1
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Hussen BM, Abdullah KH, Abdullah SR, Majeed NM, Mohamadtahr S, Rasul MF, Dong P, Taheri M, Samsami M. New insights of miRNA molecular mechanisms in breast cancer brain metastasis and therapeutic targets. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:645-660. [PMID: 37818447 PMCID: PMC10560790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases in breast cancer (BC) patients are often associated with a poor prognosis. Recent studies have uncovered the critical roles of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of BC brain metastasis, highlighting the disease's underlying molecular pathways. miRNA-181c, miRNA-10b, and miRNA-21, for example, are all overexpressed in BC patients. It has been shown that these three miRNAs help tumors grow and metastasize by targeting genes that control how cells work. On the other hand, miRNA-26b5p, miRNA-7, and miRNA-1013p are all downregulated in BC brain metastasis patients. They act as tumor suppressors by controlling the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and invasion. Therapeutic miRNA targeting has considerable promise in treating BC brain metastases. Several strategies have been proposed to modulate miRNA expression, including miRNA-Mimics, antagomirs, and small molecule inhibitors of miRNA biogenesis. This review discusses the aberrant expression of miRNAs and metastatic pathways that lead to the spread of BC cells to the brain. It also explores miRNA therapeutic target molecular mechanisms and BC brain metastasis challenges with advanced strategies. The targeting of certain miRNAs opens a new door for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Khozga Hazhar Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Sayran Mohamadtahr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Samsami
- Cancer Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ghionescu AV, Sorop A, Dima SO. The pivotal role of EMT-related noncoding RNAs regulatory axes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1270425. [PMID: 37767397 PMCID: PMC10520284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1270425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major health problem worldwide, being the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with limited treatment options, especially in its advanced stages. Tumor resistance is closely associated with the activation of the EMT phenomenon and its reversal, being modulated by different molecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Noncoding RNAs have the potential to function as both tumor suppressors and oncogenic molecules, controlling the malignant potential of HCC cells. Basically, these molecules circulate in the tumor microenvironment, encapsulated in exosomes. Their impact on cell biology is more significant than originally expected, which makes related research rather complex. The temporal and spatial expression patterns, precise roles and mechanisms of specific ncRNAs encapsulated in exosomes remain primarily unknown in different stages of the disease. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in ncRNAs related to EMT and classifies the described mechanism as direct and indirect, for a better summarization. Moreover, we provide an overview of current research on the role of ncRNAs in several drug resistance-related pathways, including the emergence of resistance to sorafenib, doxorubicin, cisplatin and paclitaxel therapy. Nevertheless, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomal ncRNAs in EMT-HCC via intercellular communication pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Sorop
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Olimpia Dima
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation Center, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Jena SK, Das S, Chakraborty S, Ain R. Molecular determinants of epithelial mesenchymal transition in mouse placenta and trophoblast stem cell. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10978. [PMID: 37414855 PMCID: PMC10325982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst are the precursor of the placenta that is comprised of trophoblast, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Since trophoectoderm cells are epithelial in nature, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of trophoblast stem (TS) cells might play pivotal role in placental morphogenesis. However, the molecular regulation of EMT during placental development and trophoblast differentiation still remained elusive. In this report, we sought to identify the molecular signature that regulates EMT during placental development and TS cell differentiation in mice. On E7.5 onwards the TS cells, located in the ectoplacental cone (EPC), rapidly divide and differentiate leading to formation of placenta proper. Using a real time PCR based array of functional EMT transcriptome with RNA from mouse implantation sites (IS) on E7.5 and E9.5, it was observed that there was an overall reduction of EMT gene expression in the IS as gestation progressed from E7.5 to E9.5 albeit the levels of EMT gene expression were substantial on both days. Further validation of array results using real time PCR and western blot analysis showed significant decrease in EMT-associated genes that included (a) transcription factors (Snai2, Zeb1, Stat3 and Foxc2), (b) extracellular matrix and cell adhesion related genes (Bmp1, Itga5, Vcan and Col3A1), (c) migration and motility- associated genes (Vim, Msn and FN1) and (d) differentiation and development related genes (Wnt5b, Jag1 and Cleaved Notch-1) on E9.5. To understand whether EMT is an ongoing process during placentation, the EMT-associated signatures genes, prevalent on E 7.5 and 9.5, were analysed on E12.5, E14.5 and E17.5 of mouse placenta. Interestingly, expression of these EMT-signature proteins were significantly higher at E12.5 though substantial expressions was observed in placenta with progression of gestation from mid- to late. To evaluate whether TS cells have the potential to undergo EMT ex vivo, TS cells were subjected to EMT induction, which was confirmed using morphological analysis and marker gene expression. Induction of EMT in TS cells showed similar gene expression profile of placental EMT. These results have broad biological implications, as inadequate mesenchymal transition leading to improper trophoblast-vasculogenic mimicry leads to placental pathophysiology and pregnancy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Kanti Jena
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Shreeta Chakraborty
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Rupasri Ain
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700032, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India.
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4
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Park J, Lee S, Yoon H, Kang E, Cho S. Anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of LY-290181 on breast cancer cell lines through the inhibition of Twist1. BMB Rep 2023; 56:410-415. [PMID: 37357535 PMCID: PMC10390291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the most common cancer among women worldwide. Among breast cancers, metastatic breast cancer is associated with the highest mortality rate. Twist1, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors, is known to promote the intravasation of breast cancer cells into metastatic sites. Therefore, targeting Twist1 to develop anti-cancer drugs might be a valuable strategy. In this study, LY-290181 dose-dependently inhibited migration, invasion, and multicellular tumor spheroid invasion in breast cancer cell lines. These anti-cancer effects of LY-290181 were mediated through the down-regulation of Twist1 protein levels. LY-290181 inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings suggest that LY-290181 may serve as a basis for future research and development of an anti-cancer agent targeting metastatic cancers. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 410-415].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sewoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Haelim Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Okcu O, Şen B, Aşkan G, Öztürk Ç, Öztürk SD, Bedir R. Tumor Budding is an Independent Prognostic Factor to Predict Overall Survival in Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:26-37. [PMID: 35899294 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221116541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Tumor budding defined as a tumor cell nest away from the main tumor, has been found to be associated with prognostic parameters in many cancer types. We aimed to investigate the relationship between tumor budding and clinicopathological parameters in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, as well as its prognostic importance. Materials and Methods. One hundred four patients who underwent surgical resection with diagnosis of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas between June 2011 and May 2020 were included. The area where tumor budding was the most prominent was determined, and tumor budding was counted from hematoxylin and eosin-stained section at one high power field (X 200). By performing ROC analysis, the cut off value was obtained in order to divide the patients into low and high tumor budding groups. Results. The cut off value was determined as 1/0.95 mm2 according to the ROC analysis. Tumor budding was observed in 24 (23%) patients. Tumor budding significantly associated with poor overall survival (P < .001), distant metastasis (P = .001), presence of angiolymphatic invasion (P < .001), lymph node metastasis (P = .024), cervical invasion (P < .001), high FIGO grade (P < .001), large tumor size (P = .004). In multivarate analysis, tumor budding and age were found to be an independent risk factor for overall survival (P = .003, P = .014 respectively). Conclusion. Tumor budding is a significant morphological parameter independent of other prognostic parameters in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Standardizing the assesment and scoring of tumor budding, as well as including this entity in routine pathology reports could light the way for ideas in the risk analysis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Okcu
- Pathology Department, 187475Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Bayram Şen
- Biochemistry Department, 187475Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Aşkan
- Pathology Department, 187475Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Öztürk
- Pathology Department, 187475Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Seda Duman Öztürk
- Pathology Department, 187475Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Recep Bedir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey
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6
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Lu L, Hu W, Liu B, Yang T. Insights into Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters: A Barometer for Treatment Effects and Prognosis for Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163985. [PMID: 36010983 PMCID: PMC9406494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising biomarker for the risk of prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastasis and play a role in the processes of tumor migration and metastasis. CTC clusters, which have different physical and biological properties from individual CTCs, are collections of tumor cells and non-malignant cells, resulting in greater metastatic potential. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of CTC clusters in metastasis as well as related biological properties and to suggest possibilities for their usage in diagnostic and therapeutic practice. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) exhibits high cellular heterogeneity across patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more real-time and accurate detection methods, in both prognosis and treatment in clinical settings. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters, a population of tumor cells and non-malignant cells in the blood of patients with tumors, are a promising non-invasive tool for screening PCa progression and identifying potential benefit groups. CTC clusters are associated with tumor metastasis and possess stem-like characteristics, which are likely attributable to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, these biological properties of CTC clusters, particularly androgen receptor V7, have indicated the potential to reflect curative effects, guide treatment modalities, and predict prognosis in PCa patients. Here, we discuss the role of CTC clusters in the mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis and clinical applications, with the aim of informing more appropriate clinical decisions, and ultimately, improving the overall survival of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyao Lu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Bingli Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai 201299, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (T.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-2050-9000 (B.L.); +86-21-6803-6506 (T.Y.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (T.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-2050-9000 (B.L.); +86-21-6803-6506 (T.Y.)
