1
|
Chai LC, Alderson PG, Chin CF. Exogenous Cytokinin Induces Callus and Protocorm-Like-Bodies Formation in In Vitro Root Tips of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. Trop Life Sci Res 2024; 35:235-258. [PMID: 39262862 PMCID: PMC11383634 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2024.35.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanilla is a popular flavouring essence derived from the pods of vanilla orchid plants. Due to the high demand for vanilla flavour, high yielding vanilla plantlets are necessary for establishing vanilla plantations. Clonal micropropagation is a viable technique for the mass production of high yielding vanilla plantlets. This study reports an efficient regeneration protocol by using cytokinin as the sole plant growth regulator to regenerate plantlets from the root tips of a commercial vanilla orchid species, Vanilla planifolia. Most studies to date have reported using seeds and nodes as starting explants for in vitro micropropagation of vanilla orchids. So far, regeneration from roots has not been very successful. Previous studies favoured the use of auxins only or high auxin to cytokinin ratios to induce callus, and sole cytokinins were used for direct shoot regeneration. However, it was sporadically observed in plantlets regeneration of V. planifolia that multiple shoots were regenerated from the tips of intact aerial roots submerged in media. This study therefore investigated the regeneration of excised vanilla root tips through the application of most commonly used auxins (1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron). High auxin presence is known to promote callusing in in vitro plants. However, in this study, auxin treatment inhibits callusing in root tips. While cytokinin treatments, even at low levels, has promoted high rate of callusing. These callus cells regenerate into protocorm-like-body (PLB) shoots when cytokinin levels are increased to 0.5 mg/mL 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) under light conditions. The findings of the study have the potential of providing large quantity of high yielding vanilla plantlets through clonal micropropagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chin Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peter G Alderson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Chiew Foan Chin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yelamanda Rao K, Jeelan Basha S, Monika K, Naidu Gajula N, Sivakumar I, Kumar S, Vadde R, Aramati BMR, Subramanyam R, Damu AG. Development of quinazolinone and vanillin acrylamide hybrids as multi-target directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease and mechanistic insights into their binding with acetylcholinesterase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11148-11165. [PMID: 37098803 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2203255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In view of Multi-Target Directed Ligand (MTDL) approach in treating Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a series of novel quinazolinone and vanillin cyanoacetamide based acrylamide derivatives (9a-z) were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their activity against a panel of selected AD targets including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), amyloid β protein (Aβ), and also 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and neuroprotective activities. Five of the target analogs 9e, 9h, 9 l, 9t and 9z showed elevated AChE inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.058 ± 0.06, 1.362 ± 0.09, 1.434 ± 0.10, 1.015 ± 0.10, 1.035 ± 0.02 µM respectively, high inhibition selectivity against AChE over BChE and good DPPH radical scavenging activity. Enzyme kinetic studies of the potent hybrids in the series disclosed their mixed inhibition approach. Active analogs were found to be non-toxic on SK-N-SH cell lines and have excellent neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. Strong modulating affinities on Aβ aggregation process were observed for most active compounds since; they irretrievably interrupted the morphology of Aβ42 fibrils, increased the aggregates and declined the Aβ-induced toxicity in neurons. From the fluorescence emission studies, the binding constants (K) were determined as 2.5 ± 0.021x103, 2.7 ± 0.015x103, 3.7 ± 0.020x103, 2.4 ± 0.013x104, and 5.0 ± 0.033x103 M-1 and binding free energies as -5.82 ± 0.033, -6.07 ± 0.042, -6.26 ± 0.015, -7.71 ± 0.024, and -6.29 ± 0.026 kcal M-1 for complexes of AChE-9e, 9h, 9 l, 9t and 9z, respectively. Moreover, the CD analysis inferred the limited modifications in the AChE secondary structure when it binds to 9e, 9h, 9 l, 9t and 9z. On the basis of docking studies against AChE, the most active congeners were well oriented in the enzyme's active site by interacting with both catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS). In summary, these quinazolinone and vanillin acrylamide hybrid analogs can be used as promising molecular template to further explore their in vivo efficiency in the development of lead compound to treat AD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandrakonda Yelamanda Rao
- Bioorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Jeelan Basha
- Bioorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kallubai Monika
- Department of Biochemistry, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Navya Naidu Gajula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Irla Sivakumar
- Soft Condensed Matter, Raman Research Institute, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Soft Condensed Matter, Raman Research Institute, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore, India
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amooru Gangaiah Damu
- Bioorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Wang L, Lu J, Jiao J, Yang Y, Zhao H, Liang Z, Zheng H. Ginsenoside Rg1 improves cognitive capability and affects the microbiota of large intestine of tree shrew model for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:291. [PMID: 33649817 PMCID: PMC7930927 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is traditional Chinese medicine with neuroprotective activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Rg1 improves Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alters gut microbiology, but its mechanism remains to be elucidated, and thus far, its use in the treatment of AD has not been satisfactory. The present study investigated the improvement effects of Rg1 and its association with the microbiota of the large intestine. Following treatment with Rg1 in AD tree shrews, the treatment group demonstrated significantly shorter escape latency and crossed a platform more frequently in a water maze test. Western blotting demonstrated that Rg1 inhibited the expression of β-secretase 1, while increasing microtubule-associated protein 2 and Fox-3 in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Rg1 decreased the expression of amyloid β, tau phosphorylated at serine 404 and pro-apoptotic factor Bax, while increasing the expression of Bcl-2 in the hippocampus and cortex. High throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA demonstrated that Rg1 altered the microbiota abundance of the large intestine. In conclusion, Rg1 affected the expression of apoptosis proteins, possessed a neuroprotective effect and may have a close association with the microbiota of large intestine by significantly reducing the abundance of Bacteroidetes and increasing the energy requirement of tree shrews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Jiangli Lu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Jiao
- Technology Transfer Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Liang
- Research Management Office for Science and Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang T, Guan B, Tan S, Zhu H, Ren D, Li R, Xiao L. Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture Inhibits NLRP1 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuronal Pyroptosis in SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:339-346. [PMID: 33574670 PMCID: PMC7872899 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s279304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was indicated that nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain‑like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is involveg in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was designed to explore the effect of Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture on cognitive defect and NLRP1 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in AD mouse. METHODS Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used as a model of AD. Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture was performed in four acupoints: "Baihui acupoint" (GV20), "Shenshu acupoint" (BL23), "Xuehai acupoint" (SP10), and "Geshu acupoint" (BL17). Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the cognitive function of the mouse. The levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, IL-1β, and IL-18 were examined by ELISA assay. Neuronal apoptosis and damage in hippocampal tissues were measured using TUNEL and Nissl staining, respectively. The expression of NLRP1, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 was examined using Western blot. RESULTS Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture improved the learning and memory deficits of AD mouse. Meanwhile, Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture decreased the production of Aβ in hippocampal tissues of SAMP8 mice and attenuated the neuronal apoptosis and damage. Furthermore, Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture inhibited NLRP1 inflammasome activation in SAMP8 mice. CONCLUSION Bushen Huoxue Acupuncture could notably attenuate the cognitive defect of mouse AD model and inhibit NLRP1 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Guan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Sipin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Translational Medicine of Hunan, Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruomeng Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Icaritin Improves Memory and Learning Ability by Decreasing BACE-1 Expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8963845. [PMID: 32714426 PMCID: PMC7345953 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8963845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Icaritin (ICT) is the main component in the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium, and it has been shown to have anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects, but its neuroprotective effects and the pharmacological mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were randomly divided into a model group and an ICT-treated group. Learning and memory abilities were detected by the Morris water maze assay, and the expression of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) was determined by Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histological changes in CA1 and CA3 were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E staining), and the immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression and localization of Bax and Bcl-2. The results showed that compared with the SAMP8 mice, the ICT-treated SAMP8 mice showed improvements in spatial learning and memory retention. In addition, the number of necrotic cells and the morphological changes in CA1 and CA3 areas were significantly alleviated in the group of ICT-treated SAMP8 mice, and the expression of BACE1, Aβ1-42 levels, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the hippocampus was obviously decreased in the ICT-treated group compared with the control group. The results demonstrated that ICT reduced BACE-1 levels, the contents of Aβ1-42, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, suggesting that ICT might have potential therapeutic benefits by delaying or modifying the progression of AD.
Collapse
|