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Yang XD, Yang YY. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2555-2570. [PMID: 38952487 PMCID: PMC11215664 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s470826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this review was to provide all the pharmacokinetic data for semaglutide in humans concerning its pharmacokinetics after subcutaneously and oral applications in healthy and diseased populations, to provide recommendations for clinical use. Methodology The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to screen studies associated with the pharmacokinetics of semaglutide. The pharmacokinetic parameters included area under the curve plasma concentrations (AUC), maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax, half-life (t1/2), and clearance. The systematic literature search retrieved 17 articles including data on pharmacokinetic profiles after subcutaneously and oral applications of semaglutide, and at least one of the above pharmacokinetic parameter was reported in all included studies. Results Semaglutide has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile with a long t1/2 that allows for once-weekly subcutaneous administration. The AUC and Cmax of both oral and subcutaneous semaglutide increased with dose. Food and various dosing conditions including water volume and dosing schedules can affect the oral semaglutide exposure. There are limited drug-drug interactions and no dosing adjustments in patients with upper gastrointestinal disease, renal impairment or hepatic impairment. Body weight may affect semaglutide exposure, but further studies are needed to confirm this. Conclusion This review encompasses all the pharmacokinetic data for subcutaneous and oral semaglutide in both healthy and diseased participants. The existing pharmacokinetic data can assist in developing and evaluating pharmacokinetic models of semaglutide and will help clinicians predict semaglutide dosages. In addition, it can also help optimize future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ding Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Coughlan C, Lindenberger J, Jacot JG, Johnson NR, Anton P, Bevers S, Welty R, Graner MW, Potter H. Specific Binding of Alzheimer's Aβ Peptides to Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3703. [PMID: 38612514 PMCID: PMC11011551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fifth leading cause of death among adults aged 65 and older, yet the onset and progression of the disease is poorly understood. What is known is that the presence of amyloid, particularly polymerized Aβ42, defines when people are on the AD continuum. Interestingly, as AD progresses, less Aβ42 is detectable in the plasma, a phenomenon thought to result from Aβ becoming more aggregated in the brain and less Aβ42 and Aβ40 being transported from the brain to the plasma via the CSF. We propose that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in this transport. EVs are found in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid and carry diverse "cargos" of bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites) that dynamically reflect changes in the cells from which they are secreted. While Aβ42 and Aβ40 have been reported to be present in EVs, it is not known whether this interaction is specific for these peptides and thus whether amyloid-carrying EVs play a role in AD and/or serve as brain-specific biomarkers of the AD process. To determine if there is a specific interaction between Aβ and EVs, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and discovered that Aβ42 and Aβ40 bind to EVs in a manner that is sequence specific, saturable, and endothermic. In addition, Aβ incubation with EVs overnight yielded larger amounts of bound Aβ peptide that was fibrillar in structure. These findings point to a specific amyloid-EV interaction, a potential role for EVs in the transport of amyloid from the brain to the blood, and a role for this amyloid pool in the AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Coughlan
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Jared Lindenberger
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, 2 Genome Ct., Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Paige Anton
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Shaun Bevers
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
| | - Robb Welty
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
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Zhong Y, Xia J, Liao L, Momeni MR. Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in diabetic retinopathy: A narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128182. [PMID: 37977468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a devastating complication of diabetes, having extensive and resilient effects on those who suffer from it. As yet, the underlying cell mechanisms of this microvascular disorder are largely unclear. Recently, growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms can be responsible for gene deregulation leading to the alteration of key processes in the development and progression of DR, in addition to the widely recognized pathological mechanisms. It is noteworthy that seemingly unending epigenetic modifications, caused by a prolonged period of hyperglycemia, may be a prominent factor that leads to metabolic memory, and brings epigenetic entities such as non-coding RNA into the equation. Consequently, further investigation is necessary to truly understand this mechanism. Exosomes are responsible for carrying signals from cells close to the vasculature that are participating in abnormal signal transduction to faraway organs and cells by sailing through the bloodstream. These signs indicate metabolic disorders. With the aid of their encased structure, they can store diverse signaling molecules, which then can be dispersed into the blood, urine, and tears. Herein, we summarized various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are related to DR pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the role of exosomal ncRNAs in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhong
- Endocrinology Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Endocrinology Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 3, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mohammad Reza Momeni
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Koprivec S, Majdič G. Extracellular Vesicles in Domestic Animals: Cellular Communication in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1450:39-57. [PMID: 37421538 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic and healthy cells of domestic animals release membrane-enclosed particles from their plasma membrane. These special structures, called extracellular vesicles, play an important role in intercellular communication. In the past, it was believed that their function was mainly to dispose unwanted cell contents and to help maintain cell homeostasis. However, we now know that they have important roles in health and disease and have diagnostic value as well as great potential for therapy in veterinary medicine. Extracellular vesicles facilitate cellular exchanges by delivering functional cargo molecules to nearby or distant tissues. They are produced by various cell types and are found in all body fluids. Their cargo reflects the state of the releasing parent cell, and despite their small size, this cargo is extraordinarily complex. Numerous different types of molecules contained in vesicles make them an extremely promising tool in the field of regenerative veterinary medicine. To further increase research interest and discover their full potential, some of the basic biological mechanisms behind their function need to be better understood. Only then will we be able to maximize the clinical relevance for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Koprivec