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7
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The conserved C-terminal residues of FAM83H are required for the recruitment of casein kinase 1 to the keratin cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11819. [PMID: 35821396 PMCID: PMC9276658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The casein kinase 1 (CK1) family of serine/threonine protein kinases is involved in diverse cellular events at discrete subcellular compartments. FAM83H acts as a scaffold protein that recruits CK1 to the keratin cytoskeleton or to the nuclear speckles, which are storage sites for splicing factors. We determined the amino acid region of FAM83H required for recruiting CK1 to the keratin cytoskeleton. The subcellular localization of mutant FAM83H proteins with deletions of amino acid residues at different positions was evaluated via immunofluorescence. FAM83H mutants with deleted C-terminal residues 1134–1139, which are conserved among vertebrates, lost the ability to localize and recruit CK1 to the keratin cytoskeleton, suggesting that these residues are required for recruiting CK1 to the keratin cytoskeleton. The deletion of these residues (1134–1139) translocated FAM83H and CK1 to the nuclear speckles. Amino acid residues 1 to 603 of FAM83H were determined to contain the region responsible for the recruitment of CK1 to the nuclear speckles. Our results indicated that FAM83H recruits CK1 preferentially to the keratin cytoskeleton and alternatively to the nuclear speckles.
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8
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Kang YH, Wang JH, Lee JS, Lee NH, Son CG. Coptidis Rhizoma Suppresses Metastatic Behavior by Inhibiting TGF-β-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in 5-FU-Resistant HCT116 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909331. [PMID: 35770076 PMCID: PMC9234293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal malignancy worldwide. The high mortality rate of CRC is largely due to cancer metastasis. Recently, suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered a promising strategy for treating metastatic cancer, especially drug-resistant metastatic cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimetastatic effect of Coptidis Rhizoma, as well as the potential underlying mechanisms, using a 5-fluorouracil-resistant colon tumor cell model (HCT116/R). Coptidis Rhizoma 30% ethanol extract (CRE) significantly inhibited HCT116/R cells migration and invasion. CRE effectively inhibited EMT in HCT116/R cells by upregulating the expression of an epithelial marker (E-cadherin) and downregulating the expression of mesenchymal markers (vimentin, Snail, and ZEB2) at both the protein and gene levels. Immunofluorescence assays also confirmed consistent patterns in the levels of E-cadherin and vimentin. In addition, the anti-EMT activity of CRE and its related effects were associated with the CRE-mediated suppression of the TGF-β pathway, as shown by changes in the levels of downstream molecules (phosphorylated Akt and p38), and inhibition of migration, invasion, and protein expression of TGF-β after treatment/cotreatment with a TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542). In conclusion, Coptidis Rhizoma exerts an antimetastatic effect, especially in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, and the possible mechanisms are associated with inhibiting EMT via TGF-β signaling. Thus, Coptidis Rhizoma will likely become a potential therapeutic candidate for simultaneously mitigating drug resistance and metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwi Kang
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hun Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cheonan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Nam-Hun Lee, ; Chang-Gue Son,
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Nam-Hun Lee, ; Chang-Gue Son,
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9
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Embryo-Maternal Communication under Healthy Conditions or Viral Infections: Lessons from a Bovine Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121858. [PMID: 35740987 PMCID: PMC9221285 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mesenchymal stem cells are a relevant cell population found in the maternal reproductive tract that exhibits the immunomodulation capacity required to prevent embryo rejection. The phenotypic plasticity showed by both endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC) and embryonic trophoblast through mesenchymal to epithelial transition and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, respectively, is essential for embryo implantation. Embryonic trophoblast maintains active crosstalk via EVs and soluble proteins with eMSC and peripheral blood MSC (pbMSC) to ensure the retention of eMSC in case of pregnancy and induce the chemotaxis of pbMSC, critical for successful implantation. Early pregnancy-related proteins and angiogenic markers are detected as cargo in EVs and the soluble fraction of the embryonic trophectoderm secretome. The pattern of protein secretion in trophectoderm-EVs changes depending on their epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype and due to the uptake of MSC EVs. However, the changes in this EV-mediated communication between maternal and embryonic MSC populations infected by viruses that cause abortions in cattle are poorly understood. They are critical in the investigation of reproductive viral pathologies.
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10
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Jain AP, Sambath J, Sathe G, George IA, Pandey A, Thompson EW, Kumar P. Pan-cancer quantitation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition dynamics using parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomics approach. J Transl Med 2022; 20:84. [PMID: 35148768 PMCID: PMC8832824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic and complex cellular process that is known to be hijacked by cancer cells to facilitate invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Several quantitative measures to assess the interplay between EMT and cancer progression are available, based on large scale genome and transcriptome data. However, these large scale multi-omics studies have repeatedly illustrated a lack of correlation in mRNA and protein abundances that may be influenced by diverse post-translational regulation. Hence, it is imperative to understand how changes in the EMT proteome are associated with the process of oncogenic transformation. To this effect, we developed a parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomics method for quantifying abundances of EMT-associated proteins across cancer cell lines. Our study revealed that quantitative measurement of EMT proteome which enabled a more accurate assessment than transcriptomics data and revealed specific discrepancies against a backdrop of generally strong concordance between proteomic and transcriptomic data. We further demonstrated that changes in our EMT proteome panel might play a role in tumor transformation across cancer types. In future, this EMT panel assay has the potential to be used for clinical samples to guide treatment choices and to congregate functional information for the development and advancing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Jain
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Janani Sambath
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Irene A George
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Centre for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,School-Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India. .,Somaiya Institute of Research and Consultancy (SIRAC), Somaiya Vidyavihar University (SVU), Vidyavihar, Mumbai, 400077, Maharashtra, India.
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11
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Gupta S, Kumar A, Tejavath KK. A pharmacognostic approach for mitigating pancreatic cancer: emphasis on herbal extracts and phytoconstituents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer is studied as one of the most lethal cancers with currently no control of its lethality, mainly due to its late diagnosis and lack of foolproof treatment processes. Despite continuous efforts being made in looking for therapies to deal with cancer, it keeps on being a labyrinth for the researchers. Efforts like discovering new treatment options, repurposing existing drugs, are continuously made to deal with this cancer.
Main body
With the urge to get answers and the fact that nature has all roots of therapeutics, efforts are made in the direction of finding those answers for providing ministrations for pancreatic cancer from plant products. Plant products are used as treatment options either directly in the form of extracts or an alternative to them is individual phytochemicals that are either isolated from the plants or are commercially synthesized for various purposes. In this review, we put forward such pharmacognostic initiatives made in combating pancreatic cancer, focusing mainly on plant extracts and various phytochemicals; along with the mechanisms which they triggered to fulfill the need for cytotoxicity to pancreatic cancer cells (in vitro and in vivo).
