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Zhang JY, Wang YT, Sun L, Wang SQ, Chen ZS. Synthesis and clinical application of new drugs approved by FDA in 2022. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:26. [PMID: 37661221 PMCID: PMC10475455 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry had a glorious year in 2022, with a total of 37 new drugs including 20 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 17 new biological entities (NBEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drugs are mainly concentrated in oncology, central nervous system, antiinfection, hematology, cardiomyopathy, dermatology, digestive system, ophthalmology, MRI enhancer and other therapeutic fields. Of the 37 drugs, 25 (68%) were approved through an expedited review pathway, and 19 (51%) were approved to treat rare diseases. These newly listed drugs have unique structures and new mechanisms of action, which can serve as lead compounds for designing new drugs with similar biological targets and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to outline the clinical applications and synthetic methods of 19 NCEs newly approved by the FDA in 2022, but excludes contrast agent (Xenon Xe-129). We believe that an in-depth understanding of the synthetic methods of drug molecules will provide innovative and practical inspiration for the development of new, more effective, and practical synthetic techniques. According to the therapeutic areas of these 2022 FDA-approved drugs, we have classified these 19 NCEs into seven categories and will introduce them in the order of their approval for marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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Niu A, Qi T. Diagnostic significance of serum type IV collagen (IVC) combined with aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio in liver fibrosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1310. [PMID: 36660657 PMCID: PMC9843355 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a necessary stage for various chronic liver diseases to develop into cirrhosis. The detection of serum markers of liver fibrosis is a commonly used method for early screening of liver fibrosis, mainly including type IV collagen (IVC), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), and type III procollagen (PCIII). However, the high cost of the instrument and the slow detection speed are not conducive to mass screening and detection of the population. In this study, the widely used biochemical platform was used to jointly detect the liver fibrosis marker IVC and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), We investigated the feasibility of serum IVC combined with the AST and ALT ratio (AST/ALT ratio) as a marker for liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 81 patients with liver disease by clinical liver biopsy comprised the study group, and 50 healthy people who underwent physical examination in the study period were selected as the control group. Serum IVC, AST and ALT levels were detected by biochemical testing, AST/ALT ratio was calculated, and four serum markers of liver fibrosis (IVC, HA, LN, and PCIII) were measured by chemiluminescence. Moreover, imaging by color Doppler ultrasound (B-ultrasound) was performed for statistical analysis. Results (I) Serum IVC and the AST/ALT ratio were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). (II) The sensitivity of serum IVC combined with AST/ALT ratio detected biochemically and the four markers of liver fibrosis detected by chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was 95.83%, 97.92%, without significant difference, but the specificity and accuracy of IVC + AST/ALT ratio in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were significantly higher (94.00%, 94.90%). (III) The detection rate of serum IVC + AST/ALT ratio for the diagnosis of early liver fibrosis was significantly higher than with imaging examination (45.45% vs. 21.21%). Conclusions Serum IVC + AST/ALT ratio determined by biochemical analysis has high diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis, and is worthy of clinical application and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airu Niu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China;,Clinical Laboratory, Sanhe Yanjiao Second and Third Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Tonggang Qi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Chang Z, Zhang Y, Lin M, Wen S, Lai H, Zhan Y, Zhu X, Huang Z, Zhang X, Liu Z. Improvement of gut-vascular barrier by terlipressin reduces bacterial translocation and remote organ injuries in gut-derived sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1019109. [PMID: 36278213 PMCID: PMC9585222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1019109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-vascular barrier (GVB) serves as the last barrier to limit the migration of intestinal toxins into the blood circulation. The efficacy of terlipressin (a vasopressin V1 receptor agonist) in reducing GVB and multiple organ damage in gut-derived sepsis is unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that, besides other intestinal barriers, GVB play a key role in gut-derived sepsis and terlipressin improve GVB damage and then reduce bacterial translocation and organ injuries. In vivo, a cecal ligation and puncture mouse model was established. The mice were subjected to examine the damage of GVB determined by intestinal plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1(PV-1) and vascular endothelial-cadherin. And the intestinal permeability was assessed by translocation of intestinal bacteria and macromolecules. In vitro, transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) during interleukin (IL)-1β stimulation was measured on endothelial cells with or without small interfering RNA targeting β-catenin (si β-catenin). Terlipressin significantly improved GVB damage and reduced translocation of intestinal macromolecules and bacteria by activating PI3K signaling. Of note, intestinal PV-1 expression was significantly correlated with translocation of macromolecules, and dramatic increase of macromolecules was observed in intestinal tissues whereas fewer macromolecules and bacteria were observed in blood, liver and lung following terlipressin treatment. In vitro, terlipressin restored TER during IL-1β stimulation and si β-catenin transfection blocked the changes delivered by terlipressin. Collectively, terlipressin alleviated GVB damage and subsequent bacterial translocation via blood vessels after sepsis challenge, resulting in reduced distant organ injuries and the responsible mechanisms may involve the activation of PI3K/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Chang
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihong Wen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanjin Lai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Zhan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiufen Zhu
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Huang
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuyu Zhang, ; Zimeng Liu,
| | - Zimeng Liu
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuyu Zhang, ; Zimeng Liu,