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Zhang H, Yang S, Zhu W, Niu T, Wang J, Yang M, Liu E, Wang J, Li S, Zhang H. Exosomal miR-let-7c-5p is involved in the cognitive function of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients by interleukin 10: A cross-sectional study. J Diabetes 2023; 15:978-986. [PMID: 37532673 PMCID: PMC10667643 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-10 plays a notable role in the inflammatory-associated mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aimed to investigate whether IL-10 and its upstream factors exert an impact on MCI in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS A total of 117 T2DM patients were recruited and divided into Control group and MCI group based on the presence or absence of MCI. Clinical parameters were collected. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was conducted for global cognitive function. Digit Span Test (DST), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), and Trail Making Test-B (TMTB) were used to evaluate the executive functions of the diabetic patients. Trail Making Test-A (TMTA) was performed to examine the information processing speed function. Patients' scene memory was examined by Logical Memory Test (LMT). After the baseline data were compared, correlation and regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship among IL-10, miR-let-7c-5p and cognitive function. RESULTS Compared to 80 patients in the control group, 37 patients in the MCI group exhibited lower IL-10 in plasma and higher miR-let-7c-5p levels in exosomes from plasma. The IL-10 level was negatively associated with MoCA. Likewise, miR-let-7c-5p levels were negatively correlated with IL-10 levels and MoCA. Elevated miR-let-7c-5p levels and decreased IL-10 levels are risk factors for MCI in T2DM patients. Increased miR-let-7c-5p and downregulated IL-10 may influence VFT and TMTB, respectively, associated with executive function. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that IL-10 is correlated to the executive function of T2DM patients. Decreased IL-10 may result from the regulation of miR-let-7c-5p in exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangChina
| | - Shufang Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyTaizhou People's HospitalTaizhouChina
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tong Niu
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyTaizhou People's HospitalTaizhouChina
- Medical SchoolDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Department of EndocrinologyTaizhou People's HospitalTaizhouChina
- Medical SchoolDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Enlin Liu
- Department of EndocrinologyTaizhou People's HospitalTaizhouChina
- Medical SchoolNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jumei Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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Guda PR, Sharma A, Anthony AJ, ElMasry MS, Couse AD, Ghatak PD, Das A, Timsina L, Trinidad JC, Roy S, Clemmer DE, Sen CK, Ghatak S. Nanoscopic and Functional Characterization of Keratinocyte-Originating Exosomes in the Wound Fluid of Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Chronic Wound Patients. NANO TODAY 2023; 52:101954. [PMID: 38282661 PMCID: PMC10810552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, play a critical role in paracrine signaling for successful cell-cell crosstalk in vivo. However, limitations in our current understanding of these circulating nanoparticles hinder efficient isolation, characterization, and downstream functional analysis of cell-specific exosomes. In this work, we sought to develop a method to isolate and characterize keratinocyte-originated exosomes (hExo κ ) from human chronic wound fluid. Furthermore, we studied the significance of hExo κ in diabetic wounds. LC-MS-MS detection of KRT14 in hExo κ and subsequent validation by Vesiclepedia and Exocarta databases identified surface KRT14 as a reliable marker of hExo κ . dSTORM nanoimaging identified KRT14+ extracellular vesicles (EV κ ) in human chronic wound fluid, 23% of which were of exosomal origin. An immunomagnetic two-step separation method using KRT14 and tetraspanin antibodies successfully isolated hExo κ from the heterogeneous pool of EV in chronic wound fluid of 15 non-diabetic and 22 diabetic patients. Isolated hExo κ (Ø75-150nm) were characterized per EV-track guidelines. dSTORM images, analyzed using online CODI followed by independent validation using Nanometrix, revealed hExo κ Ø as 80-145nm. The abundance of hExo κ was low in diabetic wound fluids and negatively correlated with patient HbA1c levels. The hExo κ isolated from diabetic wound fluid showed a low abundance of small bp RNA (<200 bp). Raman spectroscopy underscored differences in surface lipids between non-diabetic and diabetic hExo κ Uptake of hExo κ by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) was low for diabetics versus non-diabetics. Unlike hExo κ from non-diabetics, the addition of diabetic hExo κ to MDM polarized with LPS and INFγ resulted in sustained expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory chemokines known to recruit macrophage (mϕ) This work provides maiden insight into the structure, composition, and function of hExo κ from chronic wound fluid thus providing a foundation for the study of exosomal malfunction under conditions of diabetic complications such as wound chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornachander R. Guda
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anu Sharma
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adam J Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Mohamed S ElMasry
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew D Couse
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Piya Das Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amitava Das
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lava Timsina
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP, Aref AR, Zarrabi A, Mostafavi E. Exosomes as Promising Nanostructures in Diabetes Mellitus: From Insulin Sensitivity to Ameliorating Diabetic Complications. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1229-1253. [PMID: 35340823 PMCID: PMC8943613 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s350250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the chronic metabolic disorders that its incidence rate has shown an increase in developed and wealthy countries due to lifestyle and obesity. The treatment of DM has always been of interest, and significant effort has been made in this field. Exosomes belong to extracellular vesicles with nanosized features (30-150 nm) that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and preserving homeostasis. The function of exosomes is different based on their cargo, and they may contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The present review focuses on the application of exosomes in the treatment of DM; both glucose and lipid levels are significantly affected by exosomes, and these nanostructures enhance lipid metabolism and decrease its deposition. Furthermore, exosomes promote glucose metabolism and affect the level of glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters in DM. Type I DM results from the destruction of β cells in the pancreas, and exosomes can be employed to ameliorate apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in these cells. The exosomes have dual functions in mediating insulin resistance/sensitivity, and M1 macrophage-derived exosomes inhibit insulin secretion. The exosomes may contain miRNAs, and by transferring among cells, they can regulate various molecular pathways such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt, and β-catenin to affect DM progression. Noteworthy, exosomes are present in different body fluids such as blood circulation, and they can be employed as biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetic patients. Future studies should focus on engineering exosomes derived from sources such as mesenchymal stem cells to treat DM as a novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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