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Zeng F, Wu Q, Song M, Kang X, Ou Z, Yang Z, Luo L, Li D. Circ-SFMBT2 sponges miR-224-5p to induce ketamine-induced cystitis by up-regulating metadherin (MTDH). Hum Cell 2023; 36:2040-2054. [PMID: 37642831 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play significant roles in various biological processes, yet few reports have examined their roles and molecular mechanisms in ketamine-induced cystitis (KIC). This study examines the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the circRNA-microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the development of KIC. Transcriptome data were collected, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted to create a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network (ceRNA network) associated with the occurrence of KIC. Human bladder epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) were used in in vitro cell assays. The binding affinity among circ-SFMBT2, miR-224-5p, and Metadherin (MTDH) was identified. To investigate the effects of circ-SFMBT2/miR-224-5p/MTDH on bladder function, KIC mouse models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine, and gain- or loss-of-function experiments were conducted. Our results demonstrate that MTDH may be a key gene involved in the occurrence of KIC. Both bioinformatics analysis and in vitro cell assays verified that circ-SFMBT2 can competitively bind to miR-224-5p, and miR-224-5p can target and inhibit MTDH. In the bladder tissues of KIC mice, circ-SFMBT2 and MTDH were up-regulated, while miR-224-5p was down-regulated. Animal experiments further confirmed that circ-SFMBT2 can up-regulate MTDH expression by sponging miR-224-5p, thereby exacerbating bladder dysfunction in KIC mice. This study proved that circ-SFMBT2 up-regulates MTDH by competitively binding to miR-224-5p, thereby exacerbating the bladder dysfunction of KIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Song
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Kang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhewen Ou
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuobing Yang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China
| | - Liumei Luo
- Department of Scientific Research, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Daoyuan Li
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan Province, 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, People's Republic of China.
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of Postoperative Cognitive Impairment Induced by Anesthesia and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192954. [PMID: 36230916 PMCID: PMC9563723 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment after surgery is a common problem, affects mainly the elderly, and can be divided into postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Both phenomena are accompanied by neuroinflammation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after anesthesia are not yet fully understood. Anesthesiological drugs can have a longer-term influence on protein transcription, thus, epigenetics is a possible mechanism that impacts on cognitive function. Epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for long-lasting effects and may implicate novel therapeutic approaches. Hence, we here summarize the existing literature connecting postoperative cognitive impairment to anesthesia. It becomes clear that anesthetics alter the expression of DNA and histone modifying enzymes, which, in turn, affect epigenetic markers, such as methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation on inflammatory genes (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6 or IL1 beta) and genes which are responsible for neuronal development (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Neuroinflammation is generally increased after anesthesia and neuronal growth decreased. All these changes can induce cognitive impairment. The inhibition of histone deacetylase especially alleviates cognitive impairment after surgery and might be a novel therapeutic option for treatment. However, further research with human subjects is necessary because most findings are from animal models.
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Hypertension and renal disease programming: focus on the early postnatal period. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1303-1339. [PMID: 36073779 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of hypertension and renal disease is a concept highly supported by strong evidence coming from both human and animal studies. During development there are periods in which the organs are more vulnerable to stressors. Such periods of susceptibility are also called 'sensitive windows of exposure'. It was shown that as earlier an adverse event occurs; the greater are the consequences for health impairment. However, evidence show that the postnatal period is also quite important for hypertension and renal disease programming, especially in rodents because they complete nephrogenesis postnatally, and it is also important during preterm human birth. Considering that the developing kidney is vulnerable to early-life stressors, renal programming is a key element in the developmental programming of hypertension and renal disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the great number of studies, most of them performed in animal models, showing the broad range of stressors involved in hypertension and renal disease programming, with a particular focus on the stressors that occur during the early postnatal period. These stressors mainly include undernutrition or specific nutritional deficits, chronic behavioral stress, exposure to environmental chemicals, and pharmacological treatments that affect some important factors involved in renal physiology. We also discuss the common molecular mechanisms that are activated by the mentioned stressors and that promote the appearance of these adult diseases, with a brief description on some reprogramming strategies, which is a relatively new and promising field to treat or to prevent these diseases.