Conclusion
This study will thus provide insights into new combination therapy that can be used and also give a clue on which plant product and phytoconstituent can be used in dealing with pancreatic cancer.
Graphical abstract
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12
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Sun W, Byon CH, Kim DH, Choi HI, Park JS, Joo SY, Kim IJ, Jung I, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Renoprotective Effects of Maslinic Acid on Experimental Renal Fibrosis in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model via Targeting MyD88. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708575. [PMID: 34588982 PMCID: PMC8475766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maslinic acid (MA), also named crategolic acid, is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from fruits and vegetables. Although various beneficial pharmacological effects of MA have been revealed, its effect on renal fibrosis remains unclear. This study was designed to clarify whether MA could attenuate renal fibrosis and determine the putative underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that MA-treated mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) developed a histological injury of low severity and exhibited downregulated expression of fibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and fibronectin by 38, 44 and 40%, and upregulated expression of E-cadherin by 70% as compared with untreated UUO mice. Moreover, MA treatment restored the expression levels of α-SMA, connective tissue growth factor, and vimentin to 10, 7.8 and 38% of those induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in NRK49F cells. MA decreased expression of Smad2/3 phosphorylation and Smad4 in UUO kidneys and TGF-β treated NRK49F cells (p < 0.05, respectively). Notably, MA specifically interferes with MyD88, an adaptor protein, thereby mitigating Smad4 nuclear expression (p < 0.01 compared to TGF-β treated group) and ameliorating renal fibrotic changes (p < 0.01 for each fibrotic markers compared to TGF-β induced cells). In addition, in the UUO model and lipopolysaccharide-induced NRK49F cells, MA treatment decreased the expression of IL-1β, TGF-α and MCP-1, ICAM-1, associated with the suppression of NF-κB signaling. These findings suggest that MA is a potential agent that can reduce renal interstitial fibrosis, to some extent, via targeting TGF-β/Smad and MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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13
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Combined Treatment with Acalabrutinib and Rapamycin Inhibits Glioma Stem Cells and Promotes Vascular Normalization by Downregulating BTK/mTOR/VEGF Signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090876. [PMID: 34577576 PMCID: PMC8464793 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with a median duration of survival of approximately 14 months after diagnosis. High resistance to chemotherapy remains a major problem. Previously, BTK has been shown to be involved in the intracellular signal transduction including Akt/mTOR signaling and be critical for tumorigenesis. Thus, we aim to evaluate the effect of BTK and mTOR inhibition in GBM. We evaluated the viability of GBM cell lines after treatment with acalabrutinib and/or rapamycin through a SRB staining assay. We then evaluated the effect of both drugs on GBM stem cell-like phenotypes through various in vitro assay. Furthermore, we incubated HUVEC cells with tumorsphere conditioned media and observed their angiogenesis potential, with or without treatment. Finally, we conducted an in vivo study to confirm our in vitro findings and analyzed the effect of this combination on xenograft mice models. Drug combination assay demonstrated a synergistic relationship between acalabrutinib and rapamycin. CSCs phenotypes, including tumorsphere and colony formation with the associated expression of markers of pluripotency are inhibited by either acalabrutinib or rapamycin singly and these effects are enhanced upon combining acalabrutinib and rapamycin. We showed that the angiogenesis capabilities of HUVEC cells are significantly reduced after treatment with acalabrutinib and/or rapamycin. Xenograft tumors treated with both drugs showed significant volume reduction with minimal toxicity. Samples taken from the combined treatment group demonstrated an increased Desmin/CD31 and col IV/vessel ratio, suggesting an increased rate of vascular normalization. Our results demonstrate that BTK-mTOR inhibition disrupts the population of GBM-CSCs and contributes to normalizing GBM vascularization and thus, may serve as a basis for developing therapeutic strategies for chemoresistant/radioresistant GBM.
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14
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Snail Upregulates Transcription of FN, LEF, COX2, and COL1A1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A General Model Established for Snail to Transactivate Mesenchymal Genes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092202. [PMID: 34571852 PMCID: PMC8467536 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SNA is one of the essential EMT transcriptional factors capable of suppressing epithelial maker while upregulating mesenchymal markers. However, the mechanisms for SNA to transactivate mesenchymal markers was not well elucidated. Recently, we demonstrated that SNA collaborates with EGR1 and SP1 to directly upregulate MMP9 and ZEB1. Remarkably, a SNA-binding motif (TCACA) upstream of EGR/SP1 overlapping region on promoters was identified. Herein, we examined whether four other mesenchymal markers, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF), fibronectin (FN), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and collagen type alpha I (COL1A1) are upregulated by SNA in a similar fashion. Expectedly, SNA is essential for expression of these mesenchymal genes. By deletion mapping and site directed mutagenesis coupled with dual luciferase promoter assay, SNA-binding motif and EGR1/SP1 overlapping region are required for TPA-induced transcription of LEF, FN, COX2 and COL1A1. Consistently, TPA induced binding of SNA and EGR1/SP1 on relevant promoter regions of these mesenchymal genes using ChIP and EMSA. Thus far, we found six of the mesenchymal genes are transcriptionally upregulated by SNA in the same fashion. Moreover, comprehensive screening revealed similar sequence architectures on promoter regions of other SNA-upregulated mesenchymal markers, suggesting that a general model for SNA-upregulated mesenchymal genes can be established.
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15
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Classification of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma by Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Signature and Homologous Recombination Repair Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071103. [PMID: 34356119 PMCID: PMC8303300 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is one of the deadliest cancers that can occur in women. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of HGSOC through integrative analysis of multi-omics data. We used fresh-frozen, chemotherapy-naïve primary ovarian cancer tissues and matched blood samples of HGSOC patients and conducted next-generation whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Genomic and transcriptomic profiles were comprehensively compared between patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations and others with wild-type BRCA1/2. HGSOC samples initially divided into two groups by the presence of germline BRCA1/2 mutations showed mutually exclusive somatic mutation patterns, yet the implementation of high-dimensional analysis of RNA-seq and application of epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) index onto the HGSOC samples revealed that they can be divided into two subtypes; homologous recombination repair (HRR)-activated type and mesenchymal type. Patients with mesenchymal HGSOC, characterized by the activation of the EMT transcriptional program, low genomic alteration and diverse cell-type compositions, exhibited significantly worse overall survival than did those with HRR-activated HGSOC (p = 0.002). In validation with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HGSOC data, patients with a high EMT index (≥the median) showed significantly worse overall survival than did those with a low EMT index (<the median) (p = 0.030). In conclusion, through a comprehensive multi-omics approach towards our HGSOC cohorts, two distinctive types of HGSOC (HRR-activated and mesenchymal) were identified. Our novel EMT index seems to be a potential prognostic biomarker for HGSOC.
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16
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Marconi GD, Fonticoli L, Rajan TS, Pierdomenico SD, Trubiani O, Pizzicannella J, Diomede F. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT): The Type-2 EMT in Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Organ Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071587. [PMID: 34201858 PMCID: PMC8307661 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential event during cell development, in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal fibroblast-like features including reduced intercellular adhesion and increased motility. EMT also plays a key role in wound healing processes, which are mediated by inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. These cells secrete specific factors that interact with molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagens, laminins, elastin and tenascins. Wound healing follows four distinct and successive phases characterized by haemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation and finally tissue remodeling. EMT is classified into three diverse subtypes: type-1 EMT, type-2 EMT and type-3 EMT. Type-1 EMT is involved in embryogenesis and organ development. Type-2 EMT is associated with wound healing, tissue regeneration and organ fibrosis. During organ fibrosis, type-2 EMT occurs as a reparative-associated process in response to ongoing inflammation and eventually leads to organ destruction. Type-3 EMT is implicated in cancer progression, which is linked to the occurrence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, in detail the ones promoting clonal outgrowth and the formation of localized tumors. The current review aimed at exploring the role of EMT process with particular focus on type-2 EMT in wound healing, fibrosis and tissue regeneration, as well as some recent progresses in the EMT and tissue regeneration field, including the modulation of EMT by biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guya D. Marconi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Luigia Fonticoli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (L.F.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India;
| | - Sante D. Pierdomenico
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (L.F.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (L.F.); (S.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (F.D.); Tel.: +39-08713554097 (O.T.); +39-08713554080 (F.D.)
| | | | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (L.F.); (S.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (F.D.); Tel.: +39-08713554097 (O.T.); +39-08713554080 (F.D.)