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Zhou B, Zhang W, Yan Z, Zhao B, Zhao J, Feng W, Chen X, Li C, Liu KX. MicroRNA-26b-5p Targets DAPK1 to Reduce Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Inhibition of Intestinal Mucosal Cell Apoptosis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1794-1805. [PMID: 33839982 PMCID: PMC9142477 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has suggested that miRNAs are important regulators of intestinal I/R injury, but their function in this context remains elusive. AIMS To evaluate the role of miR-26b-5p in intestinal I/R injury. METHODS We utilized in vivo murine models of intestinal I/R and in vitro Mode-K cell-based models of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to examine the function of miR-26b-5p in intestinal I/R injury. The expression of miR-26b-5p in intestinal mucosa and Mode-K cell was detected by RT-PCR. HE staining and Chiu's score were used to evaluate intestinal mucosa injury severity. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL stain, flow cytometry, and western blot. TargetScan and StarBase prediction algorithms were applied to predict putative target genes of miR-26b-5p and validated by luciferase reporter analyses. RESULTS We found that the expression of miR-26b-5p in intestinal mucosa was markedly decreased during I/R injury. We additionally found miR-26b-5p overexpression to markedly disrupt intestinal I/R- or OGD/R-induced injury in vivo and in vitro, whereas inhibiting this miRNA had an adverse impact and resulted in increased intestinal tissue injury and Mode-K cell damage. From a mechanistic perspective, miR-26b-5p was predicted to target DAPK1, which was related to cellular apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assay results confirmed that miR-26b-5p directly targets DAPK1 in Mode-K cells, thereby suppressing OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our findings show that miR-26b-5p may prevent intestinal I/R injury via targeting DAPK1 and inhibiting intestinal mucosal cell apoptosis, suggesting that this miRNA may be a viable target for the treatment of intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingcheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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Yang J, Xie X. Tofacitinib protects intestinal epithelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1108. [PMID: 34504562 PMCID: PMC8383770 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanism of action of tofacitinib (Tofa) in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The normal rat small intestine epithelial cell line, IEC-6, was used to establish an I/R injury model by inducing oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cells were divided into the following five groups: Control, OGD/R, OGD/R with 50, 100 and 200 nM Tofa. Following Tofa administration, cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and a lactate dehydrogenase detection kit. The expression levels of cell apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-caspase-9 were detected using western blot analysis. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress-related markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were assessed using the colorimetric method. Western blot analysis was also used to measure the expression levels of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signaling pathway-related proteins, including phosphorylated (p)-JAK1, p-JAK3 and p-STAT3. Subsequently, colivelin, an agonist of the JAK/STAT3 pathway, was used to investigate whether the effects of Tofa on intestinal I/R injury were mediated by this signaling pathway. The results showed that Tofa dose-dependently elevated cell viability compared with that in the OGD/R group. By contrast, Tofa attenuated cell apoptosis, which was coupled with upregulated Bcl-2 expression, downregulated cleaved-caspase-3 and downregulated cleaved-caspase-9 levels, in OGD/R-induced IEC-6 cells. Furthermore, the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly increased following exposure to OGD/R, which were accompanied by the decreased activity of SOD. These effects were reversed following cell treatment with Tofa. Consistently, Tofa intervention reduced the secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Tofa markedly downregulated the phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK3 and STAT3 in OGD/R-induced IEC-6 cells. However, treatment with colivelin markedly reversed the inhibitory effects of Tofa on cell viability, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. Overall, the findings of the present study suggested that Tofa could protect against intestinal I/R injury by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which may hold promise as a therapeutic agent for intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610091, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610091, P.R. China
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Liu ZM, Lai HJ, Guan XD, Wen SH, Shen JT, Nie Y, Liu N, Zhang XY. Terlipressin relieves intestinal and renal injuries induced by acute mesenteric ischemia via PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2751-2762. [PMID: 33162803 PMCID: PMC7645354 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.46302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, the effect of vasopressin on organ damages after acute mesenteric ischemia (MI) remains poorly understood. Aims: To investigate the effect of terlipressin, a selective vasopressin V1 receptor agonist, versus norepinephrine on the intestinal and renal injuries after acute MI, and to explore the underlying mechanism of terlipressin. Methods: Acute MI model was produced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 1 hour. Immediately after unclamping, terlipressin or norepinephrine was intravenously administered for 2 hours. Meanwhile, in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide+terlipressin. In addition, wortmannin was used to determine the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the potential impacts of terlipressin. Results: MI led to severe hypotension, caused notable intestinal and renal impairments and resulted in high mortality, which were markedly improved by terlipressin or norepinephrine. Terlipressin increased mean arterial pressure, decreased intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, inhibited the generation of M1 macrophage in intestinal and renal tissues, and hindered the release of inflammatory cytokines after MI. Moreover, in cultured macrophages, terlipressin reduced the mRNA level of specific M1 markers and the release of inflammatory cytokines caused by lipopolysaccharide challenge. Wortmannin decreased the expression of PI3K and Akt induced by terlipressin in cells and in tissues, and abolished the above protective effects conferred by terlipressin. Conclusions: Terlipressin or norepinephrine could effectively improve organ damages and mortality after acute MI. Terlipressin elevates blood pressure and inhibits intestinal epithelial apoptosis and macrophage M1 polarization via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Han-Jin Lai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Shi-Hong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Jian-Tong Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Yao Nie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
| | - Xu-Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510089, China
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