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Jieduan–Niwan Formula Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure by Suppressing HMGB1/TLR-4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway: A Study In Vivo and In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1833921. [PMID: 35873636 PMCID: PMC9307324 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1833921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Jieduan-Niwan (JDNW) formula is a traditional Chinese medicine compound created by the famous Chinese medicine expert Professor Qian Ying, and has been used clinically for decades to treat acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and exhibits remarkable efficacy. However, the exact mechanism remains to be discovered. As an important hepatocyte damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) factor, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a potential therapeutic target as an accelerator of ACLF in the pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study investigated whether JDNW inhibits the overexpression and cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in ACLF liver tissue and alleviates its mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis. In vivo, an immune-induced ACLF rat model was established, and then treated with JDNW for 5, 10, and 15 d. The results showed that a large number of cytoplasmic translocations of HMGB1 occurred in the ACLF group. And there was an increase in the expression of HMGB1 in the M-5 d group. After the intervention of JDNW, the overexpression and translocation of HMGB1 were inhibited. In vitro, D-GaLN caused an increase in the expression and translocation of HMGB1 in L02 cells. Similar to the inhibitor of HMGB1, JDNW serum alleviated this kind of increase. Further tests showed that JDNW attenuated ACLF-related oxidative stress and apoptosis, and the inhibition was associated with the regulation of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, our present findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of JDNW on ACLF was associated with the inhibition of high expression and cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 during the acute injury phase, thus, attenuating oxidative stress injury and apoptosis induced by HMGB1/TLR-4/NF-κB pathway.
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Huang CH, Chang MC, Lai YC, Lin CY, Hsu CH, Tseng BY, Hsiao CK, Lu TP, Yu SL, Hsieh ST, Chen WJ. Mitochondrial DNA methylation profiling of the human prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens: correlations with aging and drug use. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:79. [PMID: 35752846 PMCID: PMC9233363 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the brain's high demand for energy, research on its epigenetics focuses on nuclear methylation, and much of the mitochondrial DNA methylation remains seldom investigated. With a focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), we aimed to identify the mitochondrial methylation signatures for (1) distinguishing the two brain areas, (2) correlating with aging, and (3) reflecting the influence of illicit drugs on the brain. RESULT We collected the brain tissue in the NAcc and the PFC from the deceased individuals without (n = 39) and with (n = 14) drug use and used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to cover cytosine sites in the mitochondrial genome. We first detected differential methylations between the NAcc and the PFC in the nonusers group (P = 3.89 × 10-9). These function-related methylation differences diminished in the drug use group due to the selective alteration in the NAcc. Then, we found the correlation between the methylation levels and the chronological ages in the nonusers group (R2 = 0.34 in the NAcc and 0.37 in the PFC). The epigenetic clocks in illicit drug users, especially in the ketamine users, were accelerated in both brain regions by comparison with the nonusers. Finally, we summarized the effect of the illicit drugs on the methylation, which could significantly differentiate the drug users from the nonusers (AUC = 0.88 in the NAcc, AUC = 0.94 in the PFC). CONCLUSION The mitochondrial methylations were different between different brain areas, generally accumulated with aging, and sensitive to the effects of illicit drugs. We believed this is the first report to elucidate comprehensively the importance of mitochondrial DNA methylation in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Huang
- Forensic Biology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Forensic Pathology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chen Chang
- Forensic Biology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Lai
- Forensic Biology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Forensic Biology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Hsien Hsu
- Forensic Pathology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yuan Tseng
