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Castro-Torres RD, Olloquequi J, Parcerisas A, Ureña J, Ettcheto M, Beas-Zarate C, Camins A, Verdaguer E, Auladell C. JNK signaling and its impact on neural cell maturation and differentiation. Life Sci 2024; 350:122750. [PMID: 38801982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
C-Jun-N-terminal-kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase family, are significantly linked with neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies and cancer progression. However, JNKs serve key roles under physiological conditions, particularly within the central-nervous-system (CNS), where they are critical in governing neural proliferation and differentiation during both embryogenesis and adult stages. These processes control the development of CNS, avoiding neurodevelopment disorders. JNK are key to maintain the proper activity of neural-stem-cells (NSC) and neural-progenitors (NPC) that exist in adults, which keep the convenient brain plasticity and homeostasis. This review underscores how the interaction of JNK with upstream and downstream molecules acts as a regulatory mechanism to manage the self-renewal capacity and differentiation of NSC/NPC during CNS development and in adult neurogenic niches. Evidence suggests that JNK is reliant on non-canonical Wnt components, Fbw7-ubiquitin-ligase, and WDR62-scaffold-protein, regulating substrates such as transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, understanding which pathways and molecules interact with JNK will bring knowledge on how JNK activation orchestrates neuronal processes that occur in CNS development and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. 5 Poniente 1670, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institute of Research and Innovation of Life Sciences and Health, Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic. Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ureña
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carme Auladell
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Qu X, Hou X, Zhu K, Chen W, Chen K, Sang X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wang J, Hou Q, Lv L, Hou L, Zhang D. Neutrophil extracellular traps facilitate sympathetic hyperactivity by polarizing microglia toward M1 phenotype after traumatic brain injury. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23112. [PMID: 37534961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300752r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly diffuse axonal injury (DAI), often results in sympathetic hyperactivity, which can exacerbate the prognosis of TBI patients. A key component of this process is the role of neutrophils in causing neuroinflammation after TBI by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but the connection between NETs and sympathetic excitation following TBI remains unclear. Utilizing a DAI rat model, the current investigation examined the role of NETs and the HMGB1/JNK/AP1 signaling pathway in this process. The findings revealed that sympathetic excitability intensifies and peaks 3 days post-injury, a pattern mirrored by the activation of microglia, and the escalated NETs and HMGB1 levels. Subsequent in vitro exploration validated that HMGB1 fosters microglial activation via the JNK/AP1 pathway. Moreover, in vivo experimentation revealed that the application of anti-HMGB1 and AP1 inhibitors can mitigate microglial M1 polarization post-DAI, effectively curtailing sympathetic hyperactivity. Therefore, this research elucidates that post-TBI, NETs within the PVN may precipitate sympathetic hyperactivity by stimulating M1 microglial polarization through the HMGB1/JNK/AP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianzheng Sang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yelei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibo Hou
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Liquan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Murray TE, Richards CM, Robert-Gostlin VN, Bernath AK, Lindhout IA, Klegeris A. Potential neurotoxic activity of diverse molecules released by astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:80-101. [PMID: 35988785 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main support cells of the central nervous system. They also participate in neuroimmune reactions. In response to pathological and immune stimuli, astrocytes transform to reactive states characterized by increased release of inflammatory mediators. Some of these molecules are neuroprotective and inflammation resolving while others, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 9, L-glutamate, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), are well-established toxins known to cause damage to surrounding cells and tissues. We hypothesized that similar to microglia, the brain immune cells, reactive astrocytes can release a broader set of diverse molecules that are potentially neurotoxic. A literature search was conducted to identify such molecules using the following two criteria: 1) evidence of their expression and secretion by astrocytes and 2) direct neurotoxic action. This review describes 14 structurally diverse molecules as less-established astrocyte neurotoxins, including C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10, CXCL12/CXCL12(5-67), FS-7-associated surface antigen ligand (FasL), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)- 2α, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF), pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), cathepsin (Cat)B, group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), high mobility group box (HMGB)1, ceramides, and lipocalin (LCN)2. For some of these molecules, further studies are required to establish either their direct neurotoxic effects or the full spectrum of stimuli that induce their release by astrocytes. Only limited studies with human-derived astrocytes and neurons are available for most of these potential neurotoxins, which is a knowledge gap that should be addressed in the future. We also summarize available evidence of the role these molecules play in select neuropathologies where reactive astrocytes are a key feature. A comprehensive understanding of the full spectrum of neurotoxins released by reactive astrocytes is key to understanding neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by the adverse activation of these cells and may guide the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Victoria N Robert-Gostlin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Anna K Bernath
