Nano hydroxyapatite induces glioma cell apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway

Hydroxyapatite Biobased Materials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer

Great advances in cancer treatment have been undertaken in the last years as a consequence of the development of new antitumoral drugs able to target cancer cells with decreasing side effects and a better understanding of the behavior of neoplastic cells during invasion and metastasis. Specifically, drug delivery systems (DDS) based on the use of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) are gaining attention and merit a comprehensive review focused on their potential applications. These are derived from the intrinsic properties of HAp (e.g., biocompatibility and biodegradability), together with the easy functionalization and easy control of porosity, crystallinity and morphology of HAp NPs. The capacity to tailor the properties of DLS based on HAp NPs has well-recognized advantages for the control of both drug loading and release. Furthermore, the functionalization of NPs allows a targeted uptake in tumoral cells while their rapid elimination by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) can be avoided. Advances in HAp NPs involve not only their use as drug nanocarriers but also their employment as nanosystems for magnetic hyperthermia therapy, gene delivery systems, adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy and nanoparticles for cell imaging.

Estradiol and zinc-doped nano hydroxyapatite as therapeutic agents in the prevention of osteoporosis; oxidative stress status, inflammation, bone turnover, bone mineral density, and histological alterations in ovariectomized rats

Osteoporosis (OP) is a serious health problem, and the most popular therapeutic strategy for OP is hormone replacement (estrogen); however, it increases the risk of reproductive cancers. Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles have a similar chemical structure to the bone mineral component and can be used as a new remedy for OP. This study was designed to investigate the osteoporosis-protective potential of nano zinc hydroxyapatite (ZnHA-NPs) and/or estradiol (E2) combined therapy. A total of 35 adult female rats were assigned into five groups (n = 7): 1) control group; 2) ovariectomized group (OVX); 3) OVX received oral estradiol replacement therapy (OVX/E2); 4) OVX received ZnHA replacement therapy (OVX/ZnHA); and 5) OVX received both estradiol and ZnHA-NPs combined therapy (OVX/E2+ZnHA). After 3 months of treatment, serum bone markers and estrogen level, oxidative/antioxidant, and inflammatory cytokines were determined. Additionally, femoral expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ESR1; ESR2), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANKL) ligand, osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone mineral density (BMD), histological alterations, and immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assessed. ALP, PINP, Ca, and P concentrations improved significantly (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups, especially in the OVX/E + ZnHA group. MDA and NO were higher in OVX rats, while SOD activity and GSH were lower (p < 0.05). E2 alone or with ZnHA-NPs restored the estimated antioxidant molecules and cytokines toward normal levels in OVX rats (p < 0.05). On the other hand, E2 and ZnHA increased OPG and OC expression in femurs while decreasing ESR1, ESR2, and NF-kB expression (p < 0.05). The combination treatment was superior in the restoration of normal femoral histoarchitecture and both cortical and trabecular BMD (p < 0.05). Overall, the combined therapy of OVX/E2+ZnHA was more effective than the individual treatments in attenuating excessive bone turnover and preventing osteoporosis.

TRIP6 regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway

Thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6), a member of the zyxin family of Lin-Isl-Mec (LIM) proteins, is an adaptor protein primarily expressed in epithelial cells. TRIP6 can regulate a variety of cellular responses, such as actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of TRIP6 in osteosarcoma (Os) has not been previously reported. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of TRIP6 in the occurrence and development of Os, and the potential of utilizing TRIP6 as a therapeutic target in Os. The present results suggested that the expression levels of TRIP6 were significantly increased in Os cells and clinical tissue specimens compared with normal osteoblasts and adjacent non-tumor tissue. Moreover, the present results suggested that overexpressing TRIP6 significantly increased proliferation, migration and invasion, while inhibiting apoptosis in Os cells. However, silencing TRIP6 decreased proliferation, migration and invasion, while activating apoptosis in Os cells. The present results suggested that overexpression of TRIP6 increased NF-κB activation by decreasing the protein expression levels of inhibitor of κBα, and increasing total and phosphorylated P65 levels. The present results indicated that TRIP6 silencing decreased NF-κB activation. Collectively, the present results suggested that TRIP6 may play a role in promoting Os cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while inhibiting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, TRIP6 may be utilized as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in Os.

Modulation of bone turnover aberration: A target for management of primary osteoporosis in experimental rat model

Osteoporosis is a skeletal degenerative disease characterised by abnormal bone turnover with scant bone formation and overabundant bone resorption. The present approach was intended to address the potency of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (nCh/HA) and silver/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nAg/HA) to modulate bone turnover deviation in primary osteoporosis induced in the experimental model. Characterisation techniques such as TEM, zeta-potential, FT-IR and XRD were used to assess the morphology, the physical as well as the chemical features of the prepared nanostructures. The in vivo experiment was conducted on forty-eight adult female rats, randomised into 6 groups (8 rats/group), (1) gonad-intact, (2) osteoporotic group, (3) osteoporotic + nHA, (4) osteoporotic + nCh/HA, (5) osteoporotic + nAg/HA and (6) osteoporotic + alendronate (ALN). After three months of treatment, serum sclerostin (SOST), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) levels were quantified using ELISA. Femur bone receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and cathepsin K (CtsK) mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, alizarin red S staining was applied to determine the mineralisation intensity of femur bone. Findings in the present study indicated that treatment with nHA, nCh/HA or nAg/HA leads to significant repression of serum SOST, BALP and BSP levels parallel to a significant down-regulation of RANKL and CtsK gene expression levels. On the other side, significant enhancement in the calcification intensity of femur bone has been noticed. The outcomes of this experimental setting ascertained the potentiality of nHA, nCh/HA and nAg/HA as promising nanomaterials in attenuating the excessive bone turnover in the primary osteoporotic rat model. The mechanisms behind the efficacy of the investigated nanostructures involved the obstacle of serum and tissue indices of bone resorption besides the strengthening of bone mineralisation.