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17
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Embryonic Trophectoderm Secretomics Reveals Chemotactic Migration and Intercellular Communication of Endometrial and Circulating MSCs in Embryonic Implantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115638. [PMID: 34073234 PMCID: PMC8199457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic implantation is a key step in the establishment of pregnancy. In the present work, we have carried out an in-depth proteomic analysis of the secretome (extracellular vesicles and soluble proteins) of two bovine blastocysts embryonic trophectoderm primary cultures (BBT), confirming different epithelial–mesenchymal transition stages in these cells. BBT-secretomes contain early pregnancy-related proteins and angiogenic proteins both as cargo in EVs and the soluble fraction. We have demonstrated the functional transfer of protein-containing secretome between embryonic trophectoderm and maternal MSC in vitro using two BBT primary cultures eight endometrial MSC (eMSC) and five peripheral blood MSC (pbMSC) lines. We observed that eMSC and pbMSC chemotax to both the soluble fraction and EVs of the BBT secretome. In addition, in a complementary direction, we found that the pattern of expression of implantation proteins in BBT-EVs changes depending on: (i) their epithelial–mesenchymal phenotype; (ii) as a result of the uptake of eMSC- or pbMSC-EV previously stimulated or not with embryonic signals (IFN-τ); (iii) because of the stimulation with the endometrial cytokines present in the uterine fluid in the peri-implantation period.
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18
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Datta A, Deng S, Gopal V, Yap KCH, Halim CE, Lye ML, Ong MS, Tan TZ, Sethi G, Hooi SC, Kumar AP, Yap CT. Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Insights into Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1882. [PMID: 33919917 PMCID: PMC8070945 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, a vital cellular process during metastasis is the transformation of epithelial cells towards motile mesenchymal cells called the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The cytoskeleton is an active network of three intracellular filaments: actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These filaments play a central role in the structural design and cell behavior and are necessary for EMT. During EMT, epithelial cells undergo a cellular transformation as manifested by cell elongation, migration, and invasion, coordinated by actin cytoskeleton reorganization. The actin cytoskeleton is an extremely dynamic structure, controlled by a balance of assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Actin-binding proteins regulate the process of actin polymerization and depolymerization. Microtubule reorganization also plays an important role in cell migration and polarization. Intermediate filaments are rearranged, switching to a vimentin-rich network, and this protein is used as a marker for a mesenchymal cell. Hence, targeting EMT by regulating the activities of their key components may be a potential solution to metastasis. This review summarizes the research done on the physiological functions of the cytoskeleton, its role in the EMT process, and its effect on multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells-highlight some future perspectives in cancer therapy by targeting cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Datta
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Vennila Gopal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Kenneth Chun-Hong Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Clarissa Esmeralda Halim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Mun Leng Lye
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Mei Shan Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Shing Chuan Hooi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Celestial T. Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (A.D.); (S.D.); (V.G.); (K.C.-H.Y.); (C.E.H.); (M.L.L.); (M.S.O.); (S.C.H.)
- Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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19
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Kang E, Seo J, Yoon H, Cho S. The Post-Translational Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Inducing Transcription Factors in Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3591. [PMID: 33808323 PMCID: PMC8037257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is generally observed in normal embryogenesis and wound healing. However, this process can occur in cancer cells and lead to metastasis. The contribution of EMT in both development and pathology has been studied widely. This transition requires the up- and down-regulation of specific proteins, both of which are regulated by EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), mainly represented by the families of Snail, Twist, and ZEB proteins. This review highlights the roles of key EMT-TFs and their post-translational regulation in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sayeon Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular and Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (E.K.); (J.S.); (H.Y.)
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20
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Lee D, Hong JH. Ca 2+ Signaling as the Untact Mode during Signaling in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1473. [PMID: 33806911 PMCID: PMC8004807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic features of breast cancer in the brain are considered a common pathology in female patients with late-stage breast cancer. Ca2+ signaling and the overexpression pattern of Ca2+ channels have been regarded as oncogenic markers of breast cancer. In other words, breast tumor development can be mediated by inhibiting Ca2+ channels. Although the therapeutic potential of inhibiting Ca2+ channels against breast cancer has been demonstrated, the relationship between breast cancer metastasis and Ca2+ channels is not yet understood. Thus, we focused on the metastatic features of breast cancer and summarized the basic mechanisms of Ca2+-related proteins and channels during the stages of metastatic breast cancer by evaluating Ca2+ signaling. In particular, we highlighted the metastasis of breast tumors to the brain. Thus, modulating Ca2+ channels with Ca2+ channel inhibitors and combined applications will advance treatment strategies for breast cancer metastasis to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea;
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21
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Paço A, Aparecida de Bessa Garcia S, Leitão Castro J, Costa-Pinto AR, Freitas R. Roles of the HOX Proteins in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E10. [PMID: 33375038 PMCID: PMC7792759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis correspond to the foremost cause of cancer-related death, and the molecular networks behind these two processes are extremely complex and dependent on the intra- and extracellular conditions along with the prime of the premetastatic niche. Currently, several studies suggest an association between the levels of HOX genes expression and cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which favour the formation of novel tumour masses. The deregulation of HOX genes by HMGA2/TET1 signalling and the regulatory effect of noncoding RNAs generated by the HOX loci can also promote invasion and metastasis, interfering with the expression of HOX genes or other genes relevant to these processes. In this review, we present five molecular mechanisms of HOX deregulation by which the HOX clusters products may affect invasion and metastatic processes in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paço
- BLC3—Biomassa Lenho-Celulósica de 3ª Geração, Campus of Technology and Innovation, 3405-169 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
| | - Simone Aparecida de Bessa Garcia
- I3S—Institute for Innovation & Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.d.B.G.); (J.L.C.); (A.R.C.-P.); (R.F.)
| | - Joana Leitão Castro
- I3S—Institute for Innovation & Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.d.B.G.); (J.L.C.); (A.R.C.-P.); (R.F.)
| | - Ana Rita Costa-Pinto
- I3S—Institute for Innovation & Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.d.B.G.); (J.L.C.); (A.R.C.-P.); (R.F.)
| | - Renata Freitas
- I3S—Institute for Innovation & Health Research, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.A.d.B.G.); (J.L.C.); (A.R.C.-P.); (R.F.)
