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He X, Zhang Z, Hu M, Lin X, Weng X, Lu J, Fang L, Chen X. Liquiritin Alleviates Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:930-941. [PMID: 38767463 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2353263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research was designed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory impacts of liquiritin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). METHODS The Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was adopted to assess cell viability. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the secretion levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to identify the genes that exhibited differential expression between different treatment. The model group included cells treated with LPS (10 µg/mL), the treatment group comprised cells treated with liquiritin (80 µM) and LPS (10 µg/mL), and the control group consisted of untreated cells. To further validate the expression levels of the selected genes, including CSF2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, IL1A, IL1B, IL24, IL6, and LTB, quantitative real-time PCR was performed. The expression of proteins related to the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway was assessed through western blot analysis. NF-κB nuclear translocation was evaluated through immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in LPS-induced HCECs was significantly downregulated by liquiritin. Based on the transcriptome analysis, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-24, TNF-α, and IL-1α was overproduced by LPS stimulation, and suppressed after liquiritin treatment. Furthermore, the Western blot results revealed a remarkable reduction in the phosphorylation degrees of NF-κB p65, IκB, and Akt upon treatment with liquiritin. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis confirmed liquiritin's inhibition of LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings imply that liquiritin suppresses the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and the anti-inflammatory impacts of liquiritin may be caused by its repression of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-induced HCECs. These data indicate that liquiritin could provide a potential therapeutic application for inflammation-associated corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian He
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meili Hu
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu Weng
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiajun Lu
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Fang
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xianhua Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Lim C, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Kim DW, Yi JM, Choi YH, Hyun JW. Inhibitory Action of 1,3,5-Trihydroxybenzene on UVB-Induced NADPH Oxidase 4 through AMPK and JNK Signaling Pathways. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:499-507. [PMID: 38914480 PMCID: PMC11214967 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2024.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific sensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays is one of the mechanisms responsible for widespread skin damage. This study tested whether 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (THB), a compound abundant in marine products, might inhibit UVB radiation-induced NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in both human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse dorsal skin and explore its cytoprotective mechanism. The mechanism of action was determined using western blotting, immunocytochemistry, NADP+/NADPH assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and cell viability assay. THB attenuated UVB-induced NOX4 expression both in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed UVB-induced ROS generation via NADP+ production, resulting in increased cell viability with decreased apoptosis. THB also reduced the expression of UVB-induced phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). THB suppressed UVB-induced NOX4 expression and ROS generation by inhibiting AMPK and JNK signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting cellular damage. These results showed that THB could be developed as a UV protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemoon Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dae Whan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Truong VL, Bae YJ, Bang JH, Jeong WS. Combination of red ginseng and velvet antler extracts prevents skin damage by enhancing the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting MAPK/AP-1/NF-κB and caspase signaling pathways in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:323-332. [PMID: 38707646 PMCID: PMC11068995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that the combination of two or more therapeutic compounds at certain ratios has more noticeable pharmaceutical properties than single compounds and requires reduced dosage of each agent. Red ginseng and velvet antler have been extensively used in boosting immunity and physical strength and preventing diseases. Thus, this study was conducted to elucidate the skin-protective potentials of red ginseng extract (RGE) and velvet antler extract (VAE) alone or in combination on ultraviolet (UVB)-irradiated human keratinocytes and SKH-1 hairless mice. Methods HaCaT cells were preincubated with RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 2 h before UVB (30 mJ/cm2) irradiation. SKH-1 mice were orally given RGE/VAE alone or in combination for 15 days before exposure to single dose of UVB (600 mJ/cm2). Treated cells and treated skin tissues were collected and subjected to subsequent experiments. Results RGE/VAE pretreatment alone or in combination significantly prevented UVB-induced cell death, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, and DNA damage in keratinocytes and SKH-1 mouse skins by downregulating mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1/nuclear factor kappa B and caspase signaling pathways. These extracts also strengthened the antioxidant defense systems and skin barriers in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells and SKH-1 mouse skins. Furthermore, RGE/VAE co-administration appeared to be more effective in preventing UVB-caused skin injury than these extracts used alone. Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that the consumption of RGE/VAE, especially in combination, offers a protective ability against UVB-caused skin injury by preventing inflammation and apoptosis and enhancing antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Food and Bio-industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Avila-Bonilla RG, Martínez-Montero JP. Crosstalk between vault RNAs and innate immunity. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:387. [PMID: 38443657 PMCID: PMC10914904 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vault (vt) RNAs are noncoding (nc) RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III) with 5'-triphosphate (5'-PPP) termini that play significant roles and are recognized by innate immune sensors, including retinoic acid-inducible protein 1 (RIG-I). In addition, vtRNAs adopt secondary structures that can be targets of interferon-inducible protein kinase R (PKR) and the oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system, both of which are important for activating antiviral defenses. However, changes in the expression of vtRNAs have been associated with pathological processes that activate proinflammatory pathways, which influence cellular events such as differentiation, aging, autophagy, apoptosis, and drug resistance in cancer cells. RESULTS In this review, we summarized the biology of vtRNAs and focused on their interactions with the innate immune system. These findings provide insights into the diverse roles of vtRNAs and their correlation with various cellular processes to improve our understanding of their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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He X, Cui J, Li H, Zhou Y, Wu