Behavioral and biochemical effects of a formulation of the traditional Chinese medicine, Kai-Xin-San, in fatigued rats

Kai-Xin-San Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neural Degeneration in 4T1 Breast Cancer Mice

Objective

This study explored the potential therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) on doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment in 4T1 breast cancer mice.

Methods

A model of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) was established with the injection of doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg) at a 7-day interval in a 4T1 breast cancer mouse. KXS was given (1 g/kg) daily by gavage over three weeks starting at the first week while giving DOX. The Morris water maze task was performed to measure the CICI-like behaviors. Oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus, inflammatory cytokines in the serum and hippocampus, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining, and analysis for Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 of the hippocampus were examined to explore the effect and mechanism of KXS on DOX-induced CICI. Meanwhile, tumor growth and survival time were tested in this study.

Results

CICI-like behaviors induced by DOX occurred earlier and were severer than the cognitive impairment induced by the tumor, and the effect of KXS on improving the cognitive impairment was obvious. KXS protected against DOX-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in both serum and brain and interleukin-1β in the brain, increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 in the serum and interleukin-10 in the hippocampus, and inhibiting the astrocytic hyperplasia and microglial polarization in the hippocampus. KXS reduced neural degeneration and protected against DOX-induced oxidative stress according to decreased malondialdehyde level, increased glutathione level, and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, KXS recovered the lost body weights after DOX administration and prolonged the survival times of mice.

Conclusions

KXS may attenuate DOX-induced cognitive impairment by regulating inflammatory responses and reducing oxidative stress and neural degeneration. These findings also presented the role of KXS in improving the quality of life and prolonging survival time in breast cancer mice that received chemotherapy.

Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review

As an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has been used both as food and medicine for nutrient supplements and treatment of human diseases in China for years. Fatigue, as a complex and multi-cause symptom, harms life from all sides. Millions worldwide suffer from fatigue, mainly caused by physical labor, mental stress, and chronic diseases. Multiple medicines, especially P. ginseng, were used for many patients or sub-healthy people who suffer from fatigue as a treatment or healthcare product. This review covers the extract and major components of P. ginseng with the function of anti-fatigue and summarizes the anti-fatigue effect of P. ginseng for different types of fatigue in animal models and clinical studies. In addition, the anti-fatigue mechanism of P. ginseng associated with enhancing energy metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.

Behavioral and Biochemical Effects of KXS on Postmyocardial Infarction Depression

Background

Depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) often occur together in clinical practice. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been widely used for the treatment of emotion-related disorders. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether KXS had both antidepressive effects and cardioprotective functions in a rat model of myocardial ischemia (MI) with depression.

Methods

A total of 50 SD rats were randomly assigned into five groups as follows: normal control (control group), celiac injection of isopropyl adrenaline (ISO) (MI group), depression (depression group), MI+ depression (model group) and MI+ depression treated with intragastric administration of 370 mg/kg KXS (KXS group). MI was induced by subcutaneous injection of 85 mg/kg ISO. Depression was developed by a 7-week chronic mild stress (CMS) challenge. Behavioral test was conducted before and during the experiment. Echocardiography and biochemical analysis were carried out after 7 weeks of CMS challenge.

Results

After 7 weeks of experiment, depression-like behaviors were observed in all the groups except for control and KXS groups, and KXS treatment dramatically increased open-field test scores and sucrose consumption (P < 0.01 vs. model group). Echocardiography and biochemical analysis showed that KXS treatment could improve levels of ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS), which were reduced by depression and ISO challenge. Meanwhile, KXS treatment significantly decreased the levels of creation kinase MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which were increased in the model group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT) were increased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was significantly decreased in the KXS group. Moreover, KXS treatment reduced the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in myocardial tissue compared with the model group.

Conclusions

KXS had antidepressant-like activity and offered cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction with depression.

