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Yang L, Shao Y, Gao T, Bajinka O, Yuan X. Current advances in cancer energy metabolism under dietary restriction: a mini review. Med Oncol 2024; 41:209. [PMID: 39060824 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of the energy or source of food for cancer cells has attracted significant attention in oncology research. Metabolic reprogramming of the immune system allows for a deeper understanding of cancer cell mechanisms, thereby impeding their progression. A more targeted approach is the restriction of cancer cells through dietary restriction (CR), which deprives cancer cells of the preferred energy sources within the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing immune cell efficacy. Although there is a plethora of CR strategies that can be employed to impede cancer progression, there is currently no comprehensive review that delineates the specific dietary restrictions that target the diverse metabolic pathways of cancer cells. This mini-review introduces amino acids as anti-cancer agents and discusses the role of dietary interventions in cancer prevention and treatment. It highlights the potential of a ketogenic diet as a therapeutic approach for cancer, elucidating its distinct mechanisms of action in tumor progression. Additionally, the potential of plant-based diets as anti-cancer agents and the role of polyphenols and vitamins in anti-cancer therapy were also discussed, along with some prospective interventions for CR as anti-tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudian Shao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ousman Bajinka
- School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Street, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Thakur M, Rai AK, Singh SP. Structural Characteristics, Physicochemical Properties, and Digestibility Analysis of Resistant Starch Type-V Prepared from Debranched Corn Starch and Fatty Acid Complexation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25799-25807. [PMID: 37521665 PMCID: PMC10373469 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Corn starch was gelatinized and treated with a metagenomic type 1 pullulanase (PulM), increasing the proportion of linear glucan chains. The debranched corn starch (DCS), containing amylose helices, was subjected to complexation with fatty acid molecules at moderate temperatures (50-60 °C). The amylose-lipid complexes prepared using saturated fatty acids, e.g., capric acid (CA) and lauric acid (LA), displayed higher CI values as compared to that of unsaturated fatty acid compounds, e.g., undecylenic acids (UAs) and oleic acid (OA). The DCS-fatty acid complex was estimated to contain about 14% of rapidly digested starch (RDS), 26% of slowly digested starch (SDS), and 60% of resistant starch V (RS-5). RS-5 samples exhibited high resistance toward digestive enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface microdetails of RS-5 were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), depicting small spherulite-like structural aggregates. X-ray diffraction pattern analysis estimated about 46% of the crystallinity of RS-5. Thermal attributes of RS-5 were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, depicting the increase in melting enthalpies after the complexation of fatty acid molecules with debranched corn starch. Comparative DSC thermograms divulged a relatively higher stability of RS-5 as compared to that of RS-3. The findings advocated the potentiality of RS-5 (nondigestible DCS-LA complex) as a functional, valuable ingredient in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Thakur
- Center
of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), A National Institute of DBT, Govt. of India, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Amit K. Rai
- National
Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (DBT-NABI), A National Institute of DBT, Govt. of India, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Sudhir P. Singh
- Center
of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), A National Institute of DBT, Govt. of India, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, India
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Wei X, Yang W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Long Y, Tan B, Wan X. Health Effects of Whole Grains: A Bibliometric Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244094. [PMID: 36553836 PMCID: PMC9777732 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole grains have been recommended in the diet in most countries, with numerous publications focusing on their health effect. A systematic analysis of these publications on different research methods, regions and perspectives will contribute to an understanding of the innovation pattern in this field. This bibliometric study analyzes the global publication characteristics, hotspots and frontiers of whole grain health benefit research, and discusses the trends and prospects of this topic. The overall number of publications is on the rise, with the United States contributing the most publications. The most cited literature shows that observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis are the most widely used methods. The main focus in this area is on dietary fiber and bioactive substances, while the latter has received increased attention in recent years in particular. With the increasingly prominent problems of hidden hunger and chronic disease, the development of whole grain foods and their optimum intake have gradually become hot topics. In addition to the need to reveal the mechanism of whole grain health effects, consensus needs to be reached on standards and definitions for whole grain foods, and attention should be paid to the retention of taste and healthy nutrients in processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wei
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-132-6143-7257 (B.T.); +86-186-0056-1850 (X.W.)
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China
- Beijing Beike Institute of Precision Medicine and Health Technology, Beijing 100192, China
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-132-6143-7257 (B.T.); +86-186-0056-1850 (X.W.)