X, Jiang C, Xu Z, Wang R, Xiong L. Antipyretic effects of Xiangqin Jiere granules on febrile young rats revealed by combining pharmacodynamics, metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular biology experiments and molecular docking strategies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38197809 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Xiangqin Jiere granules (XQJRG) is a proprietary Chinese medicine treating children's colds and fevers, but its mechanism of action is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the antipyretic mechanisms of XQJRG based on pharmacodynamics, non-targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular biology experiments, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Firstly, the yeast-induced fever model was constructed in young rats to study antipyretic effect of XQJRG. Metabolomics and network pharmacology studies were performed to identify the key compounds, targets and pathways involved in the antipyretic of XQJRG. Subsequently, MetScape was used to jointly analyze targets from network pharmacology and metabolites from metabolomics. Finally, the key targets were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the affinity and stability of key ingredient and targets were evaluated by molecular docking and MD simulation. The animal experimental results showed that after XQJRG treatment, body temperature of febrile rats was significantly reduced, 13 metabolites were significantly modulated, and pathways of differential metabolite enrichment were mainly related to amino acid and lipid metabolism. Network pharmacology results indicated that quercetin and kaempferol were the key active components of XQJRG, TNF, AKT1, IL6, IL1B and PTGS2 were core targets. ELISA confirmed that XQJRG significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the hypothalamic concentrations of COX-2 and PGE2. Molecular docking demonstrated that the binding energies of kaempferol to the core targets were all below -5.0 kcal/mol. MD simulation results showed that the binding free energies of TNF-kaempferol, IL6-kaempferol, IL1B-kaempferol and PTGS2-kaempferol were -87.86 kcal/mol, -70.41 kcal/mol, -69.95 kcal/mol and -106.67 kcal/mol, respectively. In conclusion, XQJRG has antipyretic effects on yeast-induced fever in young rats, and its antipyretic mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of peripheral pyrogenic cytokines release by constituents such as kaempferol, the reduction of hypothalamic fever mediator production, and the amelioration of disturbances in amino acid and lipid metabolism.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying He
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jieqiong Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huayan Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xinchen Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Chunrong Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhichang Xu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhou H, Yao G, Zhou L, Qian C. BIBR1532 inhibits proliferation and enhances apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by reducing telomerase activity. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16404. [PMID: 37953768 PMCID: PMC10638922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare haematological disorder with few therapeutic options. BIBR1532, a telomerase inhibitor, is widely used in cancer treatment and has promising outcomes. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of action of BIBR1532 in MM. Methods K562 and MEG-01 cells were cultured with BIBR1532 at different concentrations. After 24 and 48 h, cell survival was analyzed. Next, these cells were cultured with 25 and 50 µM BIBR1532 for 48 h, then, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of the telomerase activity related markers were tested by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, flow cytometric analysis, western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Expression of Bcl-xL, Bad, Survivin, phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, ERK1/2, and MAPK were tested via western blotting. Further experiments were conducted to evaluate the synergistic effects of BIBR1532 and doxorubicin (Dox) or bortezomib (Bor). Results BIBR1532 inhibited K562 and MEG-01 cell survival in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, BIBR1532 hindered cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis, and this effect was enhanced by increasing the BIBR1532 concentration. Moreover, BIBR1532 inhibited TERT and c-MYC expression, PI3K, AKT, mTOR phosphorylation, and facilitated ERK1/2 and MAPK phosphorylation. Additionally, BIBR1532 combined with Dox or Bor showed synergistic effects in MM treatment. Conclusion BIBR1532 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in MM cells by inhibiting telomerase activity. Additionally, BIBR1532 combined with Dox or Bor exhibited synergistic effects, indicating that BIBR1532 may be a novel medicine for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Hematology, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangqun Zhou
- Medical School, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoli Yao
- Department of Hematology, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Qian
- Clinical Laboratory, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yang S, Chen G, Yuan M, Zou Y, Zhang H, Xu H. UPLC-QTOF-MS with a chemical profiling approach for holistic quality evaluation between a material reference of Wen Dan decoction and its commercial preparations. Chin Med 2023; 18:63. [PMID: 37248470 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wen Dan decoction (WDD) has been a famous classic formula for resolving phlegm since ancient times in China. Currently, there are many types of WDD commercial preparations produced through modern technology. However, it is not known whether the holistic quality of WDD commercial preparations is consistent with the traditional decocting method to exert its proper effects. Therefore, the WDD material reference was studied and prepared, which can represent the traditional Chinese formulation WDD. METHODS A method based on UPLC-QTOF-MS was developed to evaluate the quality of WDD material reference and commercial prescriptions. At the same time, the multivariate statistical method was used to compare the differences between the material reference and the commercial prescription by principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap. Finally, the UPLC-QTOF-MS method was established to quantitatively study 11 representative components, including naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, adenosine, liquiritigenin, tangeretin, eriocitrin, naringenin and synephrine. RESULTS A total of 107 compounds were identified in the WDD material reference by comparing the retention time and fragment ion characteristics, including 54 flavonoids, 14 triterpenes, 10 organic acids, 7 alkaloids, 7 coumarins and 15 other components. The samples were almost evenly split into two groups, indicating a difference in quality between the WDD material reference and its commercial preparations in multivariate statistical analysis. Eleven major components of linearity, precision, repeatability, stability and recovery rate met the requirements, which were clearly different in commercial preparations and WDD material references. In terms of the content of 11 components in the commercial preparation, only CP8 is close to the material reference, which is in agreement with the statistical analysis of the heatmap. The concentrations of naringin and neohesperidin from the WDD material reference were higher than those from the commercial preparations. CONCLUSIONS The quality evaluation method established in this study can be used to identify different sources of WDD but also proves that the WDD material reference contains higher naringin. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the preparation technology of WDD commercial prescriptions should be optimized on the basis of WDD material references, producing the closest possible clinical basis for the substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zou
