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Takahashi S. Current Understandings of Myeloid Differentiation Inducers in Leukemia Therapy. Acta Haematol 2020; 144:380-388. [PMID: 33221808 DOI: 10.1159/000510980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy using all-trans retinoic acid for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is well established. Several attempts have been made to treat non-APL, AML patients by employing differentiation inducers, such as hypomethylating agents (HMAs), and low-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) (LDAC), with encouraging results. Other than HMAs and LDAC, various inducers of myeloid cell differentiation have been identified. This review describes and categorizes these inducers, which include glycosylation modifiers, epigenetic modifiers, vitamin derivatives, cytokines, and chemotherapeutic agents. Some of these inducers are currently being used in clinical trials. I highlight the potential applications of glycosylation modifiers and epigenetic modifiers, which are attracting increasing attention in their use as differentiation therapy against AML. Among the agents described in this review, epigenomic modifiers seem particularly promising, and particular attention should also be paid to glycosylation modifiers. These drugs may signal a new era for AML differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan,
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2
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Hartmann L, Metzeler KH. Clonal hematopoiesis and preleukemia-Genetics, biology, and clinical implications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:828-838. [PMID: 30939217 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid neoplasms including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originate from hematopoietic stem cells through sequential acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that ultimately cause the disease-specific phenotype of impaired differentiation and increased proliferation. It has become clear that preleukemic clonal hematopoiesis (CH), characterized by an expansion of stem and progenitor cells that carry somatic mutations but are still capable of normal differentiation, can precede the development of clinically overt myeloid neoplasia by many years. CH commonly develops in the aging hematopoietic system, yet progression to myelodysplasia or AML is rare. The discovery that myeloid neoplasms frequently develop from premalignant precursor conditions that are detectable in many healthy individuals has important consequences for the diagnosis, and potentially for the treatment of these disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CH as a precursor of myeloid cancers and the implications of CH-related gene mutations in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected myelodysplastic syndrome. We will discuss the risk of progression associated with CH in healthy persons and in patients undergoing chemotherapy for a non-hematologic cancer, and the significance of CH in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Finally, we will review the significance of preleukemic clones in AML and their persistence in patients who achieve a remission after chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus H Metzeler
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine III, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Smeets E, Lynch AG, Prekovic S, Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Helsen C, Joniau S, Claessens F, Massie CE. The role of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:41-55. [PMID: 28870782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are recently characterized dioxygenases that regulate demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further derivatives. The recent finding that 5hmC is also a stable and independent epigenetic modification indicates that these proteins play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as neural and tumor development. Both the genomic distribution of (hydroxy)methylation and the expression and activity of TET proteins are dysregulated in a wide range of cancers including prostate cancer. Up to now it is still unknown how changes in TET and 5(h)mC profiles are related to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this review, we explore recent advances in the current understanding of how TET expression and function are regulated in development and cancer. Furthermore, we look at the impact on 5hmC in prostate cancer and the potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we tried to summarize the latest techniques for detecting and quantifying global and locus-specific 5hmC levels of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smeets
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - A G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Prekovic
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Moris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Yuan X, Wang X, Bi K, Jiang G. The role of EVI-1 in normal hematopoiesis and myeloid malignancies (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2028-36. [PMID: 26496831 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotropic virus integration site-1 (EVI-1) gene, locus on chromosome 3 (3q26.2) in the human genome, was first found in the AKXD strain of mice, in a model of retrovirus-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) established twenty years ago. Since then, EVI-1 was regarded as one of the most invasive proto-oncogenes in human leukemia. EVI-1 can encode a unique zinc-finger protein of 145 kDa that can bind with DNA, and its overexpression was closely related to human hemopoietic diseases. Furthermore, accumulating research indicates that EVI-1 is involved in the differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation of leukemia cells. The present review focuses on the biochemical properties of EVI-1 which plays a role in myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xidi Wang
- Laboratory Department, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu City, Zhangqiu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Kehong Bi
- Department of Hematology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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5
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Yang L, Yu SJ, Hong Q, Yang Y, Shao ZM. Reduced Expression of TET1, TET2, TET3 and TDG mRNAs Are Associated with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Early Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207381 PMCID: PMC4514471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic role of ten eleven translocation (TET) family proteins and DNA glycosylase (TDG) in patients with early breast cancer (EBC). Methods Expression of mRNAs encoding TET1–3 and TDG in 162 breast cancer tissues was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The general characteristics of patients and clinicopathologic factors were collected. Estimation of patient survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and independent prognostic indicators were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Results The level of TET1 mRNA was significantly related to overall survival (OS) (P = 0.022). Multivariate analysis shows that the TNM stage was an independent predictor of disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.761, 95% CI: 1.124–2.761, P = 0.014) and OS (HR = 2.135, 95% CI: 1.070–4.263, P = 0.032). Further, in patients with EBC who were treated with anthracyclines, Kaplan–Meier analysis indicates that the levels of TET3 and TDG mRNAs were related to DFS (P = 0.026 and 0.030, respectively), and multivariate analysis reveals that high levels of TET3 (HR = 1.944, 95% CI: 1.029–3.672, P = 0.040) and TDG (HR = 2.178, 95% CI: 1.140–4.163, P = 0.018) mRNAs were independent indicators of favorable DFS. Conclusions Our study indicates that EBC patients with decreased expression of TET1 mRNA had worse OS and that the levels of TET3 and TDG mRNAs were independent prognostic factors for patients who received anthracycline chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, China
| | - San-Jian Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, China
| | - Qi Hong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of basic medical sciences, Chengdu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Du Y, Lu F, Li P, Ye J, Ji M, Ma D, Ji C. SMG1 acts as a novel potential tumor suppressor with epigenetic inactivation in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17065-76. [PMID: 25257528 PMCID: PMC4200422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor with morphogenetic effect on genitalia family member (SMG1) belongs to a family of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinases and is the main kinase involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Recently, SMG1 was suggested as a novel potential tumor suppressor gene, particularly in hypoxic tumors. To investigate the function of SMG1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and found that SMG1 was hypermethylated in the promoter region. SMG1 hypermethylation was found in 66% (33/50) of AML samples compared with none (0/14) of the normal controls. SMG1 mRNA was down-regulated in AML patients with hypermethylation status whereas it was readily expressed in patients without methylation. Moreover, treatment of AML cells with demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) inhibited AML cell growth and induced apoptosis by reversing SMG1 methylation status and restoring SMG1 expression. On the other hand, knockdown of SMG1 by RNA interference inhibited apoptosis. We also found that mTOR expression level was negatively correlated to SMG1 expression in AML patients which indicated that SMG1 and mTOR maybe act antagonistically to regulate AML cell growth. In conclusion, our results indicate that SMG1 acts as a potential tumor suppressor with epigenetic regulation in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Decitabine
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Du
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Min Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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