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Barros E Silva AE, Guerra M. CMA/DAPI Banding of Plant Chromosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2672:215-224. [PMID: 37335478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3226-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome banding based on base-specific fluorochromes, mainly double staining with chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), has been widely used since the 1970s. This technique allows the differential staining of distinct types of heterochromatin. Afterward, the fluorochromes can be easily removed and leave the preparation ready for sequential procedures such as FISH or immunodetection. Interpretations of similar bands obtained with different techniques, however, merit certain caution. Here we present a detailed protocol for CMA/DAPI staining optimized for plant cytogenetics and call attention to the most common sources of misinterpretation of DAPI bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Emília Barros E Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal, Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Guerra
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Evolução Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Anticancer Activity of (±)-Kusunokinin Derivatives towards Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238291. [PMID: 36500383 PMCID: PMC9735782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of (±)-kusunokinin derivatives ((±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B). The cytotoxicity effect was performed on human cancer cells, including breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colon and ovarian cancer-cells, compared with normal cells, using the MTT assay. Cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis were detected using flow-cytometry analysis. We found that (±)-TTPG-B exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity on aggressive breast-cancer (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) and cholangiocarcinoma (KKU-M213), with an IC50 value of 0.43 ± 0.01, 1.83 ± 0.04 and 0.01 ± 0.001 µM, respectively. Interestingly, (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B exhibited less toxicity than (±)-kusunokinin (9.75 ± 0.39 µM) on L-929 cells (normal fibroblasts). Moreover, (±)-TTPG-A predominated the ell-cycle arrest at the S phase, while (±)-TTPG-B caused cell arrest at the G0/G1 phase, in the same way as (±)-kusunokinin in KKU-M213 cells. Both (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B induced apoptosis and multi-caspase activity more than (±)-kusunokinin. Taken together, we conclude that (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B have a strong anticancer effect on cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, (±)-TTPG-B could be a potential candidate compound for breast cancer and cholangiocarcinoma in the future.
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Boonnate P, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Kariya R, Fujikawa S, Boonmars T, Pinlaor S, Pairojkul C, Okada S. Mucin-producing hamster cholangiocarcinoma cell line, Ham-2, possesses the aggressive cancer phenotypes with liver and lung metastases. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:825-834. [PMID: 34549357 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive bile duct cancer. Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) infection is a significant cause of CCA in the Greater Mekong subregion. Currently, there is no standard chemotherapeutic regimen for CCA. A unique hamster carcinogenesis model of O. viverrini-associated CCA was established. Molecular targets identified from the hamster CCA-comparative model are valuable for target identification and validation. Hamster CCA was induced by the administration of O. viverrini metacercariae and N-nitrosodimethylamine. Hamster-derived cancer cells were isolated and continuously cultured for more than 6 months. Ham-2 cell line was established and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Ham-2 exhibited chromosome hyperploidy. A comparative study with previously established cell line, Ham-1, demonstrated that Ham-2 acquired slower growth, higher adhesion, higher migration, and resistance to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In BALB/c Rag-2/Jak3 double-deficient (BRJ) mice, Ham-2 subcutaneous transplantation formed mucin-producing cancers, which morphologically resemble human tubular cholangiocarcinoma. Intravenous-injected Ham-2 established the metastatic nodules in the lungs and livers of BRJ mice. Altogether, a new hamster cholangiocarcinoma cell line, Ham-2, which acquired more aggressive phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, was established. This cell line might be a valuable tool for comparative drug target identification and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanard Boonnate
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Graduate School of Medicine and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Graduate School of Medicine and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Graduate School of Medicine and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Sawako Fujikawa
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Graduate School of Medicine and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Graduate School of Medicine and Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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