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Fathima JHS, Jayaraman S, Sekar R, Syed NH. The role of MicroRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of oral premalignant disorders. Odontology 2024; 112:1023-1032. [PMID: 38619695 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Oral premalignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of potentially malignant conditions that pose a significant health burden globally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, have emerged as crucial regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in various biological processes, including carcinogenesis. This review synthesizes existing knowledge to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OPMDs and to highlight the potential of miRNAs as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additionally, this review seeks to explore the potential of miRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of OPMDs in the current literature on miRNAs in OPMDs, examining their involvement in disease pathogenesis, diagnostic potential, and therapeutic implications. Dysregulated miRNAs can target genes involved in critical cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair, leading to disease progression. Notably, miR-21, miR-31, miR-135b, and miR-486-5p have shown promise as potential biomarkers for early detection of oral premalignant lesions. Furthermore, the paper discusses the therapeutic implications of miRNAs in OPMDs. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of miRNA-targeted therapies, such as miRNA mimics and inhibitors, in suppressing the growth of oral premalignant lesions. Early-phase clinical trials have shown promising results, indicating the potential for personalized treatment approaches. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and provide insights for the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, they pose certain limitations given their intrinsic variability in expression profiles, the need for optimized isolation and detection methods, and potential hurdles in transitioning from preclinical success to clinical applications. Thus, future clinical studies are warranted to fully exploit the potential of miRNAs in the management of OPMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shazia Fathima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Sekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, MAHER, Alapakkam Main Road, Maduravoyal, Chennai, 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nazmul Huda Syed
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Soltaninezhad P, Arab F, Mohtasham N, FakherBaheri M, Kavishahi NN, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Zare-Mahmoodabadi R, Pakfetrat A, Taban KI, Mohajertehran F. Unveiling the Potential of Serum MiR-483-5p: A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in OLP and OSCC Patients by In silico Analysis of Differential Gene Expression. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:310-322. [PMID: 38310566 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276149240108163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral lichen planus (OLP) are two separate conditions affecting the mouth and result in varying clinical outcomes and levels of malignancy. Achieving early diagnosis and effective therapy planning requires the identification of reliable diagnostic biomarkers for these disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently received attention as powerful biomarkers for various illnesses, including cancer. In particular, miR-483-5p is a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of serum miR-483-5p in the diagnosis and prognosis of OLP and OSCC patients by in silico analysis of differential gene expression. METHODS GSE23558 and GSE52130 data sets were selected, and differential gene expression analysis was performed using microarray data from GSE52130 and GSE23558. The analysis focused on comparing OLP and OSCC samples with normal samples. The genes intersected through the differential gene expression analysis were then extracted to determine the overlapping genes among the upregulated or downregulated DEGs. The downregulated genes among the DEGs were subsequently imported into the miRWalk database to search for potential target genes of miRNA 483-5p that lacked validation. To gain insight into the biological pathways associated with the DEGs, we conducted pathway analysis utilizing tools, such as Enrichr. Additionally, the cellular components associated with these DEGs were investigated by analyzing the String database. On the other hand, blood serum samples were collected from 35 OSCC patients, 34 OLP patients, and 34 healthy volunteers. The expression level of miR-483-5p was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to investigate the considerable correlation. Moreover, this study explored the prognostic value of miR-483-5p through its association with clinicopathological parameters in OSCC patients. RESULTS The results showed that serum expression of miR-483-5p was considerably higher in OSCC patients compared to OLP patients and healthy controls (p 0.0001) and that this difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, elevated miR-483-5p expression was associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and stage of tumor nodal metastasis in OSCC patients (p 0.001, p 0.038, and p 0.0001, respectively). In silico analysis found 71 upregulated genes at the intersection of upregulated DEGs and 44 downregulated genes at the intersection of downregulated DEGs, offering insight into the potential underlying mechanisms of miR-483-5p's engagement in OSCC and OLP. The majority of these DEGs were found to be involved in autophagy pathways, but DEGs involved in the histidine metabolism pathway showed significant results. Most of these DEGs were located in the extracellular region. After screening for downregulated genes that were invalidated, miRNA 483-5p had 7 target genes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of serum miR-483-5p as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC and OLP patients. Its upregulation in OSCC patients and its association with advanced tumor stage and potential metastasis suggest the involvement of miR-483-5p in critical signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation, making it a reliable indicator of disease progression. Nevertheless, additional experimental studies are essential to validate these findings and establish a foundation for the advancement of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Computer Simulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lichen Planus, Oral/genetics
- Lichen Planus, Oral/blood
- Lichen Planus, Oral/diagnosis
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Arab
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadhossein FakherBaheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Abortion Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nima Nikbin Kavishahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Reza Zare-Mahmoodabadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atessa Pakfetrat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Izadi Taban