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ivan A Lindhout
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Cámara-Quílez M, Barreiro-Alonso A, Rodríguez-Bemonte E, Quindós-Varela M, Cerdán ME, Lamas-Maceiras M. Differential Characteristics of HMGB2 Versus HMGB1 and their Perspectives in Ovary and Prostate Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3271-3289. [PMID: 30674244 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190123120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have summarized common and differential functions of HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins with reference to pathological processes, with a special focus on cancer. Currently, several "omic" approaches help us compare the relative expression of these 2 proteins in healthy and cancerous human specimens, as well as in a wide range of cancer-derived cell lines, or in fetal versus adult cells. Molecules that interfere with HMGB1 functions, though through different mechanisms, have been extensively tested as therapeutic agents in animal models in recent years, and their effects are summarized. The review concludes with a discussion on the perspectives of HMGB molecules as targets in prostate and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cámara-Quílez
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Aida Barreiro-Alonso
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Bemonte
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - María Quindós-Varela
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Carretera del Pasaje s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Esperanza Cerdán
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Mónica Lamas-Maceiras
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
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Semba T, Sammons R, Wang X, Xie X, Dalby KN, Ueno NT. JNK Signaling in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2613. [PMID: 32283767 PMCID: PMC7177258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C-JUN N-terminal kinases (JNKs), which belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are evolutionarily conserved kinases that mediate cell responses to various types of extracellular stress insults. They regulate physiological processes such as embryonic development and tissue regeneration, playing roles in cell proliferation and programmed cell death. JNK signaling is also involved in tumorigenesis and progression of several types of malignancies. Recent studies have shown that JNK signaling has crucial roles in regulating the traits of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here we describe the functions of the JNK signaling pathway in self-renewal and differentiation, which are essential features of various types of stem cells, such as embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult tissue-specific stem cells. We also review current knowledge of JNK signaling in CSCs and discuss its role in maintaining the CSC phenotype. A better understanding of JNK signaling as an essential regulator of stemness may provide a basis for the development of regenerative medicine and new therapeutic strategies against malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Semba
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.S.); (X.W.); (X.X.)
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Sammons
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.S.); (K.N.D.)
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.S.); (X.W.); (X.X.)
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.S.); (X.W.); (X.X.)
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.S.); (K.N.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Naoto T. Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.S.); (X.W.); (X.X.)
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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HMGB1 is a Potential Mediator of Astrocytic TLR4 Signaling Activation following Acute and Chronic Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2020; 2020:3929438. [PMID: 32148958 PMCID: PMC7053497 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3929438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited, and underutilized, therapeutic options for acute stroke require new approaches to treatment. One such potential approach involves better understanding of innate immune response to brain injury such as acute focal cerebral ischemia. This includes understanding the temporal profile, and specificity, of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in brain cell types, such as astrocytes, following focal cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated TLR4 signaling, and downstream mediators, in astrocytes, during acute and chronic phases post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also determined whether high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 ligand, was sufficient to induce TLR4 signaling activation in astrocytes in vivo and in vitro. We injected HMGB1 into normal cortex, in vivo, and stimulated cultured astrocytes with HMGB1, in vitro, and determined TLR4, and downstream mediator, expression by immunohistochemistry. We found that expression of TLR4, and downstream mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), occurs in penumbral astrocytes in acute and chronic phases after focal cerebral ischemia, but was undetectable in cortical astrocytes in the contralateral hemisphere. In addition, cortical injection of recombinant HMGB1 led to a trend towards an almost 2-fold increase in TLR4 expression in astrocytes surrounding the injection site. Consistent with these results, in vitro stimulation of the DI TNC1 astrocyte cell line, with recombinant HMGB1, led to increased TLR4 and iNOS message levels. These findings suggest that HMGB1, an endogenous TLR4 ligand, is an important physiological ligand for TLR4 signaling activation, in penumbral astrocytes, following acute and chronic ischemia and HMGB1 amplifies TLR4 signaling in astrocytes.
