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Shojaeian A, Naeimi Torshizi SR, Parsapasand MS, Amjad ZS, Khezrian A, Alibakhshi A, Yun F, Baghaei K, Amini R, Pecic S. Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:162. [PMID: 38743146 PMCID: PMC11093943 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) that are formed by endocytosis containing complex RNA as well as protein structures and are vital in intercellular communication and can be used in gene therapy and drug delivery. According to the cell sources of origin and the environmental conditions they are exposed to, these nanovesicles are very heterogeneous and dynamic in terms of content (cargo), size and membrane composition. Exosomes are released under physiological and pathological conditions and influence the pathogenesis of cancers through various mechanisms, including angiogenesis, metastasis, immune dysregulation, drug resistance, and tumor growth/development. Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer in humans and can involve organs e.g., the esophagus and stomach, or others such as the liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon. Early diagnosis is very important in this field because the overall survival of patients is low due to diagnosis in late stages and recurrence. Also, various therapeutic strategies have failed and there is an unmet need for the new therapeutic agents. Exosomes can become promising candidates in gastrointestinal cancers as biomarkers and therapeutic agents due to their lower immunity and passing the main physiological barriers. In this work, we provide a general overview of exosomes, their biogenesis and biological functions. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes to serve as biomarkers, agents in cancer treatment, drug delivery systems, and effective vaccines in immunotherapy, with an emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - S R Naeimi Torshizi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sadat Parsapasand
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Sobhi Amjad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Khezrian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faye Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, USA
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, USA.
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Coleman D, Kuwada S. miRNA as a Biomarker for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:338. [PMID: 38540397 PMCID: PMC10969835 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA segments that can be detected in a variety of clinical samples, including serum, stool, and urine. While miRNAs were initially known for their effect on post-translational gene expression, the last decade of research has shown them to be promising biomarkers for the detection of many types of cancer. This paper explores the use of miRNA detection as a tool for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. We discuss the current state of miRNA detection, compare it to the existing CRC screening tools, and highlight the advantages and drawbacks of this approach from a clinical and logistical perspective. Our research finds that miRNA-based tests for CRC show great potential, but that widespread clinical adoption will be conditional on future research overcoming key hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coleman
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Scott Kuwada
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 01 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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3
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Dong H, Peng Z, Yu T, Xiong J. YB-1 Targeted by miR-509-3-5p Affects Migration and Invasion of Triple‑Negative Breast Cancer by Regulating Cellular Epithelial‑Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01101-0. [PMID: 38436906 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is closely linked to metastasis of breast cancer. This article elucidates the role of Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) on the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by regulating EMT, and the related mechanism. The expression data of YB-1 and miR-509-3-5p in TNBC samples and normal samples were downloaded from the GEO database. The proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of TNBC cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing assay, transwell assay, and immunoblotting analyses. The targeted binding of YB-1 and miR-509-3-5p was validated by luciferase reporter experiment. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to investigate the influence of the miR-509-3-5p/YB-1 axis on TNBC tumor growth in vivo. YB-1 was overexpressed, while miR-509-3-5p was underexpressed in TNBC tumor tissues and various cell lines. Silencing YB-1 depressed cell viability, proliferation, motility, and EMT in vitro, and miR-509-3-5p upregulation exerted the same effects. YB-1 was targeted by miR-509-3-5p. The suppressive effects on the phenotypes of TNBC cells caused by overexpressed miR-509-3-5p were attenuated by YB-1 upregulation. In addition, miR-509-3-5p overexpression restrained TNBC tumor growth and downregulated the YB-1-mediated EMT process in vivo. YB-1 targeted by miR-509-3-5p affects motility of TNBC cells by regulating cellular EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- Department of Lymphohematology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Tenghua Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330029, China.
