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Kałuzińska Ż, Kołat D, Kośla K, Orzechowska M, Bednarek AK, Płuciennik E. In vitro and in silico assessment of the effect of WWOX expression on invasiveness pathways associated with AP-2 transcription factors in bladder cancer. BMC Urol 2021; 21:36. [PMID: 33691672 PMCID: PMC7944886 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WW Domain Containing Oxidoreductase (WWOX) belongs to the unusual tumor suppressors, whose molecular function is not fully understood in bladder cancer, especially regarding interaction with Activator Protein 2 (AP-2) α/γ transcription factors. Thus, using lentiviral systems we created an in vitro model overexpressing or downregulating WWOX in CAL-29 cell line to assess invasiveness pathways. Surprisingly, while WWOX overexpression was accompanied with increased expression of both AP-2 factors, its downregulation only affected AP-2α level but not AP-2γ which remained high. METHODS Using cellular models and unpaired t-test or Wilcoxon test, we investigated significant changes in biological processes: clonogenicity, extracellular matrix adhesion, metalloproteinases activity, 3D culture growth, proliferation, mitochondrial redox potential and invasiveness. Relative gene expression acquired through Real-Time qPCR has been analyzed by Welch's t-test. Additionally, using oncoprint analysis we distinguished groups for bioinformatics analyzes in order to perform a follow-up of in vitro experiments. RESULTS Downregulation of WWOX in bladder cancer cell line intensified ability of single cell to grow into colony, mitochondrial redox potential and proliferation rate. Moreover, these cells shown elevated pro-MMP-2/9 activity but reduced adhesion to collagen I or laminin I, as well as distinct 3D culture growth. Through global in silico profiling we determined that WWOX alters disease-free survival of bladder cancer patients and modulates vital processes through AP-2 downstream effectors. CONCLUSIONS Our research indicates that WWOX possesses tumor suppressor properties in bladder cancer but consecutive examination is required to entirely understand the contribution of AP-2γ or AP-2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Kałuzińska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Damian Kołat
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Orzechowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
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Shen Y, Gao L, Jiang S, Liu J, Cheng W, Shou H. Expression of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase and its clinical implication in endometrial adenocarcinoma patients with metabolic syndrome. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 18:70-75. [PMID: 33629514 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Metabolic syndrome (MS) is tightly associated with the oncogenesis and prognosis of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we studied the relation between the expression status of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and the clinicopathological features of endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients with MS. METHODS Fifty-seven samples of endometrial adenocarcinoma were chosen for detection of expression level of WWOX. Overall survival (OS) time of these patients was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Survival analysis of patients with different WWOX expression levels from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was also performed. RESULTS The WWOX expression is significantly higher in MS group than that in non-MS group (36.4% vs 65.7%, P = .03). WWOX was closely related to MS (P = .03) and muscle invasion of tumor cells (P = .04), but age, tumor grade, status of lymphatic metastasis, and FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage were not significantly different between the two WWOX expression status. Univariate analysis revealed that lymphatic metastasis (P = .023) and lower stage (P = .006) are significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio = 0.197; 95% CI, 0.043-0.896). Downregulation of WWOX was statistically associated with OS in patients from TCGA database (P = .04). CONCLUSION WWOX may play an important role in the progression of endometrial cancer with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiye Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Shou
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Shortly after its discovery in 2000, WWOX was hailed as a tumor suppressor gene. In subsequent years of research, this function was confirmed indisputably. Majority of tumors show high rate of loss of heterozygosity and decreased expression of WWOX. Nevertheless, over the years, the range of its known functions, at the cellular, organ and system levels, has expanded to include metabolism and endocrine system control and CNS differentiation and functioning. Despite of its function as a tumor suppressor gene, WWOX genetic alternations were found in a number of metabolic and neural diseases. A lack of WWOX protein as a consequence of germline mutations results in brain development disturbances and malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland
| | - Ż Kałuzińska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland
| | - A K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90-752, Poland