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Cheng X, Yeung PKK, Zhong K, Zilundu PLM, Zhou L, Chung SK. Astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression promotes neural progenitor cells proliferation and differentiation into astrocytes via the Jak2/Stat3 pathway after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:227. [PMID: 31733648 PMCID: PMC6858703 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is synthesized and upregulated in astrocytes under stroke. We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice over-expressing astrocytic ET-1 (GET-1) displayed more severe neurological deficits characterized by a larger infarct after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). ET-1 is a known vasoconstrictor, mitogenic, and a survival factor. However, it is unclear whether the observed severe brain damage in GET-1 mice post stroke is due to ET-1 dysregulation of neurogenesis by altering the stem cell niche. Methods Non-transgenic (Ntg) and GET-1 mice were subjected to tMCAO with 1 h occlusion followed by long-term reperfusion (from day 1 to day 28). Neurological function was assessed using a four-point scale method. Infarct area and volume were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetra-zolium chloride staining. Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and migration in subventricular zone (SVZ) were evaluated by immunofluorescence double labeling of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), Ki67 and Sox2, Nestin, and Doublecortin (DCX). NSC differentiation in SVZ was evaluated using the following immunofluorescence double immunostaining: BrdU and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), BrdU and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Phospho-Stat3 (p-Stat3) expression detected by Western-blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results GET-1 mice displayed a more severe neurological deficit and larger infarct area after tMCAO injury. There was a significant increase of BrdU-labeled progenitor cell proliferation, which co-expressed with GFAP, at SVZ in the ipsilateral side of the GET-1 brain at 28 days after tMCAO. p-Stat3 expression was increased in both Ntg and GET-1 mice in the ischemia brain at 7 days after tMCAO. p-Stat3 expression was significantly upregulated in the ipsilateral side in the GET-1 brain than that in the Ntg brain at 7 days after tMCAO. Furthermore, GET-1 mice treated with AG490 (a JAK2/Stat3 inhibitor) sh owed a significant reduction in neurological deficit along with reduced infarct area and dwarfed astrocytic differentiation in the ipsilateral brain after tMCAO. Conclusions The data indicate that astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression promotes progenitor stem cell proliferation and astr ocytic differentiation via the Jak2/Stat3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Chinese Emergency Key Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Patrick K K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Prince L M Zilundu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.
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Das S, Mishra KP, Chanda S, Ganju L, Singh SB. CXCR7: A key neuroprotective molecule against alarmin HMGB1 mediated CNS pathophysiology and subsequent memory impairment. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:319-337. [PMID: 31505255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an endogenous alarmin that drives the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including cognitive decline. Therefore, HMGB1 is thought to be a common biomarker as well as promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammation associated with neurocognitive disorders. Here, for the first time, we have unmasked the potential inhibitory effect of a novel receptor of HMGB1-CXCL12 complex; atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) on HMGB1 induced glial phenotype switching, neuroinflammation, and subsequent memory loss. Upregulation of CXCR7 inhibits HMGB1-CXCL12 complex induced peripheral immune cells infiltration to CNS by regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in HMGB1 induced dementia model of mice. Whereas, gene knockdown study by RNA interference (non-invasive intranasal delivery to animal model) shows CXCR7 ablation aggravates inflammatory responses in hippocampus region and immune cell infiltration to CNS tissue by breached BBB. This study also indicates the important role of CXCR7 molecule in maintaining CNS homeostasis by balancing M1/M2 microglia, A1/A2 astrocytes, long term potentiation/long term depression markers which ultimately ameliorates HMGB1 induced neurodegeneration, synaptic depression and memory loss (assessed by both radial arm maze and Morris water maze) in male mice model of dementia. Overall, the study summarizes several significant protective functions afforded by CXCR7 against HMGB1 induced disbalance in neuroimmunological axis, neurodegeneration and memory loss and thereby provides a new paradigm for strategic development of novel therapeutics against neurodegenerative diseases with dementia as a common symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - K P Mishra
- Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Sudipta Chanda
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S B Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
