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Saheli M, Moshrefi M, Baghalishahi M, Mohkami A, Firouzi Y, Suzuki K, Khoramipour K. Cognitive Fitness: Harnessing the Strength of Exerkines for Aging and Metabolic Challenges. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:57. [PMID: 38393277 PMCID: PMC10891799 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing cognitive impairment (CI) represents a significant global challenge in health and social care. Evidence suggests that aging and metabolic disorders increase the risk of CI, yet promisingly, physical exercise has been identified as a potential ameliorative factor. Specifically, there is a growing understanding that exercise-induced cognitive improvement may be mediated by molecules known as exerkines. This review delves into the potential impact of aging and metabolic disorders on CI, elucidating the mechanisms through which various exerkines may bolster cognitive function in this context. Additionally, the discussion extends to the role of exerkines in facilitating stem cell mobilization, offering a potential avenue for improving cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saheli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mandana Moshrefi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran;
| | - Masoumeh Baghalishahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Amirhossein Mohkami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran;
| | - Yaser Firouzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman 7616913439, Iran;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
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Xing Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Luo L, Hua Y, Hu J, Bai Y. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain After Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms from Animal Models. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1487-1497. [PMID: 35917043 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide. Post-stroke dysfunction is related to the death of neurons and impairment of synaptic structure, which results from cerebral ischemic damage. Currently, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques are available to provide clinically effective interventions and quantitative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The development of TMS has been 40 years and a range of repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols are now available to regulate neuronal plasticity in many neurological disorders, such as stroke, Parkinson disease, psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer disease, and so on. Basic studies in an animal model with ischemic stroke are significant for demonstrating potential mechanisms of neural restoration induced by rTMS. In this review, the mechanisms were summarized, involving synaptic plasticity, neural cell death, neurogenesis, immune response, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in vitro and vivo experiments with ischemic stroke models. Those findings can contribute to the understanding of how rTMS modulated function recovery and the exploration of novel therapeutic targets. The mechanisms of rTMS in treating ischemic stroke from animal models. rTMS can prompt synaptic plasticity by increasing NMDAR, AMPAR and BDNF expression; rTMS can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and facilitate the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 by shifting astrocytic phenotypes from A1 to A2, and shifting microglial phenotypes from M1 to M2; rTMS facilitated the release of angiogenesis-related factors TGFβ and VEGF in A2 astrocytes, which can contribute to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis; rTMS can suppress apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 expression and inhibiting Bax, caspase-3 expression; rTMS can also suppress pyroptosis by decreasing caspase-1, IL-1β, ASC, GSDMD and NLRP1 expression. rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors; AMPAR: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; GSDMD: cleaved Caspase-1 cleaves Gasdermin D; CBF: cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Congqin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for multiple neurological conditions in rodent animal models: A systematic review. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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