1
|
El-Gendi H, Saleh AK, Badierah R, Redwan EM, El-Maradny YA, El-Fakharany EM. A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind's Challenges. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 35049963 PMCID: PMC8778853 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Universities and Research Institutes Zone, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed K. Saleh
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Medical Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Yousra A. El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Esmail M. El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian F, Li C, Li Y. Genomic Analysis of Sarcomyxa edulis Reveals the Basis of Its Medicinal Properties and Evolutionary Relationships. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652324. [PMID: 34276589 PMCID: PMC8281127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yuanmo [Sarcomyxa edulis (Y.C. Dai, Niemelä & G.F. Qin) T. Saito, Tonouchi & T. Harada] is an important edible and medicinal mushroom endemic to Northeastern China. Here we report the de novo sequencing and assembly of the S. edulis genome using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. The whole genome was approximately 35.65 Mb, with a G + C content of 48.31%. Genome assembly generated 41 contigs with an N50 length of 1,772,559 bp. The genome comprised 9,364 annotated protein-coding genes, many of which encoded enzymes involved in the modification, biosynthesis, and degradation of glycoconjugates and carbohydrates or enzymes predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpene, type I polyketide, siderophore, and fatty acids, which are responsible for the pharmacodynamic activities of S. edulis. We also identified genes encoding 1,3-β-glucan synthase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, which are involved in polysaccharide and uridine diphosphate glucose biosynthesis. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses of Basidiomycota fungi based on a single-copy orthologous protein indicated that the Sarcomyxa genus is an independent group that evolved from the Pleurotaceae family. The annotated whole-genome sequence of S. edulis can serve as a reference for investigations of bioactive compounds with medicinal value and the development and commercial production of superior S. edulis varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Changtian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gao W, Zhou R, Liu F, Ng TB. A novel antitumor protein from the mushroom Pholiota nameko induces apoptosis of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells in vivo and modulates cytokine secretion in mice bearing MCF-7 xenografts. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3171-3178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Rezvani V, Pourianfar HR, Mohammadnejad S, Madjid Ansari A, Farahmand L. Anticancer potentiality and mode of action of low-carbohydrate proteins and peptides from mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6855-6871. [PMID: 32556413 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe side effects of chemotherapy as well as drug resistance highlight the ongoing need to discover novel natural bioactive compounds with anticancer potentiality. Mushroom-derived proteins are among the naturally occurring compounds that have been the subject of a body of research on their potentiality in cancer therapy. The greatest attention in relevant review articles has been paid to well-known mushroom-derived glycoproteins such as lectins and protein-bound polysaccharide complexes such as polysaccharide-K (PSK) or krestin and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which contain substantial amounts of carbohydrates (50-90%). These complex compounds exert their anticancer activity mainly by binding to cell membranes leading to extrinsic (death receptor) apoptosis or intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways. However, several other research studies have reported pure, well-characterized, proteins or peptides from mushrooms, which are carbohydrate-free or have very low amounts of carbohydrate. These proteins may fall into four categories including fungal immunomodulatory proteins, ubiquitin-like proteins, enzymes, and unclassified proteins. Well-defined chemical structure, elucidated full amino acid or N-terminal sequences, purity, and having some distinct and specific pathways compared to glycoproteins have made these low-carbohydrate proteins attractive for cancer research. The aim of this review was therefore to improve the current understanding of mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins and to consolidate the existing knowledge of the most promising mushroom species from which low-carbohydrate proteins have been derived, characterized, and examined for their anticancer activity. In addition, molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these proteins have been discussed. Key points • Mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins lack or have low carbohydrate. • Low-carbohydrate proteins show potent anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. • There are specific pathways for low-carbohydrate proteins to inhibit cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vala Rezvani
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Pourianfar
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Safoora Mohammadnejad
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Habtemariam S. The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of the Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata ( Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer (Synn. Phallus indusiatus). Biomedicines 2019; 7:E98. [PMID: 31842442 PMCID: PMC6966625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex. Pers.) Fischer or Phallus indusiatus is an edible member of the higher mushroom phylum of Basidiomycetes. Known for its morphological elegance that gave it the names bridal veil fungus, veiled lady or queen of the mushrooms, it has numerous medicinal values that are beginning to be acknowledged through pharmacological efficacy studies. In an attempt to promote research on this valuable natural resource, the present communication aims to provide a comprehensive review of the chemistry, pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of extracts and compounds isolated from D. indusiata. Of the bioactive compounds, the chemistry of the polysaccharides as major bioactive components primarily the β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan with side branches of β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl units are discussed, while small molecular weight compounds include terpenoids and alkaloids. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of action from general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory to more specific signaling mechanisms are outlined along with potential applications in cancer and immunotherapy, neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory diseases, etc. Further research areas and limitations of the current scientific data are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou R, Liu ZK, Zhang YN, Wong JH, Ng TB, Liu F. Research Progress of Bioactive Proteins from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:196-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine in Asia.