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Kzar Al-Shukri HH, Abdul-Jabbar Ali S, Al-Akkam KA, Hjazi A, Rasulova I, Mustafa YF, Al-Saidi DN, Alasheqi MQ, Alawadi A, Alsaalamy A. The role of exo-miRNA in diagnosis and treatment of cancers, focusing on effective miRNAs in colorectal cancer. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:280-289. [PMID: 38225535 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular (EV) particles known as exosomes are released by a variety of cell types, including immune system cells, stem cells, and tumor cells. They are regarded as a subgroup of EVs and have a diameter that ranges from 30 to 150 nm. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (including RNA and DNA), and different bioactive compounds are among the wide range of biomolecules that make up the cargo of exosomes. Exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication because they let cells share information and signaling chemicals. They are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, tissue regeneration, cancer progression, and neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, it is essential to continue research into exosome-based cancer medicines to advance understanding, improve treatment plans, create personalized tactics, ensure safety, and speed up clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah H Kzar Al-Shukri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | | | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irodakhon Rasulova
- School of Humanities, Natural & Social Sciences, New Uzbekistan University, Uzbekistan
- Department of Public Health, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Dahlia N Al-Saidi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Kirkuk, Iraq
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Liu Y, Wu H, Sang Y, Chong W, Shang L, Li L. Research progress of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumour. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:33. [PMID: 38341827 PMCID: PMC10859358 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumours of the digestive system cover a wide range of diseases that affect the health of people to a large extent. Angiogenesis is indispensable in the development, and metastasis of tumours, mainly in two ways: occupation or formation. Vessels can provide nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors for tumours to encourage growth and metastasis, so cancer progression depends on simultaneous angiogenesis. Recently, exosomes have been proven to participate in the angiogenesis of tumours. They influence angiogenesis by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 with different affinities, regulating Yap-VEGF pathway, Akt pathway or other signaling pathway. Additionally, exosomes are potential therapeutic vectors that can deliver many types of cargoes to different cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumours and highlight the clinical application prospects, directly used as targers or delivery vehicles, in antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaodong Sang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Wei Chong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Shi X, Wei K, Wu Y, Mao L, Pei W, Zhu H, Shi Y, Zhang S, Tao S, Wang J, Pang S, Mao H, Wang W, Yang Q, Chen C. Exosome-derived miR-372-5p promotes stemness and metastatic ability of CRC cells by inducing macrophage polarization. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110884. [PMID: 37690660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common malignancy in the digestive system, and tumor metastasis is the main cause of death in clinical patients with CRC. It has been shown that exosomes promote phenotypic changes in macrophages and tumor metastasis in the CRC tumor microenvironment. In this study, we used miRNA-seq technology to screen out the highly expressed miR-372-5p among the miRNAs differentially expressed in plasma exosomes of clinical CRC patients. It was found that miR-372-5p highly expressed in HCT116 exosomes could be phagocytosed by macrophages and promote their polarization into M2 macrophages by regulating the PTEN/AKT pathway. Meanwhile, co-culture of CRC cells with conditioned medium (CM) of macrophages enhanced the EMT, stemness and metastasis of CRC cells. Mechanistically, CRC cells exosome-derived miR-372-5p induced polarized M2 macrophages to secrete chemokine C-X-C-Motif Ligand 12 (CXCL12), which activated the WNT/β-catenin pathway to promote the EMT, stemness and metastatic ability of CRC cells. In summary, this study elucidated the molecular mechanism of exosomal miR-372-5p promoting metastasis and stemness in CRC, which may provide new therapeutic targets for CRC metastasis and prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yulun Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Lingyu Mao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wenhao Pei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Yingxiang Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Shuang Tao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Siyan Pang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Huilan Mao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research (Bengbu Medical College), Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Qingling Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Changjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China.