Anti-depressive effects of Kai-Xin-San on lipid metabolism in depressed patients and CUMS rats using metabolomic analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In this study, in order to explore potential depressive biomarkers and potential regulatory targets of KXS on depression, we assessed the effects of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) on lipid metabolism in depressed patients (DPs) and rats exposed to chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Serum samples were collected from DPs, DPs with 8 weeks of KXS treatment (KXS) and healthy controls (HCs), and non-targeted lipidomics was used to analyze the effect of KXS on serum lipid metabolites in DPs. Based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology, differential metabolites were validated in a large sample size. The potential regulatory network of KXS was analyzed by bioinformatic analysis, and the expressions of proteins in serum were verified using western boltting analysis. Moreover, effects of KXS on serum lipid and lipid metabolism-related hormone levels in CUMS rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzymatic method.

RESULTS

We validated that the levels of six serum lipid metabolites (N-Desmethylcitalopram (HMDB14021), PC(14:1(9Z)/24:0) (HMDB07926), PC(P-18:1(11Z)/20:0) (HMDB11281), PC(O-18:0/20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)) (HMDB13420), PC(16:0/P-18:0) (HMDB07995) and PC(16:0/P-18:1(11Z)) (HMDB07996)) between HC/DP groups and between DP/KXS groups were significantly different. Among these six metabolites, HMDB07995, HMDB07996, HMDB13420 and HMDB11281 were highly sensitive and specific for depression and KXS treatment by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP2 and MMP9, apolipoproteins (Apo) including APOA1 and APOC1 were up-regulated and apolipoproteins (Apo) including APOB, APOD and APOE, phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were down-regulated in DPs, and KXS treatment could reverse these changes. In CUMS rats, KXS could increase the open-field score, sucrose preference and body weight, and reduce immobility time. Furthermore, KXS increased the serum levels of the above-mentioned six metabolites, reduced serum total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels and increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in CUMS rats. In addition, leptin and ghrelin were down-regulated by KXS.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that KXS exerted antidepressant effects by regulating the signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism disorders. The lipid metabolites might be potential biomarkers of depression and possible targets for KXS-based treatment of depression.

Kai-Xin-San, a Chinese Herbal Decoction, Accelerates the Degradation of β-Amyloid by Enhancing the Expression of Neprilysin in Rats

This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of Kai-Xin-San (KXS, a famous Chinese herbal decoction used to treat amnesia) on the degradation of Aβ and further elucidate the mechanism of KXS on Aβ-induced memory dysfunction. After pretreatment with KXS (1.08 g/kg/day) for two weeks, Aβ₄₂ (2 μL, 200 μM) was injected into rat hippocampus to induce cognitive dysfunction. Morris water maze (MWM) test was developed to evaluate cognitive performance in rats. Hippocampal neurons were observed by histological staining using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) methods. Levels of exogenous Aβ₄₂, which was injected into the hippocampus, were continually measured through a special Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit to observe the catabolic process of Aβ in the brain. Similarly, Aβ degradation in PC12 cells was also investigated using the ELISA kit. The expressions of Aβ degeneration enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), were detected by western blotting to elucidate Aβ reduction mechanism. Our results showed that KXS prevented Aβ₄₂-induced cognitive impairment and attenuated hippocampus neuronal damage caused by Aβ₄₂. Moreover, KXS could accelerate Aβ₄₂ degradation in Aβ₄₂ injected rats. Furthermore, NEP, an Aβ degradation enzyme, was increased in the hippocampus while ECE and ACE, other two Aβ-degrading enzymes, were not changed. KXS accelerated Aβ degradation in PC12 cells. Our findings revealed that KXS facilitated the degradation of Aβ₄₂ by increasing the expression of NEP in rat hippocampus. By reducing the Aβ burdens, KXS protected hippocampal neurons, leading to the improvement of cognitive function in rats.

