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He S, Gu X, Yang J, Xu F, Hu J, Wang W, Huang Y, Lou B, Ding T, Zhou L, Ye D, Yu K, Dong J. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 is a positive regulator of the CSF1R-STAT3 pathway in pancreatic cancer-associated macrophage. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902016. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune cells in the pancreatic cancer stroma and are related to the poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Therefore, targeting tumor-associated macrophages is a possible strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Purpose: We would like to investigate the role of sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) and the effect of the synthase 2 selective inhibitor YE2 in TAMs and the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. In addition, we also would like to investigate the mechanism by which YE2 attenuates macrophage M2 polarization.Methods: YE2 was utilized to treat macrophages (in vitro) and mice (in vivo). Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to detect the protein levels and mRNA levels of macrophage M2 polarization markers and their downstream signaling pathways. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 gene knockout (KO) mice and their controls were used to establish a PANC-02 orthotopic pancreatic cancer model, and immune cell infiltration in the tumor tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results: We found that sphingomyelin synthase 2 mRNA expression is positively correlated with tumor-associated macrophages, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 deficiency was confirmed to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of orthotopic PANC-02 tumors in vivo. The deficiency not only reduced the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages but also regulated other immune components in the tumor microenvironment. In tissue culture, YE2 inhibited M2 polarization in both bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and THP-1 macrophages and eliminated the protumor effect of M2 macrophages. In the mouse model, YE2 treatment reduced the infiltration of TAMs and regulated other immune components in the tumor microenvironment, slowing the progression of PANC-02 tumors. In terms of mechanism, we found that the inhibition of sphingomyelin synthase 2 could downregulate the expression of IL4Rα and CSF1R, thereby attenuating M2 polarization.Conclusion: The sphingomyelin synthase 2 inhibitor YE2 or sphingomyelin synthase 2 deficiency can prevent macrophage M2 polarization in pancreatic cancer, and sphingomyelin synthase 2 could be a new potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Ueda N. A Rheostat of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate as a Determinant of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074010. [PMID: 35409370 PMCID: PMC9000186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate sphingolipid metabolism, including enzymes that generate ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and a ROS-antioxidant rheostat determines the metabolism of ceramide-S1P. ROS induce ceramide production by activating ceramide-producing enzymes, leading to apoptosis, while they inhibit S1P production, which promotes survival by suppressing sphingosine kinases (SphKs). A ceramide-S1P rheostat regulates ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic/anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis, survival, cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Ceramide inhibits the mitochondrial respiration chain and induces ceramide channel formation and the closure of voltage-dependent anion channels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, altered Bcl-2 family protein expression, ROS generation and disturbed calcium homeostasis. This activates ceramide-induced signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis. These events are mitigated by S1P/S1P receptors (S1PRs) that restore mitochondrial function and activate signaling pathways. SphK1 promotes survival and cell proliferation and inhibits inflammation, while SphK2 has the opposite effect. However, both SphK1 and SphK2 promote fibrosis. Thus, a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat modulates oxidant-induced kidney injury by affecting mitochondrial function, ROS production, Bcl-2 family proteins, calcium homeostasis and their downstream signaling pathways. This review will summarize the current evidence for a role of interaction between ROS-antioxidants and ceramide-SphKs/S1P and of a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat in the regulation of oxidative stress-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan 924-8588, Japan
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Ceramide/Sphingomyelin Rheostat Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthases and Chronic Diseases in Murine Models. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:380-405. [PMID: 33024732 PMCID: PMC7521967 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide and sphingomyelin (SM) are major components of the double membrane-bound sphingolipids. Ceramide is an essential bioactive lipid involved in numerous cell processes including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Inversely, SM regulates opposite cellular processes such as proliferation and migration by changing receptor-mediated signal transduction in the lipid microdomain. SM is generated through a transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine to ceramide by SM synthases (SMSs). Research during the past several decades has revealed that the ceramide/SM balance in cellular membranes regulated by SMSs is important to decide the cell fate, survival, and proliferation. In addition, recent experimental studies utilizing SMS knockout mice and murine disease models provide evidence that SMS-regulated ceramide/SM balance is involved in human diseases. Here, we review the basic structural and functional characteristics of SMSs and focus on their cellular functions through the regulation of ceramide/SM balance in membrane microdomains. In addition, we present the pathological or physiological implications of SMSs by analyzing their role in SMS-knockout mice and human disease models. This review finally presents evidence indicating that the regulation of ceramide/SM balance through SMS could be a therapeutic target for human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Kanazawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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Fingolimod Affects Transcription of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Ceramide Metabolism in Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2799-2811. [PMID: 32356173 PMCID: PMC7253528 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance in sphingolipid signaling may be critically linked to the upstream events in the neurodegenerative cascade of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We analyzed the influence of mutant (V717I) amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) transgene on sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in mouse hippocampus. At 3 months of age AβPP/Aβ presence upregulated enzymes of ceramide turnover on the salvage pathway: ceramide synthases (CERS2, CERS4, CERS6) and also ceramidase ACER3. At 6 months, only CERS6 was elevated, and no ceramide synthase was increased at 12 months. However, sphingomyelin synthases, which utilize ceramide on the sphingomyelinase pathway, were reduced (SGMS1 at 12 and SGMS2 at 6 months). mRNAs for sphingomyelin synthases SGMS1 and SGMS2 were also significantly downregulated in human AD hippocampus and neocortex when compared with age-matched controls. Our findings suggest early-phase deregulation of sphingolipid homeostasis in favor of ceramide signaling. Fingolimod (FTY720), a modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors countered the AβPP-dependent upregulation of hippocampal ceramide synthase CERS2 at 3 months. Moreover, at 12 months, FTY720 increased enzymes of ceramide-sphingosine turnover: CERS4, ASAH1, and ACER3. We also observed influence of fingolimod on the expression of the sphingomyelinase pathway enzymes. FTY720 counteracted the AβPP-linked reduction of sphingomyelin synthases SGMS1/2 (at 12 and 6 months, respectively) and led to elevation of sphingomyelinase SMPD2 (at 6 and 12 months). Therefore, our results demonstrate potentially beneficial, age-specific effects of fingolimod on transcription of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in an animal model of AD.