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Hui J, Zhou M, An G, Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang X, Zhao X. Regulatory role of exosomes in colorectal cancer progression and potential as biomarkers. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0119. [PMID: 37553810 PMCID: PMC10476469 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains an enormous challenge to human health worldwide. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying CRC progression is not well understood. Mounting evidence has confirmed that exosomes play a vital role in CRC progression, which has attracted extensive attention among researchers. In addition to acting as messengers between CRC cells, exosomes also participate in the CRC immunomodulatory process and reshape immune function. As stable message carriers and liquid biopsy option under development, exosomes are promising biomarkers in the diagnosis or treatment of CRC. In this review we have described and analyzed the biogenesis and release of exosomes and current research on the role of exosomes in immune regulation and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, we have discussed candidate exosomal molecules as potential biomarkers to diagnose CRC, predict CRC progression, or determine CRC chemoresistance, and described the significance of exosomes in the immunotherapy of CRC. This review provides insight to further understand the role of exosomes in CRC progression and identify valuable biomarkers that facilitate the clinical management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Guangzhou An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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Gheytanchi E, Tajik F, Razmi M, Babashah S, Cho WCS, Tanha K, Sahlolbei M, Ghods R, Madjd Z. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 36670440 PMCID: PMC9862982 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports suggested that circulating exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) may serve as non-invasive prediction biomarkers in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, yet their clinicopathological and prognostic values need to be more clarified. Hence, the present meta-analysis was aimed to quantitatively assess the evidence regarding the association between circulating exomiRs and prognosis in GI cancer patients. METHODS A comprehensive search was carried out in prominent literature databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were gathered to evaluate the strength of the association. The quality assessment was investigated through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and publication bias via Eggers' test and funnel plots. RESULTS A total of 47 studies, comprising of 4881 patients, were considered eligible for this meta-analysis. Both up-regulated and down-regulated circulating exomiRs are significantly associated with differentiation (HR = 1.353, P = 0.015; HR = 1.504, P = 0.016), TNM stage (HR = 2.058, P < 0.001; HR = 2.745, P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (HR = 1.527, P = 0.004; HR = 2.009, P = 0.002), distant metastasis (HR = 2.006, P < 0.001; HR = 2.799, P = 0.002), worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.053, P < 0.001; HR = 1.789, P = 0.001) and poorer disease/relapse/progression-free survival (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR = 2.086, P < 0.001; HR = 1.607, P = 0.001) in GI cancer patients, respectively. In addition, subgroup analyses based on seven subcategories indicated the robustness of the association. The majority of findings were lack of publication bias except for the association between up-regulated exomiRs and OS or DFS/RFS/PFS and for the down-regulated exomiRs and TNM stage. CONCLUSION This study supports that up- and down-regulated circulating exomiRs are associated with poorer survival outcomes and could be served as potential prognostic biomarkers in GI cancers. Given the limitations of the current findings, such as significant heterogeneity, more investigations are needed to fully clarify the exomiRs prognostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Gheytanchi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tajik
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Razmi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- grid.415499.40000 0004 1771 451XDepartment of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kiarash Tanha
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sahlolbei
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liang Z, Liu L, Gao R, Che C, Yang G. Downregulation of exosomal miR-7-5p promotes breast cancer migration and invasion by targeting RYK and participating in the atypical WNT signalling pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:88. [PMID: 36210461 PMCID: PMC9549651 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current studies show that exosomal miRNAs become an important factor in cancer metastasis. Among the many miRNA studies, miR-7-5p has not been thoroughly investigated in breast cancer metastasis. Methods Bioinformatic screening was performed using extant data from the GEO database, and miR-7-5p expression levels in breast cancer cell lines and exosomes were further examined using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The extracted exosomes were characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis and marker protein determination. Cell migration and invasion were then examined using wound healing assays and Transwell assays, respectively. Correlation between miR-7-5p and receptor-like tyrosine kinase (RYK) was analysed by luciferase reporter. The effect of miR-7-5p against RYK-related downstream factors was verified using western blot assays. Results In this study, we found that the expression of miR-7-5p was significantly different in exosomes secreted from breast cancer cell lines with different high and low invasiveness. Further experiments revealed that miR-7-5p has an important role in inhibiting the migration and invasion of breast cancer. In terms of mechanism of action, miR-7-5p was found to target the RYK, leading to its reduced expression, which in turn caused a reduction in the phosphorylation level of the downstream factor JNK. Reduced levels of phosphorylated JNK factors lead to reduced levels of phosphorylation of c-Jun protein, which in turn leads to increased expression of EMT transcription factors, thereby inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process to suppress the invasion of breast cancer. Conclusion Thus, we demonstrated that exosomes loaded with high levels of miR-7-5p emitted from less aggressive breast cancers can participate in the atypical WNT pathway by targeting the RYK gene and thus inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00393-x.
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Molecular Docking and Intracellular Translocation of Extracellular Vesicles for Efficient Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112971. [PMID: 36361760 PMCID: PMC9659046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, mediate intercellular communication by delivering their contents, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, to distant target cells. EVs play a role in the progression of several diseases. In particular, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) levels in exosomes are associated with cancer progression. Furthermore, exosomes are being used for new drug-delivery systems by modifying their membrane peptides to promote their intracellular transduction via micropinocytosis. In this review, we aim to show that an efficient drug-delivery system and a useful therapeutic strategy can be established by controlling the molecular docking and intracellular translocation of exosomes. We summarise the mechanisms of molecular docking of exosomes, the biological effects of exosomes transmitted into target cells, and the current state of exosomes as drug delivery systems.