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Mohajertehran
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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González-Moles MÁ, Keim-del Pino C, Ramos-García P. Hallmarks of Cancer Expression in Oral Lichen Planus: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13099. [PMID: 36361889 PMCID: PMC9658487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and likely autoimmune nature that is currently considered an oral potentially malignant disorder, implying that patients suffering from this process are at risk of developing oral cancer in their lifetime. The molecular alterations that develop in OLP and that make the affected oral epithelium predisposed to malignancy are unknown, although, as in other autoimmune diseases (ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, etc.), they may be linked to oncogenesis-promoting effects mediated by the inflammatory infiltrate. So far there is no in-depth knowledge on how these hallmarks of cancer are established in the cells of the oral epithelium affected by OLP. In this scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses the state of evidence based knowledge in this field is presented, to point out gaps of evidence and to indicate future lines of research. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Dare were searched for secondary-level studies published before October 2022. The results identified 20 systematic reviews and meta-analyses critically appraising the hallmarks tumor-promoting inflammation (n = 17, 85%), sustaining proliferative signaling (n = 2, 10%), and evading growth suppressors (n = 1, 5%). No evidence was found for the other hallmarks of cancer in OLP. In conclusion, OLP malignization hypothetically derives from the aggressions of the inflammatory infiltrate and a particular type of epithelial response based on increased epithelial proliferation, evasion of growth-suppressive signals and lack of apoptosis. Future evidence-based research is required to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Keim-del Pino
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Li Y, He Y, Xiang J, Feng L, Wang Y, Chen R. The Functional Mechanism of MicroRNA in Oral Lichen Planus. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4261-4274. [PMID: 35923905 PMCID: PMC9342247 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s369304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcribed from the genomes of mammals and other complex organisms, and many of them are alternately spliced and processed into smaller products. Types of ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs. miRNAs are about 21 nucleotides long and form a broad class of post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that affect numerous developmental and physiological processes in eukaryotes. They usually act as negative regulators of mRNA expression through complementary binding sequences in the 3’-UTR of the target mRNA, leading to translation inhibition and target degradation. In recent years, the importance of ncRNA in oral lichen planus (OLP), particularly miRNA, has attracted extensive attention. However, the biological functions of miRNAs and their mechanisms in OLP are still unclear. In this review, we discuss the role and function of miRNAs in OLP, and we also describe their potential functional roles as biomarkers for the diagnosis of OLP. MiRNAs are promising new therapeutic targets, but more work is needed to understand their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Li
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaodong He
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junwei Xiang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linfei Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yuanyin Wang; Ran Chen, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Ran Chen
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
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Ge X, Xie H, Wang L, Li R, Zhang F, Xu J, Zhao B, Du J. MicroRNA-122 promotes apoptosis of keratinocytes in oral lichen planus through suppressing VDR expression. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3400-3407. [PMID: 33656264 PMCID: PMC8034474 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‐122 (miR‐122) is known to be up‐regulated by inflammation to exert a variety of biological functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)‐derived human cell lines. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is reported to regulate excessive oral keratinocytes apoptosis which compromises oral epithelial barrier in oral lichen planus (OLP). Although many studies have suggested that miR‐122 is capable of regulating cell apoptosis, its effects on the development of OLP and VDR expression are still unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that miR‐122 expression is increased in the epithelial layer of OLP. Mechanically, transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) selectively binds with κB element in the promoter of miR‐122 to accelerate gene transcription. The up‐regulation of miR‐122 induces cell apoptosis in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) by targeting VDR mRNA. In VDR knockout oral keratinocytes, miR‐122 fails to improve caspase 3 activity and cleaved caspase 3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels. Moreover, VDR overexpression is able to reverse lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or activated CD4+ T cell–induced miR‐122 up‐regulation and ameliorate miR‐122‐stimulated caspase 3 activity. Collectively, our results suggest that miR‐122 promotes oral keratinocytes apoptosis in OLP through decreasing VDR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Ge
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hanting Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Du
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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6
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Nadda N, Paul SB, Yadav DP, Kumar S, Sreenivas V, Saraya A, Gamanagatti S, Acharya SK, Shalimar, Nayak B. Prognostic and Therapeutic Potentials of OncomiRs Modulating mTOR Pathways in Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:604540. [PMID: 33614488 PMCID: PMC7890014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated oncomiRs are attributed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through targeting mTOR signaling pathway responsible for cell growth and proliferation. The potential of these oncomiRs as biomarker for tumor response or as target for therapy needs to be evaluated. AIM Tumor response assessment by OncomiR changes following locoregional therapy (LRT) and targeting of these oncomiRs modulating pathway Methods All consecutive viral-HCC patients of BCLC stage-A/B undergoing LRT were included. OncomiRs (miR-21, -221, and -16) change in circulation and AFP-ratio at 1-month post-LRT to baseline was estimated to differentiate various categories of response as per mRECIST criteria. OncomiR modulating mTOR pathway was studied by generating miR-21 and miR-221 overexpressing Huh7 stable cell lines. Results Post-LRT tumor response was assessed in 90 viral-HCC patients (CR, 40%; PR, 31%, and PD, 29%). Significant increase of miRNA-21 and -221 expression was observed in PD (p = 0.040, 0.047) and PR patients (miR-21, p = 0.045). Fold changes of miR-21 can differentiate response in group (CR from PR+PD) at AUROC 0.718 (95% CI, 0.572–0.799) and CR from PD at AUROC 0.734 (95% CI, 0.595–0.873). Overexpression of miR-21 in hepatoma cell line had shown increased phosphorylation p70S6K, the downstream regulator of cell proliferation in mTOR pathway. Upregulation of AKT, mTOR, and RPS6KB1 genes were found significant (P < 0.005) and anti-miR-21 specifically reduced mTOR gene (P = 0.02) expression. Conclusions The miR-21 fold change correlates well with imaging in predicting tumor response. Overexpression of miR-21 has a role in HCC through mTOR pathway activation and can be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Nadda
