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Hu M, Xu J, Shi L, Shi L, Yang H, Wang Y. The p38 MAPK/snail signaling axis participates in cadmium-induced lung cancer cell migration and invasiveness. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24042-24050. [PMID: 38436850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
To determine that p38 MAPK activation contributes to the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells caused by cadmium (Cd). A549 lung cancer cell migration and invasion were assessed using a transwell plate system, and the role of p38 was determined by knocking down p38 activity with two different inhibitors of p38. The activity of p38 was measured by western blot analysis using phospho-specific p38 antibodies and normalized to blots using antibodies directed to total p38 proteins. Snail transcripts were measured using qRT-PCR. The inhibition of p38 blocked Cd-induced migration and invasion, which correlated with an increased activation of p38 as a function of dose and time. Furthermore, Cd-induced activation of p38 MAPK controlled the increase of snail mRNA expression. The p38 MAPK/snail signaling axis was involved in Cd-induced lung cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liqin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 105 of South Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450016, China.
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2
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Cui Y, Li C, Zeng X, Wei X, Li P, Cheng J, Xu Q, Yang Y. ATP purinergic receptor signalling promotes Sca-1 + cell proliferation and migration for vascular remodelling. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:173. [PMID: 37430253 PMCID: PMC10332060 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular resident stem cells expressing stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1+ cells) promote vascular regeneration and remodelling following injury through migration, proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of ATP signalling through purinergic receptor type 2 (P2R) isoforms in promoting Sca-1+ cell migration and proliferation after vascular injury and to elucidate the main downstream signalling pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS ATP-evoked changes in isolated Sca-1+ cell migration were examined by transwell assays, proliferation by viable cell counting assays and intracellular Ca2+ signalling by fluorometry, while receptor subtype contributions and downstream signals were examined by pharmacological or genetic inhibition, immunofluorescence, Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR. These mechanisms were further examined in mice harbouring TdTomato-labelled Sca-1+ cells with and without Sca-1+-targeted P2R knockout following femoral artery guidewire injury. Stimulation with ATP promoted cultured Sca-1+ cell migration, induced intracellular free calcium elevations primarily via P2Y2R stimulation and accelerated proliferation mainly via P2Y6R stimulation. Enhanced migration was inhibited by the ERK blocker PD98059 or P2Y2R-shRNA, while enhanced proliferation was inhibited by the P38 inhibitor SB203580. Femoral artery guidewire injury of the neointima increased the number of TdTomato-labelled Sca-1+ cells, neointimal area and the ratio of neointimal area to media area at 3 weeks post-injury, and all of these responses were reduced by P2Y2R knockdown. CONCLUSIONS ATP induces Sca-1+ cell migration through the P2Y2R-Ca2+-ERK signalling pathway, and enhances proliferation through the P2Y6R-P38-MAPK signalling pathway. Both pathways are essential for vascular remodelling following injury. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cui
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chunshu Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xinyi Zeng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Peng Z, Pang H, Wu H, Peng X, Tan Q, Lin S, Wei B. CCL2 promotes proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through the MAPK/ERK1/2/MMP9, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathways in HUVECs. Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:77. [PMID: 36684650 PMCID: PMC9842938 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe bone trauma can lead to poor or delayed bone healing and nonunion. Bone regeneration is based on the interaction between osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis serves a unique role in the repair and remodeling of bone defects. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, also known as CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), is a member of the CC motif chemokine family and was the first human chemokine to be revealed to be an effective chemokine of monocytes. However, its underlying mechanism in angiogenesis of bone defect repair remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the detailed mechanism by which CCL2 promoted angiogenesis in bone defects based on cell and animal model experiments. In the present study, CCL2 promoted proliferation, migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment of HUVECs with CCL2 upregulated the protein expression levels of rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (Rock)1, Rock2, N-cadherin, c-Myc and VEGFR2. Furthermore, CCL2 promoted the expression of MAPK/ERK1/2/MMP9, PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins, which also demonstrated that CCL2 promoted these functions in HUVECs. Immunohistochemical staining of Sprague Dawley rat femurs following bone defects revealed that VEGF expression was positive in the newly formed bone area in each group, while the expression area of VEGF in the CCL2 addition group was markedly increased. Therefore, CCL2 is a potential therapeutic approach for bone defect repair and reconstruction through the mechanism of angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Peng
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - He Pang
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Hang Wu
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Peng
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Tan
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Sien Lin
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Sien Lin or Dr Bo Wei, Department of Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 57 South Renmin Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Sien Lin or Dr Bo Wei, Department of Orthopedics Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 57 South Renmin Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA. Combined effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes and cadmium on human lung cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87844-87857. [PMID: 35821329 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Co-exposure of widely used single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and ubiquitous cadmium (Cd) to humans through ambient air is unavoidable. Studies on joint toxicity of SWCNTs and Cd in human cells are scarce. We aimed to investigate the joint effects of SWCNTs and Cd in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Results showed that SWCNTs were safe while Cd induce significant toxicity to A549 cells. Remarkably, Cd-induced cell viability reduction, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, cell cycle arrest, dysregulation of apoptotic gene (p53, bax, bcl-2, casp3, and casp9), and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion were significantly mitigated following SWCNTs co-exposure. Cd-induced intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxidation were significantly attenuated by SWCNT co-exposure. Moreover, glutathione depletion and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes after Cd exposure were also effectively abrogated by co-exposure of SWCNTs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study indicated that higher adsorption of Cd on SCWNTs might decreased cellular uptake and the toxic potential of Cd in A549 cells. Our work warranted further research to explore the potential mechanism of joint effects of SWCNTs and Cd at in vivo levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Su CW, Chuang CY, Chen YT, Yang WE, Pan YP, Lin CW, Yang SF. FLLL32 Triggers Caspase-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Oral Cancer Cells by Regulating the p38 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11860. [PMID: 34769290 PMCID: PMC8584525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the most common oral malignant tumor in Taiwan. Although there exist several methods for treatment, oral cancer still has a poor prognosis and high recurrence. FLLL32, a synthetic analog of curcumin with antitumor activity, is currently known to induce melanoma apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth in various cancers. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms of FLLL32 in oral cancer. In this study, we explore whether FLLL32 induces apoptosis in oral cancer. We determined that FLLL32 can inhibit the cell viability of oral cancer. Next, we analyzed the effect of FLLL32 on the cell cycle of oral cancer cells and observed that the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase was increased. Additionally, annexin-V/PI double staining revealed that FLLL32 induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells. Data from the Human Apoptosis Array revealed that FLLL32 increases the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). FLLL32 activates proteins such as caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in apoptosis-related molecular mechanisms. Moreover, by using MAPK inhibitors, we suggest that FLLL32 induces the apoptosis of oral cancer cells through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggest that FLLL32 is a potential therapeutic agent for oral cancer by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis and HO-1 activation through the p38 pathway. We believe that the activation of HO-1 and the p38 pathway by FLLL32 represent potential targets for further research in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-W.S.); (W.-E.Y.); (Y.-P.P.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chuang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzu Chen
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-W.S.); (W.-E.Y.); (Y.-P.P.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Pan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-W.S.); (W.-E.Y.); (Y.-P.P.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (C.-W.S.); (W.-E.Y.); (Y.-P.P.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Albuquerque C, Manguinhas R, Costa JG, Gil N, Codony-Servat J, Castro M, Miranda JP, Fernandes AS, Rosell R, Oliveira NG. A narrative review of the migration and invasion features of non-small cell lung cancer cells upon xenobiotic exposure: insights from in vitro studies. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2698-2714. [PMID: 34295671 PMCID: PMC8264350 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, being non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) sub-types the most prevalent. Since most LC cases are only detected during the last stage of the disease the high mortality rate is strongly associated with metastases. For this reason, the migratory and invasive capacity of these cancer cells as well as the mechanisms involved have long been studied to uncover novel strategies to prevent metastases and improve the patients’ prognosis. This narrative review provides an overview of the main in vitro migration and invasion assays employed in NSCLC research. While several methods have been developed, experiments using conventional cell culture models prevailed, specifically the wound-healing and the transwell migration and invasion assays. Moreover, it is provided herewith a summary of the available information concerning chemical contaminants that may promote the migratory/invasive properties of NSCLC cells in vitro, shedding some light on possible LC risk factors. Most of the reported agents with pro-migration/invasion effects derive from cigarette smoking [e.g., Benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium] and air pollution. This review further presents several studies in which different dietary/plant-derived compounds demonstrated to impair migration/invasion processes in NSCLC cells in vitro. These chemicals that have been proposed as anti-migratory consisted mainly of natural bioactive substances, including polyphenols non-flavonoids, flavonoids, bibenzyls, terpenes, alkaloids, and steroids. Some of these compounds may eventually represent novel therapeutic strategies to be considered in the future to prevent metastasis formation in LC, which highlights the need for additional in vitro methodologies that more closely resemble the in vivo tumor microenvironment and cancer cell interactions. These studies along with adequate in vivo models should be further explored as proof of concept for the most promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Albuquerque
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João G Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Cancer Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jordi Codony-Servat
- Laboratory of Oncology/Pangaea Oncology S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Oncology/Pangaea Oncology S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ou SC, Bai KJ, Cheng WH, Chen JY, Lin CH, Wen HC, Chen BC. TGF-β Induced CTGF Expression in Human Lung Epithelial Cells through ERK, ADAM17, RSK1, and C/EBPβ Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239084. [PMID: 33260349 PMCID: PMC7731197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung epithelial cells play critical roles in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: In the present study, we investigated whether transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17)/ribosomal S6 kinases 1 (RSK1)/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) signaling pathway in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Results: Our results revealed that TGF-β-induced CTGF expression was weakened by ADAM17 small interfering RNA (ADAM17 siRNA), TNF-α processing inhibitor-0 (TAPI-0, an ADAM17 inhibitor), U0126 (an ERK inhibitor), RSK1 siRNA, and C/EBPβ siRNA. TGF-β-induced ERK phosphorylation as well as ADAM17 phosphorylation was attenuated by U0126. The TGF-β-induced increase in RSK1 phosphorylation was inhibited by TAPI-0 and U0126. TGF-β-induced C/EBPβ phosphorylation was weakened by U0126, ADAM17 siRNA, and RSK1 siRNA. In addition, TGF-β increased the recruitment of C/EBPβ to the CTGF promoter. Furthermore, TGF-β enhanced fibronectin (FN), an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker, and CTGF mRNA levels and reduced E-cadherin mRNA levels. Moreover, TGF-β-stimulated FN protein expression was reduced by ADAM17 siRNA and CTGF siRNA. Conclusion: The results suggested that TGF-β induces CTGF expression through the ERK/ADAM17/RSK1/C/EBPβ signaling pathway. Moreover, ADAM17 and CTGF participate in TGF-β-induced FN expression in human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ching Ou
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (K.-J.B.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Kuan-Jen Bai
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (K.-J.B.); (H.-C.W.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Hao Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Respiratory Therapy, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Heng-Ching Wen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (K.-J.B.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (K.-J.B.); (H.-C.W.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27361661; Fax: +886-2-27391143
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