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Identification of a Five-MiRNA Expression Assay to Aid Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord4030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: One-third of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients present with advanced disease, and establishing control remains a challenge. Identifying novel biomarkers to facilitate earlier diagnosis is imperative in enhancing oncological outcomes. We aimed to create miRNA oncogenic signature to aid CRC diagnosis. Methods: Tumour and tumour-associated normal (TAN) were extracted from 74 patients during surgery for CRC. RNA was isolated and target miRNAs were quantified using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Regression analyses were performed in order to identify miRNA targets capable of differentiating CRC from TAN and compared with two endogenous controls (miR-16 and miR-345) in each sample. Areas under the curve (AUCs) in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were determined. Results: MiR-21 (β-coefficient:3.661, SE:1.720, p = 0.033), miR-31 (β-coefficient:2.783, SE:0.918, p = 0.002), and miR-150 (β-coefficient:−4.404, SE:0.526, p = 0.004) expression profiles differentiated CRC from TAN. In multivariable analyses, increased miR-31 (β-coefficient:2.431, SE:0.715, p < 0.001) and reduced miR-150 (β-coefficient:−4.620, SE:1.319, p < 0.001) independently differentiated CRC from TAN. The highest AUC generated for miR-21, miR-31, and miR-150 in an oncogenic expression assay was 83.0% (95%CI: 61.7–100.0, p < 0.001). In the circulation of 34 independent CRC patients and 5 controls, the mean expression of miR-21 (p = 0.001), miR-31 (p = 0.001), and miR-150 (p < 0.001) differentiated CRC from controls; however, the median expression of miR-21 (p = 0.476), miR-31 (p = 0.933), and miR-150 (p = 0.148) failed to differentiate these groups. Conclusion: This study identified a five-miRNA signature capable of distinguishing CRC from normal tissues with a high diagnostic test accuracy. Further experimentation with this signature is required to elucidate its diagnostic relevance in the circulation of CRC patients.
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Tan J, Lu T, Xu J, Hou Y, Chen Z, Zhou K, Ding Y, Jiang B, Zhu Y. MicroRNA-4463 facilitates the development of colon cancer by suppression of the expression of PPP1R12B. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1115-1123. [PMID: 35064454 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present work, we investigated the expression pattern of miR-4463 in the non-metastasis and metastasis colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and its regulation axis. METHODS RT-qPCR assay was performed to assess miR-4463 expression in the serum and tissues of patients with non-metastasis and metastasis, and in the CRC cell lines. MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry assay were used to examine the role of miR-4463 in CRC cell viability, proliferation, and migration. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify the potential target gene of miR-4463, and the targeting relationship between miR-4463 and PPP1R12B was verified in vitro using dual luciferase assay. Western blotting assay was used to determine the protein level of the target gene PPP1R12B in CRC cells under the transfections of miR-4463 mimic, inhibitor and vectors overexpressing PPP1R12B. RESULTS miR-4463 was markedly increased in the non-metastasis CRC tissues, and increased even higher in the metastasis CRC tissues, while miR-4463 expression had no significant difference in serum from non-metastasis and metastasis CRC samples. Besides, miR-4463 was upregulated in CRC cell lines. Functionally, miR-4463 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Further analysis revealed that the miR-4463/PPP1R12B axis was responsible for the role of this miRNA. CONCLUSION We reported the roles of miR-4463 in CRC proliferation and migration, supporting that miR-4463 could be a potential predictive diagnostic marker for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - T Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Hou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - K Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - B Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Kim S, Han J, Park JS, Kim JH, Lee ES, Cha BS, Park KS. DNA barcode-based detection of exosomal microRNAs using nucleic acid lateral flow assays for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Talanta 2022; 242:123306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bakhsh T, Alhazmi S, Alburae NA, Farsi A, Alzahrani F, Choudhry H, Bahieldin A. Exosomal miRNAs as a Promising Source of Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094855. [PMID: 35563246 PMCID: PMC9103063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide amongst males and females. CRC treatment is multidisciplinary, often including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Early diagnosis of CRC can lead to treatment initiation at an earlier stage. Blood biomarkers are currently used to detect CRC, but because of their low sensitivity and specificity, they are considered inadequate diagnostic tools and are used mainly for following up patients for recurrence. It is necessary to detect novel, noninvasive, specific, and sensitive biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of CRC at earlier stages. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumorigenesis; for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes can play a crucial role in communication between cancer cells and different components of TME, thereby inducing tumor progression. The importance of miRNAs that are sorted into exosomes has recently attracted scientists’ attention. Some unique sequences of miRNAs are favorably packaged into exosomes, and it has been illustrated that particular miRNAs can be directed into exosomes by special mechanisms that occur inside the cells. This review illustrates and discusses the sorted and transported exosomal miRNAs in the CRC microenvironment and their impact on CRC progression as well as their potential use as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Bakhsh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Safiah Alhazmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Najla Ali Alburae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Ali Farsi