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bala Paul
- Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dawesh P Yadav
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subrat Kumar Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Maiese K. Dysregulation of metabolic flexibility: The impact of mTOR on autophagy in neurodegenerative disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:1-35. [PMID: 32854851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that involve neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic disease impact over 400 million individuals globally. Interestingly, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, are significant risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Given that current therapies for these NCDs address symptomatic care, new avenues of discovery are required to offer treatments that affect disease progression. Innovative strategies that fill this void involve the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated pathways of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), trophic factors that include erythropoietin (EPO), and the programmed cell death pathways of autophagy and apoptosis. These pathways are intriguing in their potential to provide effective care for metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, future work is necessary to fully comprehend the entire breadth of the mTOR pathways that can effectively and safely translate treatments to clinical medicine without the development of unexpected clinical disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY, United States.
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8
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Huang F, Xin C, Lei K, Bai H, Li J, Chen Q. Noncoding RNAs in oral premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:763-777. [PMID: 32495292 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest mortality rate among all head and neck cancers and a relatively low five-year survival rate. Generally, the development of an oral mucosal malignancy represents a multistep process beginning with normal oral mucosa epithelium and culminating in OSCC after transitioning through intermediary oral premalignant disorders (OPMDs), during which dysplasia is often observed. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNAs that are not translated into proteins, but still can participate in regulating neoplastic cell behavior. Recently, data have emerged on the role of ncRNAs in the progression of oral mucosal malignant diseases, but the exact mechanisms through which ncRNAs are involved remain to be elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge on ncRNAs has added an extra layer of complexity to our understanding of the malignant progression of oral mucosal diseases. The identification of ncRNAs in multiple body fluids as biomarkers may provide new diagnostic options that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of OPMDs and OSCC, respectively. Despite overall advances that have been made in cancer treatment, the treatment options for OPMDs and OSCC are still limited. Several studies have shown that ncRNA-based treatment regimens may hold promise as alternative methods for treating OPMDs and OSCC. The use of ncRNAs as therapeutic agents, including miR-155, miR-34 and lncRNA HOTAIR, appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hetian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are increasingly becoming significant risk factors for the health of the global population and consume substantial portions of the gross domestic product of all nations. Although conventional therapies that include early diagnosis, nutritional modification of diet, and pharmacological treatments may limit disease progression, tight serum glucose control cannot prevent the onset of future disease complications. With these concerns, novel strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders that involve the vitamin nicotinamide, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the cellular pathways of autophagy and apoptosis offer exceptional promise to provide new avenues of treatment. Oversight of these pathways can promote cellular energy homeostasis, maintain mitochondrial function, improve glucose utilization, and preserve pancreatic beta-cell function. Yet, the interplay among mTOR, AMPK, and autophagy pathways can be complex and affect desired clinical outcomes, necessitating further investigations to provide efficacious treatment strategies for metabolic dysfunction and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022,
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10
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Maiese K. Nicotinamide: Oversight of Metabolic Dysfunction Through SIRT1, mTOR, and Clock Genes. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 17:765-783. [PMID: 33183203 PMCID: PMC7914159 DOI: 10.2174/1567202617999201111195232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders that include diabetes mellitus present significant challenges for maintaining the welfare of the global population. Metabolic diseases impact all systems of the body and despite current therapies that offer some protection through tight serum glucose control, ultimately such treatments cannot block the progression of disability and death realized with metabolic disorders. As a result, novel therapeutic avenues are critical for further development to address these concerns. An innovative strategy involves the vitamin nicotinamide and the pathways associated with the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and clock genes. Nicotinamide maintains an intimate relationship with these pathways to oversee metabolic disease and improve glucose utilization, limit mitochondrial dysfunction, block oxidative stress, potentially function as antiviral therapy, and foster cellular survival through mechanisms involving autophagy. However, the pathways of nicotinamide, SIRT1, mTOR, AMPK, and clock genes are complex and involve feedback pathways as well as trophic factors such as erythropoietin that require a careful balance to ensure metabolic homeostasis. Future work is warranted to gain additional insight into these vital pathways that can oversee both normal metabolic physiology and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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