- ICBAS—Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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22
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Wang W, Hu W, Xue S, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Zuo W. Vitamin D and Lung Cancer; Association, Prevention, and Treatment. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2188-2200. [PMID: 33225744 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1844245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the common types of malignant disorders and the most prevalent cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Although a wide range of approaches has been examined, strategies in prevention and treatment of lung cancer are still inadequate. Studies show that Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in various biological pathways and has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of several diseases, like cancers. In Vitro and In Vivo experiments have disclosed that VitD plays immunomodulatory and anti-tumor functions. Several lines of evidence have indicated that VitD is involved in the inflammatory settings of the lung. Epidemiological studies have reported that sufficient levels of VitD might be critical in the prevention of lung cancer. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding the different molecules involved in the signaling of VitD might affect the lung cancer risk as well as the quality and quantity of responses to different treatments. In this review article, we intended to clarify the implications of VitD in the normal biology and physiology of the lung and discuss diverse line of evidence about the possible role of VitD in the prevention or treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Shihang Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Haina Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medial University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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23
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Xu W, Chen B, Ke D, Chen X. DUSP4 directly deubiquitinates and stabilizes Smad4 protein, promoting proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17634-17646. [PMID: 32897241 PMCID: PMC7521518 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common health-threatening tumor within the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to test the biological role of DUSP4 in colorectal cancer cells. In our study, DUSP4 overexpression-treated HCT116 cells and DUSP4 knockdown-treated SW480 cells were selected to perform study. Quantitative real-time PCR test (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect DUSP4 abundance in clinical tissues and six cell lines, as well as ubiquitin-related Smad4 degradation. Western blot, migration and invasion. were used to assess the relationships between DUSP4 and Smad4. Higher DUSP4 expression of functional significance was observed in colorectal cancer tissues and cells. The results showed that both treatments could affect the proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion of tumor cells, and the expression of epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT)-associated biomarkers. Moreover, in colorectal cancer cells, DUSP4 could promote the Smad4 degradation by regulating ubiquitin-related Smad4 degradation, and promote the cell proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating Smad4 degradation via Smad4 gene. Meanwhile, DUSP4 can directly deubiquitinate and stabilize Smad4 protein, hence further promote proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Dianshan Ke
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
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24
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Wieczorek-Szukala K, Kopczynski J, Kowalska A, Lewinski A. Snail-1 Overexpression Correlates with Metastatic Phenotype in BRAF V600E Positive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2701. [PMID: 32825554 PMCID: PMC7565998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer to metastasize is regulated by various signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), also implicated in the upregulation of Snail-1 transcription factor in malignant neoplasms. B-type Raf kinase gene (BRAF)V600E, the most common driving mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid cancer cells through changes in the Snail-1 level, increasing cell migration and invasion. However, little is known about the mechanism of Snail-1 and BRAFV600E relations in humans. Our study included 61 PTC patients with evaluated BRAFV600E mutation status. A total of 18 of those patients had lymph node metastases-of whom 10 were BRAFV600E positive, and 8 negative. Our findings indicate that the expression of Snail-1, but not TGFβ1, correlates with the metastatic phenotype in PTC. This is the first piece of evidence that the upregulation of Snail-1 corresponds with the presence of BRAFV600E mutation and increased expression of Snail-1 in metastatic PTC samples is dependent on BRAFV600E mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Kopczynski
- Department of Pathology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
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25
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Gonzalez-Villarreal CA, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Garza-Treviño EN. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1511. [PMID: 32974184 PMCID: PMC7468493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Tumorigenesis is a dynamic process wherein cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment promote initiation, progression, and metastasis. Metastatic colonization is an inefficient process that is very complex and is poorly understood; however, in most cases, metastatic disease is not curable, and resistance mechanisms tend to develop against conventional treatments. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that contribute to the development of metastasis in CRC can aid in the search for specific therapeutic targets for improving standard treatments. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding tumor biology and the use of stroma cells as prognostic factors and inflammatory inducers associated with the use of tumor microenvironments as a promoter of cancer metastasis. Moreover, we look into the importance of CSC, pericytes, and circulating tumor cells as mechanisms that lead to liver metastasis, and we also focus on the cellular and molecular pathways that modulate and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic target that can potentially eliminate CSCs as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana G Quiroz-Reyes
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jose F Islas
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Elsa N Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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26
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Takahashi Y, Shirai K, Ijiri Y, Morita E, Yoshida T, Iwanaga S, Yanagida M. Integrated system for detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237506. [PMID: 32790768 PMCID: PMC7425940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) invade blood vessels in solid tumors and promote metastases by circulating in the blood. CTCs are thus recognized as targets for liquid biopsy and can provide useful information for design of treatments. This diagnostic approach must consider not only the number of CTCs but also their molecular and genetic characteristics. For this purpose, use of devices that enrich CTCs independent of these characteristics and detectors that recognize various CTC characteristics is essential. In the present study, we developed a CTC detection system comprising ClearCell FX and ImageStream Mark II. We clarified the analytical performance of this system by evaluating recovery rate, lower limits of detection, and linearity. These parameters are critical for detecting rare cells, such as CTCs. We tested these parameters using three cell lines with different expression levels of the epithelial marker-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and spiked these cells into whole-blood samples from healthy donors. The average recovery rate and lower limit of detection were approximately 40% and five cells/7.5 mL of whole blood, respectively. High linearity was observed for all evaluated samples. We also evaluated the ability of the system to distinguish between normal and abnormal cells based on protein expression levels and gene amplification and found that the system can identify abnormal cells using these characteristics. The CTC detection system thus displays the ability to distinguish specific characteristics of CTC, thereby providing valuable information for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ijiri
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eri Morita
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshida
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeki Iwanaga
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yanagida
- Department of Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Yang C, Shi S, Su Y, Tong JS, Li L. P2X7R promotes angiogenesis and tumour-associated macrophage recruitment by regulating the NF-κB signalling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10830-10841. [PMID: 32735377 PMCID: PMC7521273 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7R has been observed in several tumours and is related to cancer advancement and metastasis. However, the role of P2X7R in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is not well understood. In the current study, overexpression of P2X7R and the effects at the molecular and functional levels in CRC were assessed in a mouse orthotopic model. Functional assays, such as the CCK‐8 assay, wound healing and transwell assay, were used to determine the biological role of P2X7R in CRC cells. CSC‐related genes and properties were detected via sphere formation and real‐time PCR assays. The underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blotting, real‐time PCR and Flow cytometry. In this study, we found that overexpression of P2X7R increases in the in vivo growth of tumours. P2X7R overexpression also increased CD31, VEGF and concurrent angiogenesis. P2X7R up‐regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase‐1 (ALDH1) and CSC characteristics. Transplanted tumour cells with P2X7R overexpression stimulated cytokines to recruit tumour‐associated macrophage (TAMs) to increase the growth of tumours. We also found that the NF‐κB signalling pathway is involved in P2X7R‐induced cytokine up‐regulation. P2X7R promotes NF‐κB–dependent cytokine induction, which leads to TAM recruitment to control tumour growth and advancement and remodelling of the stroma. Our findings demonstrate that P2X7R plays a key role in TAM recruitment, which may be a therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Shan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liangjun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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28
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D'Angelo E, Lindoso RS, Sensi F, Pucciarelli S, Bussolati B, Agostini M, Collino F. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Modulators of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Driving the Fate of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1122. [PMID: 32793478 PMCID: PMC7393251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionarily conserved process. In cancer, EMT can activate biochemical changes in tumor cells that enable the destruction of the cellular polarity, leading to the acquisition of invasive capabilities. EMT regulation can be triggered by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling, allowing the tumor to adapt to the microenvironment demand in the different stages of tumor progression. In concomitance, tumor cells undergoing EMT actively interact with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) constituted by cell components and extracellular matrix as well as cell secretome elements. As a result, the TME is in turn modulated by the EMT process toward an aggressive behavior. The current review presents the intrinsic and extrinsic modulators of EMT and their relationship with the TME, focusing on the non-cell-derived components, such as secreted metabolites, extracellular matrix, as well as extracellular vesicles. Moreover, we explore how these modulators can be suitable targets for anticancer therapy and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo D'Angelo
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria–CORIS, Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine–REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Sensi
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria–CORIS, Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Collino
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Xu W, Chen B, Ke D, Chen X. TRIM29 mediates lung squamous cell carcinoma cell metastasis by regulating autophagic degradation of E-cadherin. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13488-13501. [PMID: 32640423 PMCID: PMC7377877 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most common histological type of primary lung cancer. In this study, we had tested the biological role of TRIM29 in LSCC cells. TRIM29 abundance, the relationships between TRIM29 and E-cadherin and autophagy degradation related proteins in clinical tissues and six cell lines were studied with quantitative real-time PCR test (qRT-PCR) and western blot. TRIM29 overexpression treated HTB-182 cells and knockdown treated NCL-H1915 cells was used for studying cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and the expression of epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) associated biomarkers. The relationships between TRIM29 and BECN1 were investigated with western blot. TRIM29 was profoundly overexpressed in LSCC tissues and cells compared with human normal bronchial epithelial cells (HNBE). High TRIM29 expression was closely related to overall survival (OS). TRIM29 overexpression and knockdown affected LSCC activity and the expression of EMT associated biomarkers. TRIM29 can regulate the degradation of E-cadherin and autophagy of LSCC through BECN1 gene, and promote autophagy in HTB-182 and NCL-H1915 cells. Our results revealed that TRIM29 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LSCC via E-cadherin autophagy degradation. The results are useful for further study in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Dianshan Ke
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
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30
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The Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Real-Time Monitoring and Moving Targets for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071734. [PMID: 32610709 PMCID: PMC7408113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is ranked as the sixth most common cancer around the world. With the emergence of the state-of-the-art modalities lately, such as liver transplantation, image-guided ablation, and chemoembolization, the death rate is still high due to high metastasis rate after therapy. Observation by biannual ultrasonography allows effective diagnosis at an early stage for candidates with no extrahepatic metastasis, but its effectiveness still remains unsatisfactory. Developing a new test with improved effectiveness and specificity is urgently needed for HCC diagnosis, especially for patients after first line therapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a small sub-population of tumor cells in human peripheral blood, they release from the primary tumor and invade into the blood circulatory system, thereby residing into the distal tissues and survive. As CTCs have specific and aggressive properties, they can evade from immune defenses, induce gene alterations, and modulate signal transductions. Ultimately, CTCs can manipulate tumor behaviors and patient reactions to anti-tumor treatment. Given the fact that in HCC blood is present around the immediate vicinity of the tumor, which allows thousands of CTCs to release into the blood circulation daily, so CTCs are considered to be the main cause for HCC occurrence, and are also a pivotal factor for HCC prognosis. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and enrichment strategies of CTCs, and focus on the use of CTCs for tumor evaluation and management in patients with HCC.