- Forensic Pathology Division, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuhsing Kate Hsiao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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Chueh KS, Huang KH, Lu JH, Juan TJ, Chuang SM, Lin RJ, Lee YC, Long CY, Shen MC, Sun TW, Juan YS. Therapeutic Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Improves Bladder Overactivity in the Pathogenesis of Ketamine-Induced Ulcerative Cystitis in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105771. [PMID: 35628581 PMCID: PMC9147926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study attempted to elucidate whether intravesical instillation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could decrease bladder inflammation and ameliorate bladder hyperactivity in ketamine ulcerative cystitis (KIC) rat model. Female Sprague Dawley (S-D) rats were randomly divided into control group, ketamine-treated group, ketamine with PRP treated group, and ketamine with platelet-poor plasma (PPP) treated group. Cystometry and micturition frequency/volume studies were performed to investigate bladder function. The morphological change of bladder was investigated by Mason’s trichrome staining. Western blotting analysis were carried out to examine the protein expressions of inflammation, urothelial differentiation, proliferation, urothelial barrier function, angiogenesis and neurogenesis related proteins. The results revealed that treatment with ketamine significantly deteriorated bladder capacity, decreased voiding function and enhanced bladder overactivity. These pathological damage and interstitial fibrosis may via NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathways and muscarinic receptor overexpression. PRP treatment decreased inflammatory fibrotic biosynthesis, attenuated oxidative stress, promoted urothelial cell regeneration, and enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, thereafter recovered bladder dysfunction and ameliorate the bladder hyperactivity in KIC rat model. These findings suggested that the PRP therapy may offer new treatment options for those clinical KIC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-M.C.); (M.-C.S.); (T.-W.S.)
| | - Kuan-Hua Huang
- Divisions of Urological Oncology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Jui Juan
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Mien Chuang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-M.C.); (M.-C.S.); (T.-W.S.)
| | - Rong-Jyh Lin
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yu Long
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Shen
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-M.C.); (M.-C.S.); (T.-W.S.)
| | - Ting-Wei Sun
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-M.C.); (M.-C.S.); (T.-W.S.)
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (K.-S.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (S.-M.C.); (M.-C.S.); (T.-W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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Quercetin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting HMGB1 and Its Translocation, Thereby Alleviating Liver Injury in ACLF Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2898995. [PMID: 34904016 PMCID: PMC8665894 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2898995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome of acute liver failure that occurs on the basis of chronic liver disease, which is characterized by a rapid deterioration in a short period and high mortality. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may be involved in the pathological process of ACLF; its specific role remains to be further elucidated. Our previous studies have shown that quercetin (Que) exerts anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting HMGB1 in vitro. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Que on liver injury in ACLF rats. Methods The contents of ALT, AST, TBiL, and PT time of rats in each group were observed. HE staining was used to detect liver pathology. The levels of oxidative stress indicators such as MDA, GSH, and 4-HNE in the rat liver were detected. TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were performed to explore the protective effect of Que on ACLF rats and the underlying mechanism. Results The results showed that Que could reduce the increase of serum biochemical indices, improve liver pathology, and reduce liver damage in ACLF rats. Further results confirmed that Que reduced the occurrence of oxidative stress and apoptosis of hepatocytes, and these reactions may aggravate the progress of ACLF. Meanwhile, the results of immunofluorescence and western blotting also confirmed that the expression of HMGB1 and extranuclear translocation in ACLF rat hepatocytes were significantly increased, which was alleviated by the treatment of Que. In addition, when cotreated with glycyrrhizin (Gly), an inhibitor of HMGB1, the inhibition of Que on HMGB1 and its translocation, apoptosis and oxidative stress, and the related proteins of HMGB1-mediated cellular pathway have been significantly enhanced. Conclusion Thus, Que alleviates liver injury in ACLF rats, and its mechanism may be related to oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by HMGB1 and its translocation.
