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Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Mikhailidis DP, Manolis AS. Update on Cilostazol: A Critical Review of Its Antithrombotic and Cardiovascular Actions and Its Clinical Applications. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 62:320-358. [PMID: 34671983 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has vasodilating and antiplatelet properties with a low rate of bleeding complications. It has been used over the past 25 years for improving intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Cilostazol also has demonstrated efficacy in patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization procedures for both PAD and coronary artery disease. In addition to its antithrombotic and vasodilating actions, cilostazol also inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via phosphodiesterase III inhibition, thus mitigating restenosis. Accumulated evidence has shown that cilostazol, due to its "pleiotropic" effects, is a useful, albeit underutilized, agent for both coronary artery disease and PAD. It is also potentially useful after ischemic stroke and is an alternative in those who are allergic or intolerant to classical antithrombotic agents (eg, aspirin or clopidogrel). These issues are herein reviewed together with the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of cilostazol. Large studies and meta-analyses are presented and evaluated. Current guidelines are also discussed, and the spectrum of cilostazol's actions and therapeutic applications are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Huang F. Stent thrombosis associated with drug eluting stents on addition of cilostazol to the standard dual antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:31. [PMID: 29914573 PMCID: PMC6006792 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this analysis, we aimed to systematically compare stent thrombosis (ST) and its different subtypes following treatment with DAPT (aspirin + clopidogrel) versus TAPT (aspirin + clopidogrel + cilostazol). Methods Studies were included if: they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TAPT (cilostazol + aspirin + clopidogrel) with DAPT (aspirin + clopidogrel); they reported ST or its subtype including definite, probable, acute, sub-acute and late ST as their clinical outcomes. RevMan software (version 5.3) was used to carry out this analysis whereby odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were generated. Results Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant difference in total ST with the addition of cilostazol to the standard DAPT with OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.38–1.10; P = 0.11, I2 = 6%. Moreover, when ST was further subdivided and analyzed, still, no significant difference was observed in acute, sub-acute, late, definite and probable ST with OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.13–1.74; P = 0.27, I2 = 0%, OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.22–1.40; P = 0.21, I2 = 0%, OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.23–2.28; P = 0.58, I2 = 0%, OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.38–3.69; P = 0.77, I2 = 3% and OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.17–3.55; P = 0.70, I2 = 0% respectively. No change was observed during a short term (≤ 6 months) and a longer (≥ 1 year) follow-up time period. Conclusions This current analysis showed no significant difference in stent thrombosis with the addition of cilostazol to the standard dual antiplatelet therapy during any follow-up time period after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China.
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Wang M, Zhang G, Wang Y, Zhou K, Liu T, Zhang Y, Guo A, An Y, Zhang X, Li Y. Bivalirudin plus loading dose of cilostazol-based triple-antiplatelet in treatment of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1469-73. [PMID: 26451112 PMCID: PMC4592053 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s86799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of bivalirudin plus loading dose of cilostazol-based triple-antiplatelet therapy strategy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods One hundred and fifty-three patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent PCI were divided into control group and cilostazol group. Patients in control group were given aspirin and clopidogrel and those in cilostazol group were given aspirin, clopidogrel, and cilostazol once 2 hours before PCI and for 30 days after PCI. Bivalirudin was given to all patients before and during the PCI. Results After PCI, the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) III in cilostazol group was higher than that in control group (89.19% versus 72.15%, P<0.05). At 30 days, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in cilostazol group compared with that in control group (6.76% versus 17.72%, P<0.05). However, the rates of cardiac death, nonfatal reinfarction, target vessel revascularization, new congestive heart failure, and subacute stent thrombosis did not significantly differ between the two groups. In addition, the rates of minor or major bleeding or thrombocytopenia did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusion Bivalirudin plus loading dose of cilostazol-based triple-antiplatelet therapy strategy in PCI increased TMPG III, decreased major adverse cardiac events, and did not increase the incidence of bleeding and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoru Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Anjun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Ye H, Zhou A, Hong Q, Chen X, Xin Y, Tang L, Dai D, Ji H, Xu M, Wang DW, Duan S. Association of seven thrombotic pathway gene CpG-SNPs with coronary heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 72:98-102. [PMID: 26054681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronary heart disease (CHD) has been considered a thromboembolic arterial diseases. The aim of this case-control study was to explore whether the CpG-SNPs of the thrombotic pathway genes contributed to the risk of CHD. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 784 CHD patients and 738 healthy controls were recruited in the current association study, which evaluated 7 CpG-SNPs of the thrombotic pathway genes. The CpG-SNPs included THBS4 rs17878919, CYP2C19 rs12773342, P2RY12 rs1491974, ITGA2 rs26680, FGB rs2227389, F7 rs510317 and F5 rs2269648. SNP genotyping was performed with a Sequenom Mass Spectrometry Genetic Analyzer. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that CYP2C19 rs12773342 polymorphism was significantly associated with CHD in the recessive model (χ(2)=5.41, df=1, P=0.020, OR=1.455, 95% CI=1.060-1.996). A breakdown analysis by age showed that the association of CYP2C19 rs12773342 with CHD was mainly found in individuals aged 55-65 (genotype: χ(2)=7.93, df=2, P=0.019; allele: χ(2)=4.45, df=1, P=0.035). In addition, we also observed a significant association between F7 rs510317 polymorphism and CHD in males (genotype: χ(2)=7.24, df=2, P=0.027). There was no significant association with CHD for the remaining CpG-SNPs. CONCLUSION Our results supported that the CYP2C19 rs12773342 and F7 rs510317 polymorphisms were associated with CHD in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadan Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Annan Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingxiao Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfei Xin
- Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linlin Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Chesnutt JKW, Han HC. Simulation of the microscopic process during initiation of stent thrombosis. Comput Biol Med 2014; 56:182-91. [PMID: 25437232 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary stenting is one of the most commonly used approaches to open coronary arteries blocked due to atherosclerosis. However, stent struts can induce stent thrombosis due to altered hemodynamics and endothelial dysfunction, and the microscopic process is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the microscale processes during the initiation of stent thrombosis. METHODS We utilized a discrete element computational model to simulate the transport, collision, adhesion, and activation of thousands of individual platelets and red blood cells in thrombus formation around struts and dysfunctional endothelium. RESULTS As strut height increased, the area of endothelium activated by low shear stress increased, which increased the number of platelets in mural thrombi. These thrombi were generally outside regions of recirculation for shorter struts. For the tallest strut, wall shear stress was sufficiently low to activate the entire endothelium. With the entire endothelium activated by injury or denudation, the number of platelets in mural thrombi was largest for the shortest strut. The type of platelet activation (by high shear stress or contact with activated endothelium) did not greatly affect results. CONCLUSIONS During the initiation of stent thrombosis, platelets do not necessarily enter recirculation regions or deposit on endothelium near struts, as suggested by previous computational fluid dynamics simulations. Rather, platelets are more likely to deposit on activated endothelium outside recirculation regions and deposit directly on struts. Our study elucidated the effects of different mechanical factors on the roles of platelets and endothelium in stent thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K W Chesnutt
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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