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He Z, Du X, Wu Y, Hua L, Wan L, Yan N. Simvastatin promotes endothelial dysfunction by activating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway under oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1289-1298. [PMID: 31432100 PMCID: PMC6713427 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major pathogenic factor in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a primary role in its occurrence and development. Simvastatin is a lipid‑lowering drug, which is commonly used to prevent or treat risk factors of cardiovascular diseases with a significant anti‑atherogenic effect. However, its impact on endothelial cells under conditions of oxidative stress and broader mechanisms of action remain unclear. The present study evaluated the effect of simvastatin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under oxidative stress with H2O2, and the associated mechanisms. At a high dose (1 µM), simvastatin exacerbated H2O2‑induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway by salinomycin significantly suppressed the simvastatin‑associated HUVEC dysfunction. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that simvastatin promoted the phosphorylation of low‑density lipoprotein receptor‑related protein 6 (LRP6) and activated the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Simvastatin also activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was reversed by salinomycin treatment. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that simvastatin may promote ER stress by facilitating LRP6 phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, thereby enhancing H2O2‑induced ED. Therefore, high‑dose simvastatin treatment could have potential toxic side effects, indicating the need for close clinical management, monitoring and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lingyue Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Hua L, Wu N, Zhao R, He X, Liu Q, Li X, He Z, Yu L, Yan N. Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122861. [PMID: 31212751 PMCID: PMC6627305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an important contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Our previous study demonstrated that sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) promotes ED. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can lead to ED. However, whether there is a correlation between SMS2 and ER stress is unclear. To examine their correlation and determine the detailed mechanism of this process, we constructed a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model with SMS2 overexpression. These cells were treated with 4-PBA or simvastatin and with LiCl and salinomycin alone. The results showed that SMS2 can promote the phosphorylation of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and that activation or inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can induce or block ER stress, respectively. However, inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA can decrease ER stress and ED. Furthermore, when the biosynthesis of cholesterol is inhibited by simvastatin, the reduction in intracellular cholesterol coincides with a decrease in ER stress and ED. Collectively, our results demonstrate that SMS2 can activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promote intracellular cholesterol accumulation, both of which can contribute to the induction of ER stress and finally lead to ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ruilin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xuanhong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xiatian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Lehan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Experiments Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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He Z, He X, Liu M, Hua L, Wang T, Liu Q, Chen L, Yan N. Simvastatin Attenuates H 2O 2-Induced Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Reducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091782. [PMID: 31071981 PMCID: PMC6539125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of cardiovascular disease, whilst endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a primary role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Simvastatin has been shown to possess significant anti-atherosclerosis activity. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of simvastatin on endothelial cells under oxidative stress and elucidated its underlying mechanisms. Simvastatin was found to attenuate H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) dysfunction and inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway; however, when this pathway was activated by lithium chloride, endothelial dysfunction was clearly enhanced. Further investigation revealed that simvastatin did not alter the expression or phosphorylation of LRP6, but reduced intracellular cholesterol deposition and inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Inducing ER stress with tunicamycin activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, whereas reducing ER stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid inhibited it. We hypothesize that simvastatin does not affect transmembrane signal transduction in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, but inhibits ER stress by reducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation, which blocks intracellular signal transduction in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xuanhong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Menghan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Lingyue Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Lai Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Nianlong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science; Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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LI H, HOU H, LIU S, FENG Y, ZHONG W, HU X, YAN N. miR-33 and RIP140 participate in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:422-428. [PMID: 30761836 PMCID: PMC7350843 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1804-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) play a pivotal role in the process of acute lung injury (ALI), which can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Numerous reports have indicated that both miR-33 and RIP140 are involved in the inflammatory response in macrophages. In this study, we sought to investigate whether miR-33 and RIP140 participate in ALI induced by LPS. Materials and methods First, we isolated and identified PMVECs from BALB/c mice. Subsequently, both PMVECs and BALB/c mice were treated with PBS, LPS, or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) plus LPS and divided into three groups: control (PBS), LPS (LPS), and L+P (LPS plus PDTC) groups. We assessed pathology by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and miR-33 and RIP140 expression levels were examined using quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses. Results Our results demonstrated that LPS can induce PMVEC injury and ALI and that LPS treatment significantly decreased miR-33 expression compared with controls (P < 0.001, n = 5). On the contrary, RIP140 was markedly overexpressed by LPS treatment (P < 0.001, n = 5). However, this alteration can be inhibited by pretreatment with PDTC before LPS (P < 0.05, n = 5). Conclusion This study is the first to confirm that both miR-33 and RIP140 participate in LPS-induced PMVEC injury and ALI, which may help uncover the mechanism of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua LI
- Basic Medical Experiments Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Huan HOU
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Shuang LIU
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Yangyang FENG
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Wansi ZHONG
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan HU
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
| | - Nianlong YAN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,Nanchang University, Nanchang, JiangxiP.R. China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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