- Shineway Pharmaceutical Group Ltd., Hebei, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Yan M, Guo L, Ma J, Yang Y, Tang T, Zhang B, Zhou W, Zou W, Hou Z, Gu H, Gong H. Liquiritin alleviates alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced intrahepatic cholestasis through the Sirt1/FXR/Nrf2 pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:350-359. [PMID: 36008890 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquiritin (LQ) is an important monomer active component in flavonoids of licorice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of LQ in cholestatic mice. LQ (40 or 80 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered to mice once daily for 6 days, and mice were treated intragastrically with a single dosage of ANIT (75 mg/kg) on the 5th day. On the 7th day, mice were sacrificed to collect blood and livers. The mRNA and protein levels were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. We also conducted systematical assessments of miRNAs expression profiles in the liver. LQ ameliorated ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury, as evidenced by reduced serum biochemical markers and attenuated pathological changes in liver. Pretreatment of LQ reduced the increase of malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and IL-1β induced by ANIT. Moreover, ANIT suppressed the expression of Sirt1 and FXR in liver tissue, which was weakened in the LQ pre-treatment group. LQ enhanced the nuclear expression of Nrf2, which was increased in the ANIT group. LQ also increased the mRNA expressions of bile acid transporters Bsep, Ntcp, Mrp3, and Mrp4. Furthermore, a miRNA deep sequencing analysis revealed that LQ had a global regulatory effect on the hepatic miRNA expression. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly related to metabolic pathways, endocytosis, and MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, LQ attenuated hepatotoxicity and cholestasis by regulating the expression of Sirt1/FXR/Nrf2 and the bile acid transporters, indicating that LQ might be an effective approach for cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiating Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingli Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Kraokaew P, Manohong P, Prasertsuksri P, Jattujan P, Niamnont N, Tamtin M, Sobhon P, Meemon K. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Marine Algae, Halymenia durvillei, Provides Photoprotection against UV-Exposure in L929 and HaCaT Cells. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:707. [PMID: 36421985 PMCID: PMC9696495 DOI: 10.3390/md20110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Halymenia durvillei is a red alga distributed along the coasts of Southeast Asian countries including Thailand. Previous studies have shown that an ethyl acetate fraction of H. durvillei (HDEA), containing major compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-butyl-5-hexyloctahydro-1H-indene, 3-(hydroxyacetyl) indole and indole-3-carboxylic acid, possesses high antioxidant and anti-lung cancer activities. The present study demonstrated that HDEA could protect mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) and human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) against photoaging due to ultraviolet A and B (UVA and UVB) by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1 and MMP3), as well as increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation, upregulations of mRNA transcripts of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase (HMOX) and glutathione S-transferase pi1 (GSTP1), and procollagen synthesis. The results indicate that HDEA has the potential to protect skin cells from UV irradiation through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which leads to decreasing intracellular ROS and MMP production, along with the restoration of skin collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichnaree Kraokaew
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Preeyanuch Manohong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Mod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Prapaporn Jattujan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nakhon Niamnont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bang Mod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Montakan Tamtin
- Kung Krabean Bay Royal Development Center, Department of Fisheries, Khlong Khut Sub-District, Tha Mai, Chantaburi 22000, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Peng S, Guo C, Wu S, Duan Z. Isolation, characterization and anti-UVB irradiation activity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHPriobi O17. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11125. [PMID: 36299523 PMCID: PMC9589185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to isolate exopolysaccharides (EPS) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and evaluate EPS anti-UVB viability. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHPriobi O17 with high EPS production was screened from 34 strains of LAB. The EPS (OP-2) produced by L. rhamnosus VHPriobi O17 was purified by alcohol precipitation and DEAE-μSphere anion exchange chromatography. By ion chromatography, FT-IR spectrum and gel column chromatography, EPS (OP-2) was a novel Man-like polysaccharide with the weight-averaged molecular of 84.2 kDa. The EPS (OP-2) can effectively alleviate HaCaT cells apoptosis and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by UVB. The results also showed that it inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8); and suppressed the phosphorylation cascade of JNK and p38 MAPK to reduce the expression level of active-caspase3, ultimately prevented cell apoptosis. Thus, the EPS produced by L. rhamnosus VHPriobi O17 have the potential to be used for human anti-UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-Manufacturing, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Chaoqun Guo
- Qingdao Vland Biotech Inc. Nutrition and Health Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Songjie Wu
- Qingdao Vland Biotech Inc. Nutrition and Health Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Qingdao Vland Biotech Inc. Nutrition and Health Technology Center, Qingdao, China,Corresponding author.
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The Japanese Herbal Medicine Yokukansan Exerted Antioxidant and Analgesic Effects in an Experimental Rat Model of Hunner-Type Interstitial Cystitis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060810. [PMID: 35744072 PMCID: PMC9230041 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Japanese herbal medicine Yokukansan (YKS) has analgesic properties and is used for various pain disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of YKS in Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) using an experimental rat model of HIC and to explore its antioxidant activity and role as the underlying mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant capacity of YKS was evaluated by determining its hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging capacity using electron spin resonance (ESR). Next, the effects of YKS administration were explored using a toll-like receptor-7 agonist-induced rat model of HIC. The von Frey test was performed to assess bladder pain. Three days after HIC induction, the bladder was removed, and the expression of oxidative stress parameters in the bladder wall was investigated (reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), ·OH, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG)). Results: YKS had a ·OH scavenging capacity according to the ESR study. In the von Frey test, a significant decrease in the withdrawal threshold was observed in the HIC group compared with the control group; however, the decrease was ameliorated by the administration of YKS. Oxidative stress parameters showed increasing tendencies (ROMs test and 8-OHdG) or a significant increase (·OH) in the HIC group compared with the control group; however, the increase was significantly suppressed by the administration of YKS. Conclusions: These findings suggest that YKS is effective against HIC and that its antioxidant activity is involved in the mechanism of action.