Kai‑Xin‑San suppresses matrix metalloproteinases and myocardial apoptosis in rats with myocardial infarction and depression

Depression is often triggered by prolonged exposure to psychosocial stressors and associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of various emotional and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Kai‑Xin‑San (KXS), which may terminate the signaling of MMPs, exerts antidepressant‑like and cardioprotective effects in a myocardial infarction (MI) plus depression rat model. Rats were randomly assigned to five groups: A normal control (control group), a celisc‑injection of isopropyl adrenaline group (ISO group), depression (depression group), an ISO + depression (depression + ISO group), and an ISO + depression group treated with intragastric administration of 1,785 mg/kg KXS (KXS group). Behavioral changes, echocardiography, biochemical index, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and apoptosis‑related proteins were assessed. Compared with the depression + ISO group, KXS significantly improved stress‑induced alterations of behavioral parameters and protected the heart by enlarging the left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening (FS) and LV ejection fraction (EF). Moreover, KXS significantly attenuated ISO + depression‑induced MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 expression at the mRNA and protein level and decreased TIMP in the heart compared to the complex model group. Myocardial apoptosis was significantly attenuated by KXS by regulating the Bcl‑2/Bax axis. These results indicated that MI comorbid with depression may damage the MMP balance in the central and peripheral system, and KXS may have a direct anti‑depressive and cardio‑protective effect by regulating the level of MMPs and associated myocardial apoptosis. It is promising to further explore the clinical potential of KXS for the therapy or prevention of MI plus depression comorbidity disease.

Kai Xin San ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction

Kai Xin San (KXS, containing ginseng, hoelen, polygala, and acorus), a traditional Chinese herbal compound, has been found to regulate cognitive dysfunction; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, 72 specific-pathogen-free male Kunming mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into a vehicle control group, scopolamine group, low-dose KXS group, moderate-dose KXS group, high-dose KXS group, and positive control group. Except for the vehicle control group and scopolamine groups (which received physiological saline), the doses of KXS (0.7, 1.4 and 2.8 g/kg per day) and donepezil (3 mg/kg per day) were gastrointestinally administered once daily for 2 weeks. On day 8 after intragastric treatment, the behavioral tests were carried out. Scopolamine group and intervention groups received scopolamine 3 mg/kg per day through intraperitoneal injection. The effects of KXS on spatial learning and memory, pathological changes of brain tissue, expression of apoptosis factors, oxidative stress injury factors, synapse-associated protein, and cholinergic neurotransmitter were measured. The results confirmed the following. (1) KXS shortened the escape latency and increased residence time in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze. (2) KXS increased the percentage of alternations between the labyrinth arms in the mice of KXS groups in the Y-maze. (3) Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining revealed that KXS promoted the production of Nissl bodies and inhibited the formation of apoptotic bodies. (4) Western blot assay showed that KXS up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. KXS up-regulated the expression of postsynaptic density 95, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (5) KXS increased the level and activity of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and reduced the level and activity of acetyl cholinesterase, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde through acting on the cholinergic system and reducing oxidative stress damage. These results indicate that KXS plays a neuroprotective role and improves cognitive function through reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress, and regulating synapse-associated protein and cholinergic neurotransmitters.

Kai-Xin-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, exerts antidepressive and neuroprotective effects by promoting pCREB upstream pathways

Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used for the treatment of emotion-related disease. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine whether phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) and upstream components, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phospho-ERK (pERK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and pGSK3β are associated with the antidepressive effect of KXS. In total, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, including control (n=8, no treatment), induced with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS) (n=8), and CMS rats treated with KXS at dosage of 370 mg/kg/day orally. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures were prepared from Wistar rats for cell survival and proliferation assays. In KXS rats, increased protein expression levels of pCREB, BDNF and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) were observed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, compared with the CMS model group. Furthermore, increased expression levels of ERK, pERK, PI3K, Akt, and GSK3β were also detected in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of KXS-treated rats compared with CMS model rats and in primary hippocampal neuronal cells treated with KXS. These results suggest that pCREB and upstream components, including TrkB/ERK/CREB and TrkB/PI3 K/CREB, may contribute to the antidepressive effect induced by KXS. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2013

This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.