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Ai L, Liu QQ, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang HM. The Role of HBx Protein in Diseases Beyond the Liver. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3225-3232. [PMID: 37249958 PMCID: PMC10224689 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s405316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
HBX gene is essential for HBV replication, evading the surveillance of the immune system by integrating its sequence into the human genome. It also exists stably in human cells by inhibiting the expression and activity of mismatch repair-related pathway genes. Previous reviews have comprehensively summarized the role of HBx in liver-related diseases. Our article complements the summary of research on HBx in diseases other than liver disease. Through a comprehensive literature search and reading, we found that HBx is expressed in the kidney, placenta, lung and other organs of HBV-infected patients, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases such as nephritis, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and gastric cancer. However, in the clinical treatment of these diseases, HBV infection and the role of HBx have not attracted sufficient attention, and there is no corresponding treatment strategy. Therefore, more research on HBx in diseases other than the liver is particularly necessary, and we hope that our article can provide some insight into the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nephrology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Northwest Minzu University / Second Provincial People’s Hospital of Gansu, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Ling J. Medicinal Fungi with Antiviral Effect. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144457. [PMID: 35889330 PMCID: PMC9322162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics from various viruses make natural organisms face challenges over and over again. Therefore, new antiviral drugs urgently need to be found to solve this problem. However, drug research and development is a very difficult task, and finding new antiviral compounds is desirable. A range of medicinal fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis are widely used all over the world, and they can enhance human immunity and direct anti-virus activities and other aspects to play an antiviral role. Medicinal fungi are used as foods or as food supplements. In this review, the species of medicinal fungi with antiviral activity in recent decades and the mechanism of antiviral components were reviewed from the perspectives of human, animal, and plant viruses to provide a comprehensive theory based on better clinical utilization of medicinal fungi as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Guoying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-0531-89628200 (G.Z.); +86-0532-58631501 (J.L.)
| | - Jianya Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-0531-89628200 (G.Z.); +86-0532-58631501 (J.L.)
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Tan W, Wang Y, Dai H, Deng J, Wu Z, Lin L, Yang J. Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Renal Fibrosis: Cordyceps and Related Products. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932172. [PMID: 35873549 PMCID: PMC9304961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no effective drug for the treatment of renal fibrosis; in particular, a safe and effective treatment for renal fibrosis should be established. Cordyceps has several medical effects, including immunoregulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, and may prevent kidney, liver, and heart diseases. Cordyceps has also been reported to be effective in the treatment of renal fibrosis. In this paper, we review the potential mechanisms of Cordyceps against renal fibrosis, focusing on the effects of Cordyceps on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, regulation of autophagy, reduction of extracellular matrix deposition, and fibroblast activation. We also discuss relevant published clinical trials and meta-analyses. Available clinical studies support the possibility that Cordyceps and related products provide benefits to patients with chronic kidney diseases as adjuvants to conventional drugs. However, the existing clinical studies are limited by low quality and significant heterogeneity. The use of Cordyceps and related products may be a potential strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Randomized controlled trial studies with good methodological quality, favorable experimental design, and large sample size are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunyan Wang
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Dai
- Nephrology, YunYang County People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Deng
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifen Wu
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jurong Yang
- Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jurong Yang,
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Liu W, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Yu F, Li X, Zhang N. Mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and its Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881835. [PMID: 35645822 PMCID: PMC9136174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major reason of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-caused end-stage renal failure (ESRF), and leads to high mortality worldwide. At present, the treatment of DKD is mainly focused on controlling the hyperglycemia, proteinuria, and hypertension, but is insufficient on the effective delay of DKD progression. Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of wild-used precious Chinese herb. Its extracts have effects of nephroprotection, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Cordyceps sinensis can tonify the lung and the kidney. Several Chinese patent medicines produced from Cordyceps sinensis are often used to treat DKD and achieved considerable efficacy. This review summarized the clinical usage of Cordyceps sinensis, as well as its mainly biological activities including anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic activities and regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangning Yu
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Zhang,
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Yan Y, Qiu Y, Davgadorj C, Zheng C. Novel Molecular Therapeutics Targeting Signaling Pathway to Control Hepatitis B Viral Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:847539. [PMID: 35252042 PMCID: PMC8894711 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.847539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous canonical cellular signaling pathways modulate hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. HBV genome products are known to play a significant role in regulating these cellular pathways for the liver’s viral-related pathology and physiology and have been identified as the main factor in hepatocarcinogenesis. Signaling changes during viral replication ultimately affect cellular persistence, multiplication, migration, genome instability, and genome damage, leading to proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, block of differentiation, and immortality. Recent studies have documented that numerous signaling pathway agonists or inhibitors play an important role in reducing HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, and some have been used in phase I or phase II clinical trials. These optional agents as molecular therapeutics target cellular pathways that could limit the replication and transcription of HBV or inhibit the secretion of the small surface antigen of HBV in a signaling-independent manner. As principle-based available information, a combined strategy including antiviral therapy and immunomodulation will be needed to control HBV infection effectively. In this review, we summarize recent findings on interventions of molecular regulators in viral replication and the interactions of HBV proteins with the components of the various targeting cellular pathways, which may assist in designing novel agents to modulate signaling pathways to prevent HBV replication or carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Yan, ; Chunfu Zheng,
| | - Yuanwang Qiu
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chantsalmaa Davgadorj
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Hepatology Institute of Wuxi, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yan Yan, ; Chunfu Zheng,
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