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Chen X, Zhang J, Kim B, Jaitpal S, Meng SS, Adjepong K, Imamura S, Wake H, Nishibori M, Stopa EG, Stonestreet BS. High-mobility group box-1 translocation and release after hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 311:1-14. [PMID: 30217406 PMCID: PMC6261802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to neonatal brain injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokines represent key inflammatory meditators in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. The high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nuclear protein with pro-inflammatory cytokine properties when it is translocated from the nucleus and released extracellularly after stroke in adult rodents. We have previously shown that HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to cytosolic compartment after ischemic brain injury in fetal sheep. In the current study, we utilized the Rice-Vannucci model to investigate the time course of HMGB1 translocation and release after HI injury in neonatal rats. HMGB1 was located in cellular nuclei of brains from sham control rats. Nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was detected in the ipsilateral-HI hemisphere as early as zero h after HI, and released extracellularly as early as 6 h after HI. Immunohistochemical double staining detected HMGB1 translocation mainly in neurons along with release from apoptotic cells after HI. Serum HMGB1 increased at 3 h and decreased by 24 h after HI. In addition, rat brains exposed to hypoxic injury alone also exhibited time dependent HMGB1 translocation at 3, 12 and 48 h after hypoxia. Consequently, HMGB1 responds similarly after HI injury in the brains of neonatal and adult subjects. We conclude that HMGB1 is sensitive early indicator of neonatal HI and hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kwame Adjepong
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sayumi Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Gomes C, Cunha C, Nascimento F, Ribeiro JA, Vaz AR, Brites D. Cortical Neurotoxic Astrocytes with Early ALS Pathology and miR-146a Deficit Replicate Gliosis Markers of Symptomatic SOD1G93A Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2137-2158. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sun L, Li M, Ma X, Feng H, Song J, Lv C, He Y. Inhibition of HMGB1 reduces rat spinal cord astrocytic swelling and AQP4 expression after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation via TLR4 and NF-κB signaling in an IL-6-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:231. [PMID: 29178911 PMCID: PMC5702193 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord astrocyte swelling is an important component to spinal cord edema and is associated with poor functional recovery as well as therapeutic resistance after spinal cord injury (SCI). High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a mediator of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system and plays a critical role after SCI. Given this, we sought to identify both the role and underlying mechanisms of HMGB1 in cellular swelling and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Methods The post-natal day 1–2 Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord astrocytes were cultured in vitro, and the OGD/R model was induced. We first investigated the effects of OGD/R on spinal cord astrocytic swelling and HMGB1 and AQP4 expression, as well as HMGB1 release. We then studied the effects of HMGB1 inhibition on cellular swelling, HMGB1 and AQP4 expression, and HMGB1 release. The roles of both toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in reducing cellular swelling resulting from HMGB1 inhibition in spinal cord astrocytes after OGD/R were studied. Intergroup data were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. Results The OGD/R increased spinal cord astrocytic swelling and HMGB1 and AQP4 expression, as well as HMGB1 release. Inhibition of HMGB1 using either HMGB1 shRNA or ethyl pyruvate resulted in reduced cellular volume, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling, and lysosome number and decreased upregulation of both HMGB1 and AQP4 in spinal cord astrocytes, as well as HMGB1 release. The HMGB1 effects on spinal cord astrocytic swelling and AQP4 upregulation after OGD/R were mediated—at least in part—via activation of TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), and NF-κB. These activation effects can be repressed by TLR4 inhibition using CLI-095 or C34, or by NF-κB inhibition using BAY 11-7082. Furthermore, either OGD/R or HMGB1 inhibition resulted in changes in IL-6 release. IL-6 was also shown to mediate AQP4 expression in spinal cord astrocytes. Conclusions HMGB1 upregulates AQP4 expression and promotes cell swelling in cultured spinal cord astrocytes after OGD/R, which is mediated through HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and in an IL-6-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Haoyu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Junlai Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Cong Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Yajun He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
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Wang H, Mei X, Cao Y, Liu C, Zhao Z, Guo Z, Bi Y, Shen Z, Yuan Y, Guo Y, Song C, Bai L, Wang Y, Yu D. HMGB1/Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) does not aggravate inflammation but promote endogenous neural stem cells differentiation in spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10332. [PMID: 28871209 PMCID: PMC5583351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling is involved in a series of cell functions after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our study aimed to elucidate the effects of RAGE signaling on the neuronal recovery after SCI. In vivo, rats were subjected to SCI with or without anti-RAGE antibodies micro-injected into the lesion epicenter. We detected Nestin/RAGE, SOX-2/RAGE and Nestin/MAP-2 after SCI by Western blot or immunofluorescence (IF). We found that neural stem cells (NSCs) co-expressed with RAGE were significantly activated after SCI, while stem cell markers Nestin and SOX-2 were reduced by RAGE blockade. We found that RAGE inhibition reduced nestin-positive NSCs expressing MAP-2, a mature neuron marker. RAGE blockade does not improve neurobehavior Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores; however, it damaged survival of ventral neurons via Nissl staining. Through in vitro study, we found that recombinant HMGB1 administration does not lead to increased cytokines of TNF-α and IL-1β, while anti-RAGE treatment reduced cytokines of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS via ELISA. Meanwhile, HMGB1 increased MAP-2 expression, which was blocked after anti-RAGE treatment. Hence, HMGB1/RAGE does not exacerbate neuronal inflammation but plays a role in promoting NSCs differentiating into mature neurons in the pathological process of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Zhanpeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yunlong Bi