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Pradhan SK, Li Y, Gantenbein AR, Angst F, Lehmann S, Shaban H. Wen Dan Tang: A Potential Jing Fang Decoction for Headache Disorders? MEDICINES 2022; 9:medicines9030022. [PMID: 35323721 PMCID: PMC8955743 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Chinese herbal medicine is considered relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily accessible. Wen Dan Tang (WDT), a Jing Fang ancient classical Chinese herbal formula with a broad indication profile has been used for several centuries in China to treat various illnesses. Question: Are there evidence-based clinical trials that show that WDT has a significant impact on the treatment of various diseases, especially in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches (TTH)? Methods: This study is based on an online database search using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, AcuTrials, Embase, Semantic Scholar, Jstor, internet research, and review of ancient and modern Chinese medical textbooks regarding WDT and its compounds. Results: There were no studies on WDT in migraine and TTH; therefore, this work gathers and describes data for every single compound in the formula. Conclusion: This study suggests that the bioactive compounds found in WDT composition show potential in treating patients with neurological, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and digestive disorders. Some coherence between WDT in headache reduction and improvements in the quality of life in patients with migraines and TTH could be evaluated, showing positive results of WDT in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K. Pradhan
- Research Department Rehaklinik, TCM Ming Dao, ZURZACH Care, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland;
- Research Department, Swiss TCM Academy, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland
- Research Department, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yiming Li
- Research Department Rehaklinik, TCM Ming Dao, ZURZACH Care, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland;
- Research Department, Swiss TCM Academy, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland
- Research Department, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Andreas R. Gantenbein
- Neurology & Neurorehabilitation Department Rehaklinik, ZURZACH Care, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland;
| | - Felix Angst
- Research Department Rehaklinik, ZURZACH Care, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland; (F.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Susanne Lehmann
- Research Department Rehaklinik, ZURZACH Care, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland; (F.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Hamdy Shaban
- Department of Private Psychiatry Clinic of UPK, University Psychiatric Clinics, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
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Liquiritin Alleviates Depression-Like Behavior in CUMS Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Hippocampus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7558825. [PMID: 35069768 PMCID: PMC8767389 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7558825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Central inflammation is generally accepted to be involved in the pathology of depression. We investigated whether liquiritin exerts antidepressant effects by inhibiting central NLRP3 inflammasomes. Results The behavioral despair model and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model in mice were established to evaluate the antidepressant action of liquiritin. In the despair model study, liquiritin (40 mg/kg) administration reduced immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) without affecting locomotion activity. In CUMS model study, liquiritin (40 mg/kg, once daily for 4 weeks) significantly increased sucrose consumption and body weight of CUMS mice. The behavioral experiment results showed that liquiritin reduced the immobile time of CUMS mice in TST and FST, respectively, and increased the time spent and open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Further, the hippocampal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased in liquiritin-treated group, while malonaldehyde (MDA) decreased. Additionally, the hippocampal cytokines interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) contents were reduced in the liquiritin-treated group. Further, liquiritin downregulated the expression of NLRP3 in the hippocampus of CUMS mice rather than TLR4. Besides, NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins caspase-1 and ASC were also downregulated. However, liquiritin did not alter the thermal stability of NLRP3 in the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), suggesting that its inhibition of NLPR3 was not by direct targeting of NLRP3 protein. Conclusions Liquiritin attenuates depression-like behavior of CUMS mice and inhibited cytokines levels triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting the antidepressant action is, at least partially, associated with antioxidant stress and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Thu VT, Yen NTH, Ly NTH. Liquiritin from Radix Glycyrrhizae Protects Cardiac Mitochondria from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Damage. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:1857464. [PMID: 34413986 PMCID: PMC8369190 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1857464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of liquiritin (LIQ) from Radix Glycyrrhizae on cardiac mitochondria against hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury. METHODS H9C2 cells were subject to the HR model. LIQ purified from Radix Glycyrrhizae (purity > 95%) was administrated to reoxygenation period. Cell viability, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial Ca2⁺ level were then assessed by using Cell Counting kit-8 and suitable fluorescence probe kits. RESULTS LIQ administration remarkably reduced the rate of HR damage via increasing H9C2 cell viability level and preserving mitochondria after HR. Particularly, 60 μM of LIQ posthypoxic treatment markedly reduced cell death in HR-subjected H9C2 cell groups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, posthypoxic treatment of LIQ significantly prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the decrease in mitochondrial mass, the increase in reactive oxygen species production, and the elevation of mitochondrial Ca2⁺ level in HR-treated H9C2 cells. CONCLUSION The present study provides for the first time the cardioprotective of LIQ posthypoxic treatment via reducing H9C2 cell death and protecting cardiac mitochondria against HR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
- The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hai Yen
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Mou SQ, Zhou ZY, Feng H, Zhang N, Lin Z, Aiyasiding X, Li WJ, Ding W, Liao HH, Bian ZY, Tang QZ. Liquiritin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury via an AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648688. [PMID: 34054527 PMCID: PMC8162655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Liquiritin (LIQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been reported to regulate inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. However, the beneficial effects of LIQ in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) has not been reported. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of LIQ in LPS-induced SCM model. Methods: Mice were pre-treated with LIQ for 7 days before they were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) for inducing SCM model. Echocardiographic analysis was used to evaluate cardiac function after 12 h of LPS injection. Thereafter, mice were sacrificed to collect hearts for molecular and histopathologic assays by RT-PCR, western-blots, immunohistochemical and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining analysis respectively. AMPKα2 knockout (AMPKα2−/−) mice were used to elucidate the mechanism of LIQ Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) treated with or without LPS were used to further investigate the roles and mechanisms of LIQ in vitro experiments. Results: LIQ administration attenuated LPS-induced mouse cardiac dysfunction and reduced mortality, based upon the restoration of EF, FS, LVEDs, heart rate, dp/dt max and dp/dt min deteriorated by LPS treatment. LIQ treatment also reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β, inhibited inflammatory cell migration, suppressed cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis, and improved metabolism. Mechanistically, LIQ enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) and decreased the phosphorylation of mTORC1, IκBα and NFκB/p65. Importantly, the beneficial roles of LIQ were not observed in AMPKα2 knockout model, nor were they observed in vitro model after inhibiting AMPK activity with an AMPK inhibitor. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that LIQ exerts its protective effects in an SCM model induced by LPS administration. LIQ reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and metabolic alterations via regulating AMPKα2 dependent signaling pathway. Thus, LIQ might be a potential treatment or adjuvant for SCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Qi Mou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiahenazi Aiyasiding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Han Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