Apart from polysaccharides and some small-molecule components, such as flavones, polyphenols and
terpenes, mushrooms produce a large number of pharmaceutically active proteins, which have become
popular sources of natural antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoenhancing agents. These bioactive proteins
include lectins, laccases, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), nucleases, and Fungal Immunomodulatory
Proteins (FIPs). The review is to summarize the characterstics of structure and bioactivities involved
in antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and immunoenhancing activities of proteins from
edible mushrooms, to better understand their mechanisms, and to direct research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Zhao Kun Liu
- Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A critical review on the health promoting effects of mushrooms nutraceuticals. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Lp16-PSP, a Member of YjgF/YER057c/UK114 Protein Family Induces Apoptosis and p21WAF1/CIP1 Mediated G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) HL-60 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMCID: PMC5713375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lp16-PSP (Latcripin 16-Perchloric acid Soluble Protein) from Lentinula edodes strain C91-3 has been reported previously in our laboratory to have selective cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cell lines. Herein, we have used several parameters in order to characterize the Lp16-PSP-induced cell death using human acute promyeloid leukemia (HL-60) as a model cancer. The results of phase contrast microscopy, nuclear examination, DNA fragmentation detection and flow cytometry revealed that high doses of Lp16-PSP resulted in the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The colorimetric assay showed the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 cascade highlighting the involvement of Fas/FasL-related pathway. Whereas, Western blot revealed the cleavage of caspase-3, increased expression of Bax, the release of cytochrome c and decreased expression of Bcl-2 in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the intrinsic pathway might be involved in Lp16-PSP-induced apoptosis as well. Low doses of Lp16-PSP resulted in the anchorage-independent growth inhibition, induction of G1 phase arrest, accompanied by the increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, along with the decreased expression of cyclin D, E, and cdk6. In addition, Lp16-PSP resulted in constitutive translocation inhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) into the nucleus by decreasing the phosphorylation of IκBα. All these findings suggested Lp16-PSP as a potential agent against acute promyeloid leukemia; however, further investigations are ultimately needed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shruti G, Sukhdev S, Singh KS. Purification and characterization of an extracellular ribonuclease from a Bacillus sp. RNS3 (KX966412). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:440-446. [PMID: 28108407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) catalyze the degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) into smaller nucleotides. RNases display angiogenic, neurotoxic, antitumor and immunosuppressive properties. In the present study, an extracellular RNase was successfully purified to homogeneity from a Bacillus sp. RNS3 (KX966412) by salting out at 0-50% ammonium sulphate saturation followed by the gel permeation (Sephadex G-100) chromatography. The multistep purification resulted in 10.4 fold purification of RNase with a yield of 3.12%. The activity of the purified RNase was found to be 2.02U/mg protein. The purified RNase was monomeric with a molecular weight of 66kDa. It exhibited Michalis-Menten kinetics parameters Kcat 7.92min-1 and Km 0.12mg/mL. The antiproliferative activity of the purified RNase was tested against an established Hep-2C (HeLa derived) cancer cell line in vitro. The purified RNase reduced the viability of the Hep-2C cells significantly with an IC50 value of 3.53μg/mL. The haemolytic activity of purified RNase was also evaluated and unfortunately, it showed a strong haemolytic activity towards human RBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gupta Shruti
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Singh Sukhdev
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Kanwar Shamsher Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Chan YS, Dan X, Pan W, Wang H, Guan S, Chan K, Ye X, Liu F, Xia L, Chan WY. Fungal proteinaceous compounds with multiple biological activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6601-6617. [PMID: 27338574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi comprise organisms like molds, yeasts and mushrooms. They have been used as food or medicine for a long time. A large number of fungal proteins or peptides with diverse biological activities are considered as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer agents. They encompass proteases, ribosome inactivating proteins, defensins, hemolysins, lectins, laccases, ribonucleases, immunomodulatory proteins, and polysaccharopeptides. The target of the present review is to update the status of the various bioactivities of these fungal proteins and peptides and discuss their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ki Chan
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Isolation of a Ribonuclease with Antiproliferative and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activities from Japanese Large Brown Buckwheat Seeds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2456-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|