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Jinzhou, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Cangwei Song
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Liangjie Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University, Shenyang City, PR China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Department of Orthopedic, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
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Ugrinova I, Pasheva E. HMGB1 Protein: A Therapeutic Target Inside and Outside the Cell. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:37-76. [PMID: 28215228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a nonhistone chromosomal protein discovered more than 30 years ago. It is an abundant nuclear protein that has a dual function-in the nucleus, it binds DNA and participates in practically all DNA-dependent processes serving as an architectural factor. Outside the cell, HMGB1 plays a different role-it acts as an alarmine that activates a large number of HMGB1-"competent" cells and mediates a broad range of physiological and pathological responses. This universality makes it an attractive target for innovative therapeutic strategies in the treatment of various diseases. Here we present an overview of the major nuclear and extracellular properties of HMGB1 and describe its interaction with different molecular partners as specific receptors or inhibitors, which are important for its role as a target in multiple diseases. We highlight its pivotal role as a target for cancer treatment at two aspects: first in terms of its substantial impact on the repair capacity of cancer cells, thus affecting the effectiveness of chemotherapy with the antitumor drug cis-platinum and, second, the possibility to be targeted by microRNAs influencing different pathways of human diseases, thus making it a promising candidate for a new strategy for therapeutic interventions against various pathological conditions but mainly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ugrinova
- "Roumen Tsanev" Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - E Pasheva
- "Roumen Tsanev" Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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14
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RAGE Expression and ROS Generation in Neurons: Differentiation versus Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9348651. [PMID: 27313835 PMCID: PMC4897723 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9348651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RAGE is a multiligand receptor able to bind advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), amphoterin, calgranulins, and amyloid-beta peptides, identified in many tissues and cells, including neurons. RAGE stimulation induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly through the activity of NADPH oxidases. In neuronal cells, RAGE-induced ROS generation is able to favor cell survival and differentiation or to induce death through the imbalance of redox state. The dual nature of RAGE signaling in neurons depends not only on the intensity of RAGE activation but also on the ability of RAGE-bearing cells to adapt to ROS generation. In this review we highlight these aspects of RAGE signaling regulation in neuronal cells.
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Zheng L, Li D, Zhou YM, Yang H, Cheng D, Ma XX. Effects of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts on microvessel formation in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:93. [PMID: 26873694 PMCID: PMC4751660 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and microvascular status both play a critical role in cancer progression. However, the crosstalk between RAGE and microvascular formation in endometrial cancer remains largely unknown. Methods RAGE expression and microvessel density were examined in 20 cases of normal endometrial tissue, 37 cases of well-differentiated endometrial cancer tissue, and 35 cases of poorly-differentiated endometrial cancer tissue. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between RAGE and microvessel density. The knockdown of RAGE was achieved using a small interfering RNA in HEC-1A endometrial cancer cells. A xenografted tumour model was used to evaluate RAGE-mediated microvascular formation and proliferation of endometrial cancer cells. Results It was shown that (i) RAGE expression gradually increased in normal endometrium, well-differentiated endometrial cancer, and poorly-differentiated endometrial cancer, respectively; (ii) a positive correlation existed between RAGE and microvessel density in human endometrial cancer samples; (iii) RAGE knockdown was effective in decreasing microvessel formation in xenografted tumour models; and (iv) RAGE knockdown can significantly inhibit the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells in vivo. Conclusions These results indicate that RAGE may be a potential trigger in microvascular formation and proliferation in the development of endometrial cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2126-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, China.
| | - Da Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xiao-Xin Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Batkulwar KB, Bansode SB, Patil GV, Godbole RK, Kazi RS, Chinnathambi S, Shanmugam D, Kulkarni MJ. Investigation of phosphoproteome in RAGE signaling. Proteomics 2014; 15:245-59. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kedar B. Batkulwar
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - Sneha B. Bansode
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - Gouri V. Patil
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - Rashmi K. Godbole
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - Rubina S. Kazi
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | | | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - Mahesh J. Kulkarni
- Proteomics Facility; Division of Biochemical Sciences; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
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