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Effect of Yijin-Tang, an Oriental Traditional Formula, on Allergic Responses Using an Ovalbumin-Induced Murine Asthma Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5585692. [PMID: 34055011 PMCID: PMC8133850 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5585692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Yijin-tang is an oriental traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Yijin-tang water extract (YTE) using an ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced asthma model, focusing on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the herb. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with OVA on days 0 and 14 and then challenged with OVA on days 21, 22, and 23. The animals were orally administered YTE (200 and 400 mg/kg) from days 18 to 23, and this was found to significantly decrease airway hyperresponsiveness and release of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E in mice with asthma. In addition, YTE was associated with a marked reduction in airway inflammation and mucus production in lung tissue of mice with asthma. Furthermore, YTE suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and phosphorylation of ERK in the lungs, which in turn led to a reduction in inducible nitric oxide synthases and an elevation in reduced glutathione and heme oxygenase-1. In conclusion, YTE effectively suppressed allergic responses in mice with asthma and the effect was closely related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the herb. Our results indicate that YTE may be a potential agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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17
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Poorahong W, Innalak S, Ungsurungsie M, Watanapokasin R. Protective effect of purple corn silk extract against ultraviolet-B-induced cell damage in human keratinocyte cells. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:140-146. [PMID: 34159144 PMCID: PMC8177152 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_238_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UVB) could lead to inflammation and cell death induction. Purple corn silk (PCS), part of female flower of corn has multiple pharmacological properties. This investigation focused on determining the preventive effects of PCS extract on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell damage induced by UVB irradiation. Cells were irradiated with 25 mJ/cm2 UVB after pre-treated with PCS extract for 1 h. Then, the cells were then placed in culture medium followed by subsequent experiments. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay. The immunofluorescence, DCFH-DA, JC-1, and Hoeshst33342 staining assays were used to determine γ-H2AX, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential of mitochondria, and nuclear condensation, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the proteins expression. The statistically significant comparison was calculated by analysis of variance at P < 0.05. The fluorescence and protein band intensity were quantified by Image J densitometer. The results indicated cell survival was increased upon PCS extract pretreatment followed by UVB exposure. PCS extract decreased γ-H2AX expression, intracellular ROS overproduction, and nuclear condensation in cells induced by UVB. Furthermore, The PCS extract pretreatment attenuated apoptosis response through stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased apoptosis mediator proteins including Bax, Bak, cleaved-caspases, and cleaved-PARP, and increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression comparing to the UVB-treated control. This finding demonstrated that the PCS extract can reduce the deleterious effects from UVB exposure through decreased intracellular ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction on HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharaporn Poorahong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukanda Innalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malyn Ungsurungsie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Ma xing shi gan decoction eliminates PM2.5-induced lung injury by reducing pulmonary cell apoptosis through Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in rats. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225703. [PMID: 32627816 PMCID: PMC7350893 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-apoptosis effect of Ma xing shi gan decoction (MXD) on PM2.5-induced lung injury via protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. A UPLC-MS/MS system was introduced for component analysis of MXD. Rats were instilled with PM2.5 solution suspension intratracheally to induce acute lung injury. The rats were then orally administered with MXD (16, 8, and 4 g/kg) once a day for 7 consecutive days. The therapeutic effects of MXD were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. The apoptotic cell death was analyzed by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The alterations in cytochrome c (Cytc) and cleaved-caspase-3 (C-caspase-3) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. In vitro, PM2.5 exposure model was introduced in A549 cell, followed by incubation with MXD-medicated serum. Hoechst staining was used to determine apoptotic rate. The levels of Bax, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were detected by Western blot. Our results in vivo indicated that treatment with MXD decreased histopathological changes score, TUNEL-positive cells rate, expressions of Cytc and C-caspase-3. The in vitro results revealed that incubation with MXD-mediated serum decreased apoptotic rate. Both results in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that MXD inhibited pro-apoptotic protein Bax and promoted anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression. Likewise, MXD activated Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signal pathway, which was also confirmed by Western immunoblotting. In conclusion, MXD attenuates lung injury and the underlying mechanisms may relate to regulating the apoptosis via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway activation.
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Sevim Ö, Tatlı O, Kuter E, Ahsan U, Khamseh EK, Reman A, Özdemir ÖS, Kaya M, Şahiner HS, Köksal BH, Cengiz Ö. Effect of humate supplementation to feed and/or litter on performance, intestinal viscosity, litter quality, and occurrence of footpad dermatitis in broilers fed barley-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:80. [PMID: 33409605 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of in-feed and/or in-litter supplemental humate against footpad dermatitis (FPD) in broilers fed diets based on barley. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly distributed to 24 floor pens (4 treatments, each consisting of 6 replicate pens; 15 chickens per pen) as a completely randomized design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two levels of supplemental humate in feed (0 and 1 g/kg feed) and litter (0 and 5 g/kg litter). Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, litter quality, and incidence and severity of FPD in broilers were measured. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined in blood and footpad tissues of broilers with different FPD scores. The results revealed that there was no interaction between humate supplementation to feed and litter. Neither dietary nor litter supplementation of humate had a significant effect on growth performance, intestinal viscosity, litter quality, and occurrence of FPD. And also, MDA and SOD levels in serum and footpad tissue did not affect by either dietary or litter supplementation of humate. The presence of FPD (score 1) had no effect on MDA and SOD levels in serum, however, increased the MDA and SOD levels (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively) in footpad tissue of broilers. The intestinal viscosity did not differ between FPD scores 0 and 1. In conclusion, findings of this experiment suggest that humate supplementation to feed and litter did not alleviate FPD development in broilers fed diets based on barley. In addition, the presence of FPD lesions increases the MDA and SOD levels in the footpad tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Sevim
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Onur Tatlı
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Eren Kuter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Umair Ahsan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ehsan Karimiyan Khamseh
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Artun Reman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Özge Sayın Özdemir
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hande Sultan Şahiner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Bekir Hakan Köksal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Özcan Cengiz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Işıklı, Efeler, 09016, Aydın, Turkey
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Solid-State Fermentation of Aspergillus niger to Optimize Extraction Process of Isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8927858. [PMID: 33354225 PMCID: PMC7737459 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8927858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We successfully extracted isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis via fermentation with Aspergillus niger and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. In brief, we used A. niger fermentation to culture G. uralensis powder, and we optimized some key parameters such as reaction conditions of pH, inoculation concentration of A. niger, fermentation time, and solid-liquid ratio. Based on a single-factor experiment, we utilized the response surface methodology (RSM) approach to optimize this extraction procedure. Using the RSM approach, optimized conditions of pH = 3.694, the solid-liquid ratio = 1 : 2.155, and the inoculation concentration of A. niger = 1466745 were selected. Optimized conditions resulted in an extraction efficiency of 1.525 mg/g. These results showed that the extraction of isoliquiritigenin was most affected by pH and then the time of fermentation and the solid-liquid ratio. Overall, the developed extraction technique yielded 5 times the amount of isoliquiritigenin when compared to traditional methods.