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31
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Gao W, Xu S, Zhang M, Liu S, Siu SPK, Peng H, Ng JCW, Tsao GSW, Chan AWH, Chow VLY, Chan JYW, Wong TS. NADPH oxidase 5α promotes the formation of CD271 tumor-initiating cells in oral cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1710-1727. [PMID: 32642285 PMCID: PMC7339284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has a distinctive cell sub-population known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs). CD271 is a functional TIC receptor in head and neck cancers. The molecular mechanisms governing CD271 up-regulation remains unclear. Oxidative stress is a contributing factor in TIC development. Here, we explored the potential role of NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) and its regulatory mechanism on the development of CD271-expressing OTSCC. Our results showed that the splice variant NOX5α is the most prevalent form expressed in head and neck cancers. NOX5α enhanced OTSCC proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of NOX5α increased the size of OTSCC xenograft significantly in vivo. The tumor-promoting functions of NOX5α were mediated through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating property. NOX5α activated ERK singling and increased CD271 expression at the transcription level. Also, NOX5α reduces the sensitivity of OTSCC to cisplatin and natural killer cells. The findings indicate that NOX5α plays an important part in the development of TIC in OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shaowei Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sharie Pui-Kei Siu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanwei Peng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College7 Raoping Road, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Judy Chun-Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Wing-Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, China
| | - Velda Ling-Yu Chow
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thian-Sze Wong
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Deji QZ, Yan F, Zhaba WD, Liu YJ, Yin J, Huang ZP. Cross-talk between microRNA-let7c and transforming growth factor-β2 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:693-700. [PMID: 32420214 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the roles of microRNA-let7c (miR-let7c) and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and cellular signaling during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial cells. METHODS Retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells were cultured with no serum for 12h, and then with recombinant human TGF-β2 for different lengths of time. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with 1×106 TU/mL miR-let7c mimcs (miR-let7cM), miR-let7c mimcs negative control (miR-let7cMNC) and miR-let7c inhibitor (miR-let7cI) using the transfection reagent. The expression of keratin-18, vimentin, N-cadherin, IKB alpha, p65 were detected by Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The expression of miR-let7c was dramatically reduced and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was activated after induction by TGF-β2 (P<0.05). In turn, overexpressed miR-let7c significantly inhibited TGF-β2-induced EMT (P<0.05). However, miR-let7c was unable to inhibit TGF-β2-induced EMT when the NF-κB signaling pathway was inhibited by BAY11-7082 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The miR-let7c regulates TGF-β2-induced EMT through the NF-κB signaling pathway in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Zhen Deji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wang-Dui Zhaba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Ping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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33
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Fabisiewicz A, Szostakowska-Rodzos M, Zaczek AJ, Grzybowska EA. Circulating Tumor Cells in Early and Advanced Breast Cancer; Biology and Prognostic Value. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1671. [PMID: 32121386 PMCID: PMC7084781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women and is difficult to combat due to the long periods in which disseminated cells retain a potential to be re-activated and start the relapse. Assessing the number and molecular profile of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in breast cancer patients, especially in early breast cancer, should help in identifying the possibility of relapse in time for therapeutic intervention to prevent or delay recurrence. While metastatic breast cancer is considered incurable, molecular analysis of CTCs still have a potential to define particular susceptibilities of the cells representing the current tumor burden, which may differ considerably from the cells of the primary tumor, and offer more tailored therapy to the patients. In this review we inspect the routes to metastasis and how they can be linked to specific features of CTCs, how CTC analysis may be used in therapy, and what is the current status of the research and efforts to include CTC analysis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fabisiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Malgorzata Szostakowska-Rodzos
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Anna J. Zaczek
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa A. Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (M.S.-R.)