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Xi XJ, Chen SH, Mi H. Aldh2 gene reduces oxidative stress in the bladder by regulating the NF-κB pathway in a mouse model of ketamine-induced cystitis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:111. [PMID: 33005240 PMCID: PMC7523278 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (aldh2) serves an important role in the development of organ injury. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of aldh2 on the oxidative stress response in a mouse model of ketamine-induced cystitis (KIC). A total of 60 8-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research wild-type (WT) mice and 45 aldh2 knock-out (KO) mice were randomized to receive low-dose ketamine (30 mg/kg), high-dose ketamine (60 mg/kg) or normal saline (controls). At 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-injection, bladder tissues were harvested and used to investigate the protective mechanisms of aldh2 on bladder function. The results demonstrated that aldh2 KO mice exhibited significant weight loss following chronic ketamine injection compared with that in WT mice. Furthermore, ketamine treatment increased the urination rate (P<0.05), pathological score (P<0.05), levels of the oxidative stress product malondialdehyde (P<0.05) in addition to reducing the expression of the anti-oxidative stress enzyme superoxide dismutase (P<0.05) and glutathione-SH (P<0.05). Oxidative stress in aldh2 KO mice was also found to significantly enhance the expression of proteins associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway, which promoted the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (P<0.05) and cyclooxygenase-2 (P<0.05) further. Finally, aldh2 KO mice demonstrated higher severity of fibrosis in the submucosal and muscular layers of the bladder. In conclusion, the present study suggests that aldh2 serves a protective role in preventing inflammation and fibrosis in KIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jian Xi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shao Hua Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hua Mi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Tyagi A, Kamal MA, Poddar NK. Integrated Pathways of COX-2 and mTOR: Roles in Cell Sensing and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:693. [PMID: 32742252 PMCID: PMC7364283 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX) are enzymes catalyzing arachidonic acid into prostanoids. COX exists in three isoforms: COX-1, 2, and 3. COX-1 and COX-2 have been widely studied in order to explore and understand their involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neuroinflammatory dementia. COX-2 was traditionally viewed to be expressed only under pathological conditions and to have detrimental effects in AD pathophysiology and neurodegeneration. However, an increasing number of reports point to much more complex roles of COX-2 in AD. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been considered as a hub which integrates multiple signaling cascades, some of which are also involved in AD progression. COX-2 and mTOR are both involved in environmental sensing, growth, and metabolic processes of the cell. They are also known to act in cooperation in many different cancers and thus, their role together in normal cellular functions as well as AD has been explored in this review. Some of the therapeutic approaches targeting COX-2 and mTOR in AD and cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Tyagi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
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Xi XJ, Zeng JJ, Lu Y, Chen SH, Jiang ZW, He PJ, Mi H. Extracellular vesicles enhance oxidative stress through P38/NF-kB pathway in ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7609-7624. [PMID: 32441055 PMCID: PMC7339200 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long‐term abuse of ketamine causes ketamine‐induced cystitis. The functional alterations of bladder epithelial cells in microenvironment during cystitis remain poorly understood. Here, we explored extracellular vesicles (EV) alteration in ketamine‐induced toxicity. To simulate the high‐concentration ketamine environment in vivo, we established an in vitro model of high ketamine using human uroepithelial cells (SV‐HUC‐1). Cell viability and proliferation were assessed to evaluate the effects of various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mmol/L) of ketamine on SV‐HUC‐1 cells. The cell supernatant cultured at a concentration (0, 1, 2, 4 mmol/L) of ketamine was selected for EV extraction and identified. Subsequently, we assessed different groups (ketamine, ketamine plus EV blocker, EV, EV plus extracellular vesicles blocker) of oxidative stress and expression of inflammation. Last, luciferase reporter assay was performed to study the transcriptional regulation of EV on the NF‐kB and P38 pathway. The results of our study suggested that treatment with 0, 1, 2 or 4 mmol/L ketamine altered the morphology and secretion capacity of extracellular vesicles. As the concentration of ketamine increased, the average particle size of EV decreased, but the crest size, particle concentration and EV protein increased. Moreover, after the addition of EV blocker, EV secreted at different concentrations were blocked outside the cell membrane, and the degree of oxidative stress decreased. Our study provided evidence that ketamine alters the secretion of EV by directly stimulating cells in inflammation microenvironment and EV play significant roles in intercellular signal communication and the formation of KIC.EV
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jian Xi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jin Jiang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shao Hua Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi Wen Jiang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Jie He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Mi
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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