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21
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Yan ZQ, Tan J, Guo K, Yao LG. Phytotoxic mechanism of allelochemical liquiritin on root growth of lettuce seedlings. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1795581. [PMID: 32693669 PMCID: PMC8550531 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1795581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, liquiritin has multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxicity, immune regulation, anti-virus and anti-cancer. In addition, liquiritin has been recognized as an allelochemical that displays markedly inhibitory effects on the growth of target plants, G. uralensis and lettuce. However, its phytotoxic mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, the mode of action of liquiritin against root growth of lettuce seedling was researched. After treatments with liquiritin, the cell division in root tips of lettuce seedlings was partly arrested, and the cell viability and root vitality were obviously lost. At the same time, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) in lettuce seedlings were induced by liquiritin. The results indicated that the phytotoxic effects of liquiritin was probably dependent on the induction of ROS overproduction, resulting in membrane lipids peroxidation following with cell death and mitosis process disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Yan
- Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Jing Tan
- School of Economics and Management, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lun-Guang Yao
- Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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Chen P, Yao H, Su W, Zheng Y, Fan W, Zhang L, Chen T, Wu S, Zhang W, He Y, Yan Z, Wang Y, Li P. Pharmacodynamic and Metabolomics Studies on the Effect of Kouyanqing Granule in the Treatment of Phenol-Induced Oral Ulcer Worsened by Sleep Deprivation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:824. [PMID: 32694994 PMCID: PMC7338550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral ulcers are the most prevalent oral mucosal diseases globally, and no specific treatment schemes are currently available due to the complexity of oral ulcer diseases. Sleep deprivation increases the risk of a deterioration in oral health. Kouyanqing Granule (KYQG) has been used for decades in China to treat inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat associated with the hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency syndrome. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of KYQG in the treatment of oral ulcers are still unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate whether KYQG treatment could attenuate the symptoms of oral ulcers worsened by sleep deprivation and identify the involved metabolic pathways. First, we conducted chemical profiling of KYQG via UPLC–MS analysis. We then combined pharmacological and metabolomics approaches in a phenol-induced rat model of oral ulcers worsened by sleep deprivation. A total of 79 compounds were initially identified. Our observations showed that KYQG treatment induced a significantly higher healing rate in oral ulcers worsened by sleep deprivation. KYQG significantly reduced the levels of 5-HT and GABA in serum, and only decreased the 5-HT level in brain tissue after phenol injury followed by sleep deprivation. Moreover, KYQG administration significantly suppressed systemic inflammation by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and MCP-1. Immunohistochemical analysis further revealed that KYQG inhibited IL-6 expression in buccal mucosa tissues. KYQG treatment also significantly decreased the serum levels of ACTH, CORT, IgM, and 8-OHdG. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 30 metabolites showed significant differential abundances under KYQG intervention, while metabolic pathway analysis suggested that the altered metabolites were associated with the dysregulation of eight metabolic pathways. Taken together, our results indicated that KYQG attenuates the symptoms of oral ulcers worsened by sleep deprivation probably through the regulation of the neuroimmunoendocrine system, oxidative stress levels, and tryptophan metabolism. This study also provides a novel approach for addressing the increased health risks resulting from sleep deficiency using an herbal medicine formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Drug Synthesis and Evaluation Center, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Fan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuling Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zenghao Yan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lee KS, Cho E, Weon JB, Park D, Fréchet M, Chajra H, Jung E. Inhibition of UVB-Induced Inflammation by Laminaria japonica Extract via Regulation of nc886-PKR Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1958. [PMID: 32630038 PMCID: PMC7400497 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) can cause photodamage of the skin. This photodamage can be inhibited by the overexpression of the non-coding RNA, nc886, via the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathway. The study aims to identify how UVB inhibits nc886 expression, and it also seeks to determine whether substances that can control nc886 expression can influence UV-induced inflammation, and the mechanisms involved. The results suggest that UVB irradiation accelerates the methylation of the nc886 gene, therefore, reducing its expression. This induces the activation of the PKR, which accelerates the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and the production of MMP-9, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGE2), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-). Conversely, in a model of nc886 overexpression, the expression and production of those inflammatory factors are inhibited. In addition, Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) protect the levels of nc886 against UVB irradiation then subsequently inhibit the production of UV-induced inflammatory factors through the PKR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lee
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Eunae Cho
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Jin Bae Weon
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Mathilde Fréchet
- Clariant Active Ingredients, d’espagne, 31000 Toulouse, France; (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Hanane Chajra
- Clariant Active Ingredients, d’espagne, 31000 Toulouse, France; (M.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Life Science Institute, BioSpectrum, Yongin 16827, Gyeonggi, Korea; (K.-S.L.); (E.C.); (J.B.W.); (D.P.)