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34
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Deliorman M, Janahi FK, Sukumar P, Glia A, Alnemari R, Fadl S, Chen W, Qasaimeh MA. AFM-compatible microfluidic platform for affinity-based capture and nanomechanical characterization of circulating tumor cells. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 34567635 PMCID: PMC8433216 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) carried by the patient's bloodstream are known to lead to the metastatic spread of cancer. It is becoming increasingly clear that an understanding of the nanomechanical characteristics of CTCs, such as elasticity and adhesiveness, represents advancements in tracking and monitoring cancer progression and metastasis. In the present work, we describe a combined microfluidic-atomic force microscopy (AFM) platform that uses antibody-antigen capture to routinely isolate and nanomechanically characterize CTCs present in blood samples from prostate cancer patients. We introduce the reversible assembly of a microfluidic device and apply refined and robust chemistry to covalently bond antibodies onto its glass substrate with high density and the desired orientation. As a result, we show that the device can efficiently capture CTCs from patients with localized and metastatic prostate cancer through anti-EpCAM, anti-PSA, and anti-PSMA antibodies, and it is suitable for AFM measurements of captured intact CTCs. When nanomechanically characterized, CTCs originating from metastatic cancer demonstrate decreased elasticity and increased deformability compared to those originating from localized cancer. While the average adhesion of CTCs to the AFM tip surface remained the same in both the groups, there were fewer multiple adhesion events in metastatic CTCs than there were in their counterparts. The developed platform is simple, robust, and reliable and can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer as well as other forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammedin Deliorman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Farhad K. Janahi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Pavithra Sukumar
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ayoub Glia
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Roaa Alnemari
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Samar Fadl
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
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35
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Abed Kahnamouei S, Baghaei K, Pakzad P, Hashemi M, Zali MR. The role of extracellular matrix proteins in gastric cancer development via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2020; 13:S139-S144. [PMID: 33585016 PMCID: PMC7881393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To acquire a deeper perception of EMT, we evaluated the expression of some candidate extra cellular matrix (ECM) proteins including THBS2, OSMR and CHI3L1 which were collected from RNA-seq bioinformatic analyses. BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a major incident gastrointestinal cancer with a high rate of mortality. Metastasis is a challenging issue in gastric cancer treatment. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells is a complicated process controlled by different cells and molecular pathways regarded as an important step at the onset of metastasis. METHODS AGS gastric cancer cell line was cultured and treated by TGF-β. EMT induction was verified by measuring the expression of E-cadherin, Snail, β-catenin and Vimentin genes by real time PCR. Then, following our previous study, we evaluated the expression of THBS2, OSMR and CHI3L1 genes in EMT induced cells by real time PCR. RESULTS Downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of Snail, β-catenin and Vimentin genes were verified in AGS treated cells in comparison with none-treated cells (P-value = 0.0355, P-value = 0.007, P-value = 0.0059, P-value = 0.0206 respectively). Also, upregulation of THBS2, OSMR and CHI3L1 were validated in these cells after EMT induction (P-value = 0.0147, P-value = 0.05, P-value = 0.05 respectively). CONCLUSION Our morphological and molecular results validated EMT induction by TGF- β cytokine in AGS gastric cancer cell line. Furthermore, significant upregulation of candidate genes including THBS2, OSMR and CHI3L1 verified the role of these proteins in gastric cancer invasiveness. However, further studies are needed for the validation of prognostic value of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Abed Kahnamouei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shakib H, Rajabi S, Dehghan MH, Mashayekhi FJ, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Hedayati M. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review. Endocrine 2019; 66:435-455. [PMID: 31378850 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Metastatic progression of solid tumors, such as thyroid cancer is a complex process which involves various factors. Current understanding on the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid carcinomas suggests that EMT is implicated in the progression from follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). According to the literature, the initiation of the EMT program in thyroid epithelial cells elevates the number of stem cells, which contribute to recurrent and metastatic diseases. The EMT process is orchestrated by a complex network of transcription factors, growth factors, signaling cascades, epigenetic modulations, and the tumor milieu. These factors have been shown to be dysregulated in thyroid carcinomas. Therefore, molecular interferences restoring the expression of tumor suppressors, or thwarting overexpressed oncogenes is a hopeful therapeutic method to improve the treatment of progressive diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on EMT in thyroid cancer focusing on the main role-players and regulators of this process in thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewa Shakib
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Safari-Alighiarloo
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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A "NOTCH" Deeper into the Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Program in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120961. [PMID: 31766724 PMCID: PMC6947643 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is a primitive signaling pathway having various roles in the normal origin and development of each multicellular organisms. Therefore, any aberration in the pathway will inevitably lead to deadly outcomes such as cancer. It has now been more than two decades since Notch was acknowledged as an oncogene in mouse mammary tumor virus-infected mice. Since that discovery, activated Notch signaling and consequent up-regulation of tumor-promoting Notch target genes have been observed in human breast cancer. Moreover, consistent over-expression of Notch ligands and receptors has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Notch regulates a number of key processes during breast carcinogenesis, of which, one key phenomenon is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a key process for large-scale cell movement during morphogenesis at the time of embryonic development. Cancer cells aided by transcription factors usurp this developmental program to execute the multi-step process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we recapitulate recent progress in breast cancer research that has provided new perceptions into the molecular mechanisms behind Notch-mediated EMT regulation during breast tumorigenesis.
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Proteomic Technology "Lens" for Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process Identification in Oncology. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:3565970. [PMID: 31781477 PMCID: PMC6855076 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3565970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex transformation process that induces local and distant progression of many malignant tumours. Due to its complex array of proteins that are dynamically over-/underexpressed during this process, proteomic technologies gained their place in the EMT research in the last years. Proteomics has identified new molecular pathways of this process and brought important insights to develop new therapy targets. Various proteomic tools and multiple combinations were developed in this area. Out of the proteomic technology armentarium, mass spectrometry and array technologies are the most used approaches. The main characteristics of the proteomic technology used in this domain are high throughput and detection of minute concentration in small samples. We present herein, using various proteomic technologies, the identification in cancer cell lines and in tumour tissue EMT-related proteins, proteins that are involved in the activation of different cellular pathways. Proteomics has brought besides standard EMT markers (e.g., cell-cell adhesion proteins and transcription factors) other future potential markers for improving diagnosis, monitoring evolution, and developing new therapy targets. Future will increase the proteomic role in clinical investigation and validation of EMT-related biomarkers.
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Kletukhina S, Neustroeva O, James V, Rizvanov A, Gomzikova M. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4813. [PMID: 31569731 PMCID: PMC6801704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that takes place during embryonic development, wound healing, and under some pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression. The molecular changes occurring within epithelial cells during transformation to a mesenchymal phenotype have been well studied. However, to date, the mechanism of EMT induction remains to be fully elucidated. Recent findings in the field of intercellular communication have shed new light on this process and indicate the need for further studies into this important mechanism. New evidence supports the hypothesis that intercellular communication between mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) and resident epithelial cells plays an important role in EMT induction. Besides direct interactions between cells, indirect paracrine interactions by soluble factors and extracellular vesicles also occur. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication, through the transfer of biologically active molecules, genetic material (mRNA, microRNA, siRNA, DNA), and EMT inducers to the target cells, which are capable of reprogramming recipient cells. In this review, we discuss the role of intercellular communication by EVs to induce EMT and the acquisition of stemness properties by normal and tumor epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevindzh Kletukhina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Olga Neustroeva
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK.
- M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia.
- M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Wang XH, Wu HY, Gao J, Wang XH, Gao TH, Zhang SF. IGF1R facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties in neuroblastoma via the STAT3/AKT axis. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5459-5472. [PMID: 31354352 PMCID: PMC6580139 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s196862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) displays the most heterogeneity in clinical manifestation. The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) has long been recognized for its role in tumourigenesis and growth. The IGF/IGF1R pathway is important in maintaining cell survival. It is reported that IGF1R participates in the occurrence of NB, but the mechanism is still unclear. Methods Human NB cell lines IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y were recruited in this study. IGF1R was knocked down by transfection with short hairpin RNA. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression was inhibited by Cryptotanshinone treatment. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined by MTT assay, wound healing assay, and cell invasion assay, respectively. The cancer stem cell properties were characterized by tumour sphere formation assay and colony formation assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of related proteins were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The knockdown of IGF1R inhibits NB cell tumourigenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NB cells. Additionally, IGF1R was found to stimulate cancer stem cell-like properties in NPC cells. The knockdown of IGF1R significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, and STAT3, indicating that the activation of the AKT and STAT3 pathways was inhibited by IGF1R knockdown. Furthermore, IGF1R was demonstrated to stimulate cancer stem cell-like properties in NB cells via the regulation of the STAT3/AKT axis. Conclusion IGF1R promotes cancer stem cell properties to facilitate EMT in neuroblastoma via the STAT3/AKT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Hui Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
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Li Q, Zhou X, Fang Z, Pan Z. Effect of STC2 gene silencing on colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:977-984. [PMID: 31173256 PMCID: PMC6625197 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), a secretory glycoprotein hormone, regulates many biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis and atherosclerosis. However, the effect of STC2 on proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remains poorly understood. The expression level of STC2 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the viability of SW480 cells. The invasion and migration of cells were identified by wound healing and Transwell assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin and vimentin were assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis. In the present study, it was demonstrated that STC2 was highly expressed in the CRC cell lines. After silencing of STC2, the cell viability, migration and invasion were significantly reduced. Silencing of STC2 in the CRC Sw480 cells increased the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of vimentin, MMP-2 and MMP-9, compared to those in the normal and empty vector group. Furthermore, the expression of β-catenin in the STC2 gene silenced group was suppressed, and the expression of β-catenin was reversed by Wnt activator, SB216763. These results demonstrated that STC2 participates in the development and progression of CRC by promoting CRC cell proliferation, survival and migration and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiukou Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Fang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Pan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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miR-494 induces EndMT and promotes the development of HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) by targeting SIRT3/TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7213. [PMID: 31076630 PMCID: PMC6510769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
EndMT has an important effect on metastasis and progression of tumor. This work will elucidate the effect of miR-494 on EndMT and development of HCC. Therefore, the differential miRNA expression among non-tumorous, para-tumorous and tumorous tissues was analyzed. Moreover, luciferase activities of SIRT3 3′UTR treated with miR-494 were determined. Then human hepatoma cell lines were dealt with mimics or inhibitors of miR-494, migration and proliferation ability were assessed. The expression of SIRT3 and markers of mesenchymal cell were analyzed. The influences of miR-494 on development of HCC through inducing EndMT by targeting SIRT3 and TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathways in hepatoma cell lines were investigated. Xenograft mice were used to explore the potential roles of miR-494 on EndMT and development of HCC in vivo. Our results showed that, compared with non-tumorous tissues, 17 miRNAs were upregulated and 3 miRNAs were down-regulated in tumor tissues. In tumor tissues, the miR-494 expression level was much more than the expression of para-tumorous and non-tumorous tissues. MiR-494 suppressed SIRT3 expression, additionally enhanced expression of mesenchymal cell markers, while exerted effects on cell proliferation and migration of hepatoma cell lines. Moreover, the antagomir of miR-494 could protect against development process in xenogarft murine model. In conclusions, our work demonstrated that miR-494 targeted to SIRT3, and was a crucial mediator of EndMT and development of HCC through regulating SIRT3/TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. It suggested that aim at SIRT3/TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway through suppressing the miR-494 expression level, was a feasible therapy strategy for HCC.
