hypothesize that differential regulation of 4.1 proteins and ankyrins allows highly selective control of cell surface protein accumulation and, hence, function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chun Lu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Pauline M Bennett
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xi C, Ren C, Hu A, Lin J, Yao Q, Wang Y, Gao Z, An X, Liu C. Defective expression of Protein 4.1N is correlated to tumor progression, aggressive behaviors and chemotherapy resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:764-71. [PMID: 23994105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein 4.1N (4.1N) is a member of the Protein 4.1 family that is involved in cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration and signaling. In this study, we evaluated the expression of 4.1N protein and its potential roles in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tumorigenesis and progression. METHODS 4.1N protein expression was investigated in a total of 280 samples including 74 normal tissues, 35 benign, 30 borderline and 141 malignant epithelial ovarian tumors by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between 4.1N expression levels and clinicopathologic features was statistically analyzed. The expression of 4.1N in EOC cell lines was examined by western blotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that, although there was no loss of 4.1N expression in normal tissues and benign tumors, absence of Protein 4.1N was significantly more common in EOCs (44.0%) than in borderline tumors (3.3%) (p<0.001). Furthermore, loss or decreased expression of 4.1N protein expression was correlated with malignant potential of the tumors (14.3% in benign tumors, 56.7% in borderline tumors and 92.9% in malignancy) (p<0.001). In EOC samples, loss of 4.1N protein was significantly associated with advanced-stage (p=0.004), ascites (p=0.009), omental metastasis (p=0.018), suboptimal debulking (p=0.024), poorly histological differentiation (p=0.009), high-grade serous carcinoma (p=0.001), short progression-free-survival (p=0.018) and poor chemosensitivity to first-line chemotherapy (p=0.029). Moreover, western blotting analysis revealed that expression of 4.1N protein was lost in 4/8 (50%) EOC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS 4.1N protein expression level was significantly decreased during malignant transformation of epithelial ovarian tumors and that loss of 4.1N expression was closely correlated to poorly differentiated and biologically aggressive EOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Xi
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|