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Chao L, Li Z, Zhou J, Chen W, Li Y, Lv W, Guo A, Qu Q, Guo S. Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San Improves Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Caspase-1/Caspase-11-Mediated Pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:814. [PMID: 32547403 PMCID: PMC7273825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Shen-ling-bai-zhu-san (SLBZS) is described in “Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang.” SLBZS has been shown to be effective against many gastrointestinal diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of SLBZS on experimental colitis in mice and to define the potential mechanisms. Our data suggest that compared to the model group, SLBZS treatment increases mouse body weight and colon length, decreases the DAI score, and improves colonic injury. SLBZS reduces the production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α) in colon tissue and mouse colonic mucosal epithelial (MCME) cells. Mechanistically, SLBZS inhibits inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Further mechanistic analyses showed that SLBZS attenuates the expression levels of pyroptosis-related genes, including NLRP3, ASC, and GSDMD-N in the colons of mice. In addition, SLBZS restores the levels of the colon tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, suggesting that it protects colonic barrier integrity and ameliorates the progression of colitis. In this paper, we demonstrate that SLBZS attenuates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis injury in mice via the MAPK/NF-κB and pyroptosis signaling pathway. These results indicate that SLBZS is a potential drug for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ni H, Xu M, Xie K, Fei Y, Deng H, He Q, Wang T, Liu S, Zhu J, Xu L, Yao M. Liquiritin Alleviates Pain Through Inhibiting CXCL1/CXCR2 Signaling Pathway in Bone Cancer Pain Rat. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:436. [PMID: 32390832 PMCID: PMC7193085 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is an intractable clinical problem, and lacked effective drugs for treating it. Recent research showed that several chemokines in the spinal cord are involved in the pathogenesis of BCP. In this study, the antinociceptive effects of liquiritin, which is an active component extracted from Glycyrrhizae Radix, were tested and the underlying mechanisms targeting spinal dorsal horn (SDH) were investigated. The BCP group displayed a significant decrease in the mechanical withdrawal threshold on days 6, 12, and 18 when compared with sham groups. Intrathecal administration of different doses of liquiritin alleviated mechanical allodynia in BCP rats. The results of immunofluorescent staining and western blotting showed that liquiritin inhibited BCP-induced activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord. Moreover, intrathecal administration of liquiritin effectively inhibited the activation of CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway and production of IL-1β and IL-17 in BCP rats. In astroglial-enriched cultures, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) elicited the release of chemokine CXCL1, and the release was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by liquiritin. In primary neurons, liquiritin indirectly reduced the increase of CXCR2 by astroglial-enriched-conditioned medium but not directly on the CXCR2 target site. These results suggested that liquiritin effectively attenuated BCP in rats by inhibiting the activation of spinal astrocytic CXCL1 and neuronal CXCR2 pathway. These findings provided evidence regarding the the antinociceptive effect of liquiritin on BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Keyue Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Housheng Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiuli He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Songlei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Zhang JA, Luan C, Huang D, Ju M, Chen K, Gu H. Induction of Autophagy by Baicalin Through the AMPK-mTOR Pathway Protects Human Skin Fibroblasts from Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Apoptosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:417-428. [PMID: 32099326 PMCID: PMC6996114 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s228047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Baicalin, a natural product isolated from Scutellaria radix, has been reported to exert anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on skin, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism of anti-UVB effect of baicalin in human skin fibroblasts. Methods Cell proliferation was estimated by CCK-8 Kit. Apoptotic incidence was detected by flow cytometry with Annexin V-PE/PI apoptosis detection kit. Autophagy was determined by the evaluation of fluorescent LC3 puncta and Western blotting. Cell signalling was analysed by Western blotting. Results Baicalin exerted cytoprotective effects in UVB-induced HSFs. Moreover, baicalin increased autophagy and suppressed UVB-induced apoptosis of HSFs. Pretreatment with 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, attenuated baicalin-induced HSFs autophagy and promoted apoptosis. Baicalin activated AMPK, which leads to suppression of basal mTOR activity in cultured HSFs. Administration of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, abrogated AMPK phosphorylation and increased mTOR phosphorylation and apoptosis compared with baicalin alone. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate the important role of mTOR inhibition in UVB protection by baicalin and provide a new target and strategy for better prevention of UV-induced skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-An Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Luan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Huang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Ju
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Gu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Wang JR, Li TZ, Wang C, Li SM, Luo YH, Piao XJ, Feng YC, Zhang Y, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Wang SN, Xue H, Wang HX, Cao LK, Jin CH. Liquiritin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the ROS-mediated MAPK/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1987-1999. [PMID: 31956937 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquiritin (LIQ), a major constituent of Glycyrrhiza Radix, exhibits various pharmacological activities. In this study, to explore the potential anti-cancer effects and its underlying molecular mechanisms of LIQ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. LIQ significantly decreased viability and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and regulating Bcl-2 family proteins, cytochrome c, cle-caspase-3, and cle-PARP. The cell cycle analysis and western blot analysis revealed that LIQ induced G2/M phase arrest through increased expression of p21 and decreased levels of p27, cyclin B, and CDK1/2. The flow cytometry and western blot analysis also suggested that LIQ promoted the accumulation of ROS in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the phosphorylation expression levels of p38 kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB-α); the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (AKT), signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were down-regulated. However, these effects were reversed by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), MAPK, and AKT inhibitors. The findings demonstrated that LIQ induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the ROS-mediated MAPK/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, and the LIQ may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ru Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Tian-Zhu Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Pharmacy Department, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, 163001, China
| | - Shu-Mei Li
- Hemodialysis Center, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, 163001, China
| | - Ying-Hua Luo
- Department of Grass Science, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xian-Ji Piao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163316, China
| | - Yu-Chao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shi-Nong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hong-Xing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Long-Kui Cao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China. .,National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China. .,Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China. .,National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
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28
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Zhou P, Hua F, Wang X, Huang JL. Therapeutic potential of IKK-β inhibitors from natural phenolics for inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:19-37. [PMID: 31894515 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is a chronic disease with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Previous studies have suggested that preventing inflammation serves an efficient role in protection against cardiovascular diseases. Modulation of IKK-β activity can be used to treat and control CVDs associated with chronic inflammation, which targets the phosphorylation of IκB following the release of the RelA complex, and then translocates to the nucleus, eventually triggering the transcription of several genes that induce chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Most importantly, the IκB kinase (IKK) complex is involved in transcriptional activation by phosphorylating the inhibitory molecule IkBα, enabling activation of NF-κB. Phenolic compounds possess cardioprotective potential that may be related to modulating inflammatory responses involved in CVDs. The SystemsDock analysis was used to explore whether 38 active compounds inhibit IKK-β activity based on literature. Docking results showed that the top docking score of three chemical compounds were icariin, salvianolic acid B, and plantainoside D in all compounds. Icariin, salvianolic acid B, and plantainoside D are the most promising IKKβ inhibitors. These phytochemicals could be helpful to find the lead compounds on designing and developing novel cardioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Hua
- Pharmacy School, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.,Natural Products Laboratory, International Joint Lab of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Huang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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Do Different Species of Sargassum in Haizao Yuhu Decoction Cause Different Effects in a Rat Goiter Model? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5645620. [PMID: 30723515 PMCID: PMC6339761 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5645620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum species combined with Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a famous herbal pair in traditional Chinese medicine, as one of the so-called “eighteen antagonistic medicaments.” In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, two different species of Sargassum, Sargassum pallidum and Sargassum fusiforme, are recorded but they are not clearly differentiated in clinical use. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the two species of Sargassum could result in different effects when combined with G. uralensis in Haizao Yuhu Decoction (HYD), which is used for treating thyroid-related diseases, especially goiter. HYD containing S. pallidum or S. fusiforme was administered to rats with propylthiouracil-induced goiter. After 4 weeks, pathological changes in the thyroid tissue and the relative thyroid weight indicated that HYD containing S. pallidum or S. fusiforme protected thyroid tissues from propylthiouracil damage. Neither species increased the propylthiouracil-induced decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormones. However, there were some differences in their actions, and only HYD containing S. fusiforme abated the propylthiouracil-induced elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and activated thyroglobulin mRNA expression.