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Płuciennik E, Nowakowska M, Gałdyszyńska M, Popęda M, Bednarek AK. The influence of the WWOX gene on the regulation of biological processes during endometrial carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:807-15. [PMID: 26820701 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of WW domain containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) downregulation in biological cancer-related processes in normal (non-malignant) and cancer endometrial cell lines. We created an in vitro model using the normal endometrial cell line, THESC, and 2 endometrial cancer cell lines with varying degrees of differentiation, the Ishikawa (well-differentiated) and the MFE296 (moderately differentiated) cells, in which the WWOX tumor suppressor gene was silenced using Gipz lentiviral shRNA. In this model, we examined the changes in invasiveness via biological assays, such as zymography, migration through a basement membrane, the adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins, anchorage-independent growth and colony formation assay. We also evaluated the correlation between the mRNA expression of the WWOX gene and genes involved in the processes of carcinogenesis, namely catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) (gene transcription), cadherin 1 (CDH1) and ezrin (EZR) (cell adhesion), vimentin (VIM) (structural proteins), as well as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (tumor suppression) and secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin) (SPARC) (SPARC) (cell growth regulation) by RT-qPCR. Downregulation of the WWOX gene in the moderately differentiated MFE296 cell line caused decreased migratory capacity, and a reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. However, these cells grew in semisolid medium and exhibited higher expression of CDH1 and EZR (cell adhesion) and secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin) (SPARC) (cell growth regulation). Moreover, in the well-differentiated endometrial cancer (Ishikawa) cell line, WWOX gene silencing resulted in an increased ability of the cells to proliferate indefinitely. Additionally, WWOX regulated changes in adhesion potential in both the normal and cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that the WWOX tumor suppressor gene modulated the processes of cell motility, cell adhesion, gene expression and remodeling in endometrial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - M Nowakowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - M Gałdyszyńska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - M Popęda
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - A K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Płuciennik E, Nowakowska M, Pospiech K, Stępień A, Wołkowicz M, Gałdyszyńska M, Popęda M, Wójcik-Krowiranda K, Bieńkiewicz A, Bednarek AK. The role of WWOX tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of EMT process via regulation of CDH1-ZEB1-VIM expression in endometrial cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2639-48. [PMID: 25892250 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study defines the role of WWOX in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. A group of 164 endometrial adenocarcinoma patients was studied as well as an ECC1 well-differentiated steroid-responsive endometrial cell line, which was transducted with WWOX cDNA by a retroviral system. The relationship between WWOX gene and EMT marker (CDH1, VIM, ZEB1, SNAI1) expression on mRNA (RT-qPCR) and protein levels (western blotting) was evaluated. The EMT processes were also analysed in vitro by adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins, migration through a basement membrane, anchorage-independent growth and MMP activity assay. DNA microarrays (HumanOneArray™) were used to determine WWOX-dependent pathways in an ECC1 cell line. A positive correlation was observed between WWOX and ZEB1, and a negative correlation between CDH1 and VIM. WWOX expression was found to inversely correlate with the risk of recurrence of tumors in patients. However, in the WWOX-expressing ECC1 cell line, WWOX expression was found to be inversely related with VIM and positively with CDH1. The ECC1/WWOX cell line variant demonstrated increased migratory capacity, with increased expression of metalloproteinases MMP2/MMP9. However, these cells were not able to form colonies in suspension and revealed decreased adhesion to fibronectin and fibrinogen. Microarray analysis demonstrated that WWOX has an impact on the variety of cellular pathways including the cadherin and integrin signalling pathways. Our results suggest that the WWOX gene plays a role in the regulation of EMT processes in endometrial cancer by controlling the expression of proteins associated with cell motility, thus influencing tissue remodeling, with the suppression of mesenchymal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nowakowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Pospiech
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Stępień
- Laboratory of Clinical and Transplant Immunology and Genetics, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wołkowicz
- Bio-Tech Consulting Sp. z o.o, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gałdyszyńska
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Popęda
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Bieńkiewicz
- Clinical Division of Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, PL 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Zhang H, Kong L, Cui Z, Du W, He Y, Yang Z, Wang L, Chen X. The WWOX gene inhibits the growth of U266 multiple myeloma cells by triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:804-9. [PMID: 24968878 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene in multiple types of solid human cancers has been documented extensively. However, the functional role of WWOX in human multiple myeloma has not yet been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous WWOX expression on the biological properties of U266 multiple myeloma cells, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms involved. In vitro experiments revealed that exogenous WWOX cDNA transfection resulted in marked growth arrest and the induction of apoptosis in the U266 multiple myeloma cells, accompanied by the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Our data provide evidence that WWOX also plays a role as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple myeloma, possibly by suppressing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis by triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Lingying Kong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaolei Cui
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Yihui He
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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