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Irshad A, Guo H, Ur Rehman S, Gu J, Wang C, Xiong H, Xie Y, Zhao S, Liu L. Screening of Induced Mutants Led to the Identification of Starch Biosynthetic Genes Associated with Improved Resistant Starch in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10741. [PMID: 36142653 PMCID: PMC9502818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits are obtained from resistant starch, also known as healthy starch. Enhancing resistant starch with genetic modification has huge commercial importance. The variation of resistant starch content is narrow in wheat, in relation to which limited improvement has been attained. Hence, there is a need to produce a wheat population that has a wide range of variations in resistant starch content. In the present study, stable mutants were screened that showed significant variation in the resistant starch content. A megazyme kit was used for measuring the resistant starch content, digestible starch, and total starch. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the mutant population for resistant starch. Furthermore, four diverse mutant lines for resistant starch content were used to study the quantitative expression patterns of 21 starch metabolic pathway genes; and to evaluate the candidate genes for resistant starch biosynthesis. The expression pattern of 21 starch metabolic pathway genes in two diverse mutant lines showed a higher expression of key genes regulating resistant starch biosynthesis (GBSSI and their isoforms) in the high resistant starch mutant lines, in comparison to the parent variety (J411). The expression of SBEs genes was higher in the low resistant starch mutants. The other three candidate genes showed overexpression (BMY, Pho1, Pho2) and four had reduced (SSIII, SBEI, SBEIII, ISA3) expression in high resistant starch mutants. The overexpression of AMY and ISA1 in the high resistant starch mutant line JE0146 may be due to missense mutations in these genes. Similarly, there was a stop_gained mutation for PHO2; it also showed overexpression. In addition, the gene expression analysis of 21 starch metabolizing genes in four different mutants (low and high resistant starch mutants) shows that in addition to the important genes, several other genes (phosphorylase, isoamylases) may be involved and contribute to the biosynthesis of resistant starch. There is a need to do further study about these new genes, which are responsible for the fluctuation of resistant starch in the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Irshad
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shoaib Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Jiayu Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Resistant starch supplementation increases crypt cell proliferative state in the rectal mucosa of older healthy participants. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:374-385. [PMID: 32279690 PMCID: PMC7369377 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that foods containing dietary fibre protect against colorectal cancer, resulting at least in part from its anti-proliferative properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with two non-digestible carbohydrates, resistant starch (RS) and polydextrose (PD), on crypt cell proliferative state (CCPS) in the macroscopically normal rectal mucosa of healthy individuals. We also investigated relationships between expression of regulators of apoptosis and of the cell cycle on markers of CCPS. Seventy-five healthy participants were supplemented with RS and/or PD or placebo for 50 d in a 2 × 2 factorial design in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the Dietary Intervention, Stem cells and Colorectal Cancer (DISC) Study). CCPS was assessed, and the expression of regulators of the cell cycle and of apoptosis was measured by quantitative PCR in rectal mucosal biopsies. SCFA concentrations were quantified in faecal samples collected pre- and post-intervention. Supplementation with RS increased the total number of mitotic cells within the crypt by 60 % (P = 0·001) compared with placebo. This effect was limited to older participants (aged ≥50 years). No other differences were observed for the treatments with PD or RS as compared with their respective controls. PD did not influence any of the measured variables. RS, however, increased cell proliferation in the crypts of the macroscopically-normal rectum of older adults. Our findings suggest that the effects of RS on CCPS are not only dose, type of RS and health status-specific but are also influenced by age.
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Khan A, Rahman UU, Siddiqui S, Irfan M, Shah AA, Badshah M, Hasan F, Khan S. Preparation and characterization of resistant starch type III from enzymatically hydrolyzed maize flour. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4565-4580. [PMID: 31243724 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides including resistant starch are categorized as dietary fiber and are used as an important prebiotic. Similar to soluble fibers, resistant starch also has a number of physiological effects that have been shown to be beneficial for health. Starch hydrolyzing enzymes, most importantly amylases, play essential roles in the production of resistant starch. This study aimed to develop α-amylase-treated maize flour with slow digestibility and unique physicochemical characteristics compared to native maize flour. In the current study, resistant starch type III from maize flour was prepared using α-amylase obtained from indigenously isolated Bacillus licheniformis. The α-amylase gene from B. licheniformis was amplified and cloned into the pET-24(a) vector, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified by metal ion affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme enhanced the yield of resistant starch 16-fold in maize flour. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the granular structure of maize flour was disrupted into a dense network with irregular structure, and X-ray diffractograms confirmed the transformation from an amorphous to a crystalline structure upon α-amylase treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed increased amylose content of α-amylase-treated maize flour. Moreover, α-amylase-treated maize flour resulted in a significant enhancement of the desired properties of maize flour, such as resistant starch content, amylose, milk absorption capacity, and iodine and fatty acid complexing ability, and a reduction in swelling power, water binding, oil absorption capacity, and in vitro digestibility compared to untreated maize flour. Resistant starch type III showed low digestibility and increased complexing ability with iodine and fatty acid and therefore could be a safe and beneficial alternative as a coating material for the delivery of active, sensitive ingredients to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ubaid Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Samiya Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Malik Badshah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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