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Sun LL, Chen CM, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang CZ, Lin LZ. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Signaling Regulates Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in A549 Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:137. [PMID: 30931255 PMCID: PMC6423493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Metastasis and therapeutic resistance are the major determinants of lung cancer progression and high mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Highly expressed glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a poor prognostic factor in lung cancer and possibly correlated with EMT. This study aims to examine whether the up-regulation of GRP78 is involved in EMT in lung adenocarcinoma and explore the underlying downstream molecular pathways. Study Design: EMT was assessed by analysis of cell morphology and expression of EMT protein markers in A549 cells under normoxia, hypoxia and silencing GRP78 conditions. The expression levels of Smad2/3, Src, and MAPK (p38, ERK, and JNK) proteins were examined by Western blot analysis under hypoxia and treatments with phosphorylation inhibitors. Results: Under hypoxic conditions, the EMT morphology significantly changed and the GRP78 expression was significantly up-regulated in A549 cells compared with those in normoxia control. The expression and phosphorylation levels of smad2/3, Src, p38, ERK, and JNK were also upregulated. When GRP78 was silenced, EMT was inhibited, and the levels of phospho-smad2/3, phospho-Src, phospho-p38, phospho-ERK, and phospho-JNK were suppressed. When the activation of Smad2/3, Src, p38, ERK, and JNK was inhibited, EMT was also inhibited. The inhibition effect on EMT by these phosphorylation inhibitors was found to be weaker than that of GRP78 knockdown. Conclusions: Hypoxia-induced EMT in A549 cells is regulated by GRP78 signaling pathways. GRP78 promotes EMT by activating Smad2/3 and Src/MAPK pathways. Hence, GRP78 might be a potential target for treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Sun
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Ming Chen
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Zhi Yang
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- Integrative Cancer Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Han T, Mei Y, Wang Y, Feng Z. miR-5582-5p inhibits cell proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer through targeting FGF-10. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:1087-1094. [PMID: 31933923 PMCID: PMC6945143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating the progression of cancerby acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Here, our results demonstrated that miR-5582-5p was significantly down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cell lines compared with normal controls. Overexpression of miR-5582-5p markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells. Consistently, the apoptosis of NSCLC cells was also significantly promoted by overexpressed miR-5582-5p. Functional study uncovered that miR-5582-5p bound the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of fibroblastic growth factor-10 (FGF-10) and decreased the expression of FGF-10 in NSCLC cells. FGF-10 was up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and inversely correlated with the level of miR-5582-5p in NSCLC tissues. Overexpression of FGF-10 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-5582-5p on the proliferation of NSCLC cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated the functional mechanism of miR-5582-5p in suppressing malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells by targeting FGF-10. These findings demonstrated that miR-5582-5p might be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- The Clinical Medical College, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of PLABeijing, China
| | - Yabo Mei
- Affiliated BaYi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Affiliated BaYi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Zhichun Feng
- The Clinical Medical College, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of PLABeijing, China
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Tang S, Hao Y, Yuan Y, Liu R, Chen Q. Role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3024-3031. [PMID: 30070748 PMCID: PMC6172014 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) play a significant role in both embryonic development and in adults. Upon binding with ligands, FGFR signaling is activated and triggers various downstream signal cascades that are implicated in diverse biological processes. Aberrant regulations of FGFR signaling are detected in numerous cancers. Although FGFR4 was discovered later than other FGFR, information on the involvement of FGFR4 in cancers has significantly increased in recent years. In this review, the recent findings in FGFR4 structure, signaling transduction, physiological function, aberrant regulations, and effects in cancers as well as its potential applications as an anticancer therapeutic target are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Pandurangan AK, Divya T, Kumar K, Dineshbabu V, Velavan B, Sudhandiran G. Colorectal carcinogenesis: Insights into the cell death and signal transduction pathways: A review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 10:244-259. [PMID: 30254720 PMCID: PMC6147765 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i9.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) imposes a major health burden in developing countries. It is the third major cause of cancer deaths. Despite several treatment strategies, novel drugs are warranted to reduce the severity of this disease. Adenomatous polyps in the colon are the major culprits in CRC and found in 45% of cancers, especially in patients 60 years of age. Inflammatory polyps are currently gaining attention in CRC, and a growing body of evidence denotes the role of inflammation in CRC. Several experimental models are being employed to investigate CRC in animals, which include the APCmin/+ mouse model, Azoxymethane, Dimethyl hydrazine, and a combination of Dextran sodium sulphate and dimethyl hydrazine. During CRC progression, several signal transduction pathways are activated. Among the major signal transduction pathways are p53, Transforming growth factor beta, Wnt/β-catenin, Delta Notch, Hippo signalling, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathways. These signalling pathways collaborate with cell death mechanisms, which include apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy, to determine cell fate. Extensive research has been carried out in our laboratory to investigate these signal transduction and cell death mechanistic pathways in CRC. This review summarizes CRC pathogenesis and the related cell death and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok kumar Pandurangan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
- School of Life sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India
| | - Thomas Divya
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Kalaivani Kumar
- School of Life sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, India
| | - Vadivel Dineshbabu
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Bakthavatchalam Velavan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Ganapasam Sudhandiran
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
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Hu W, Pei H, Sun F, Li P, Nie J, Li B, Hei TK, Zhou G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-targeted lung tissues of Kunming mice exposed to X-rays is suppressed by celecoxib. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:583-587. [PMID: 30124886 PMCID: PMC6151633 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the highest health risks caused by ionizing radiation, which induces both direct effects and non-targeted effects. However, whether radiation-induced non-targeted effects result in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a critical process during tumorigenesis, in non-targeted lung tissues remains unknown. In the present study, Kunming mice were subjected to whole-body, cranial or local abdominal irradiation of single-dose or fractionated 4 Gy X-rays, and the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in non-targeted lung tissues were assessed by both qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining. It was found that the epithelial marker was downregulated while the mesenchymal markers were upregulated significantly in non-targeted lung tissues of the irradiated mice. Local abdominal irradiation was more efficient in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition than whole-body or cranial irradiation when the fractionated irradiation method was adopted. In addition, the intraperitoneal administration of celecoxib suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the non-targeted lung tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal transition is induced in non-targeted lung tissues, but can be suppressed by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Pei
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang Sun
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Nie
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, P. R. China
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