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30
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Yoon Y, Lee Y, Song S, Lee YY, Yeum K. Black soybeans protect human keratinocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2423-2430. [PMID: 30510743 PMCID: PMC6261176 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soybeans are functional foods containing a variety of bioactives such as isoflavones, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolic acid as well as anthocyanins. Here, we examined whether Cheongja#3 black soybean extract has a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cell death in human keratinocytes HaCaT. First, we identified fat-soluble bioactives in three varieties of soybean extracts (Saedanbaek, Daechan, and Cheongja#3). In particular, black soybean Cheongja#3 had high amounts of lutein than other varieties. We demonstrated that Cheongja#3 extract reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, Cheongja#3 protected cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and triggered cell death determined by cell viabilities and apoptotic caspase activities. Next, we identified the underlying mechanism is due to increased Nrf2 antioxidant system by Cheongja#3, thus increasing the expression of heme oxygenases (HO)-1. These results indicated that Cheongja#3 soybean extract has protective role against oxidative stress by upregulating the Nrf-2 antioxidant system in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yoon
- Division of Food BioscienceCollege of Biomedical and Health SciencesKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
| | - Yoon‐Mi Lee
- Division of Food BioscienceCollege of Biomedical and Health SciencesKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
- Nanotechnology Research CenterKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
| | - Sooji Song
- Division of Food BioscienceCollege of Biomedical and Health SciencesKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
| | - Yu Young Lee
- Department of Central AreaNational Institute of Crop ScienceRural Development AdministrationSuwonKorea
| | - Kyung‐Jin Yeum
- Division of Food BioscienceCollege of Biomedical and Health SciencesKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
- Institute of Biomedical and Health scienceKonkuk UniversityChungju‐siKorea
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Protective effect of water extract of guibi-tang against pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:92-100. [PMID: 30310405 PMCID: PMC6170225 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water extract of guibi-tang (GB), a traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean herbal medicine, is used to treat memory impairment, insomnia, and peptic ulcers. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of GB on pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6 mice were used to develop a pulmonary inflammation model by exposing them to CS for 1 h per day for 7 days. LPS was intranasally administered to mice under mild anesthesia on day 5. GB was administered 1 h before CS exposure at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Our results showed that GB suppressed the CS and LPS induced elevation in inflammatory cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), with significant reductions in protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. Histological studies revealed that GB decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration into lung tissue caused by CS- and LPS-exposure. GB also significantly decreased the CS and LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung tissue. Taken together, GB effectively attenuated airway inflammation caused by CS and LPS. These results indicate that GB is a potential therapeutic herbal formula for pulmonary inflammatory disease.
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Ryeom GGM, Bang WJ, Kim YB, Lee GE. Gallotannin Improves the Photoaged-Related Proteins by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases Signaling Pathway in Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Cells. J Med Food 2018; 21:785-792. [PMID: 30004816 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins are a type of polyphenols found in several fruits such as grapes and berries, and nuts such as aronias and acorns. Both hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins are referred to as tannins. Among the hydrolyzable tannins, gallotannin has a strong antioxidative property and is known to protect the skin by inhibiting the precursors of elastolytic enzymes. However, its mechanism of protection against ultraviolet B (UVB) damage in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigate the antioxidant and antiaging effect of gallotannin on UVB-irradiated human cells by studying its effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (EKRs/JNKs) signaling related to cell growth and differentiation/stress apoptosis. The results showed that gallotannin improved collagen synthesis, reduced metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in a dose-dependent manner, and downregulated MMP-1 levels through the ERK/JNK signaling pathway in UVB-irradiated human cells. Gallotannin also increased glutathione but did not increase transforming growth factor beta 1, which induces fibrosis. We propose that gallotannin is a novel agent for protection against UVB, and acts as an antiaging agent that can be used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoseon Goya M Ryeom
- 1 Skin Science, R&D Center , iPEERES Cosmetics Co. Ltd., Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Jeong Bang
- 1 Skin Science, R&D Center , iPEERES Cosmetics Co. Ltd., Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bu Kim
- 2 R&D Center , iPEERES Cosmetics Co. Ltd., Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Lee
- 1 Skin Science, R&D Center , iPEERES Cosmetics Co. Ltd., Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
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