- Department of Surgry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
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Li J, Chen D, Shen M. Tumor Microenvironment Shapes Colorectal Cancer Progression, Metastasis, and Treatment Responses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:869010. [PMID: 35402443 PMCID: PMC8984105 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.869010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most devastating diseases that accounts for numerous deaths worldwide. Tumor cell-autonomous pathways, such as the oncogenic signaling activation, significantly contribute to CRC progression and metastasis. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that the CRC microenvironment also profoundly promotes or represses this process. As the roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC progression and metastasis is gradually uncovered, the importance of these non-cell-autonomous signaling pathways is appreciated. However, we are still at the beginning of this TME function exploring process. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the TME in CRC progression and metastasis by focusing on the gut microbiota and host cellular and non-cellular components. We also briefly discuss TME-remodeling therapies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dawei Chen
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Minhong Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Minhong Shen,
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Wang M. MiR-29a regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting Bak1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Biochem 2022; 171:663-671. [PMID: 35274138 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the association between microRNA-29a (miR-29a) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM rat model was established by treating rats with streptozotocin (STZ), followed by injection of NC or miR-29a-3p mimics into the myocardium of rats. High glucose (HG)-treated H9c2 cells were transfected with NC and miR-29a-3p mimics. DCM rats presented elevated levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood pressure and urine output and decreased body weight and cardiac contractile function after modeling. MiR-29a was lowly expressed in STZ-treated rats and HG-treated H9c2 cells. Upregulation of miR-29a improved cardiac structure and function and attenuated, alleviated myocardial histological abnormalities and fibrosis, and lowered cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DCM rats. Meanwhile, HG promoted H9c2 cell apoptosis, while miR-29a overexpression attenuated the function of HG. Compared with control group, the protein expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase3 and Bak1 in DCM and HG group were significantly upregulated, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were downregulated, while miR-29a overexpression exerted opposite effect. Bioinformatics prediction method and western blot revealed that miR-29a directly targeted Bak1 and downregulated Bak1 expression. Overall, miR-29a regulated STZ- and HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting Bak1, providing a novel understanding of the pathogenesis of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050004, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Experimental Center, Hebei Medical University Clinical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050004, China
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Datta B, Paul D, Dey T, Pal S, Rakshit T. Importance of Extracellular Vesicle Derived RNAs as
Critical Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:222-235. [PMID: 37101571 PMCID: PMC10114864 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Colorectal cancer
typically begins from a nonmalignant polyp formation
in the large intestine that, over time, develops into colorectal cancer.
The growth of benign polyps can be checked if detected in the early
stages of the disease. Doctors usually recommend colonoscopy to average
and high-risk individuals for colorectal cancer screening. Elevated
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a broadly used biomarker for colorectal
cancer. The genetic and epigenetic alteration of genes such as p53,
BRAF, APC, and PIK3CA is also correlated with colorectal cancer in
various clinical studies. In general, tissue biopsy is most frequently
used for colorectal cancer diagnosis, but the whole tumor heterogeneity
cannot be accessed by this technique. Furthermore, such a highly invasive
technique is not suitable for repeated testing. Recently, extracellular
vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer enclosed sacs secreted from colorectal
cancer cells, are emerging as a diagnostic tool for colon cancer detection.
The major advantages of using EVs for colon cancer diagnosis are (i)
EVs can be isolated in a noninvasive manner from the body fluid and
(ii) EV incorporated cargoes (mostly RNAs) reveal various aspects
of colorectal cancer. EV-RNAs are also implicated in tumor invasion
and influence the immune system for the further spread of tumors.
However, due to the lack of standardized EV detection strategies,
diagnostic applicability is limited. Herein, we review the recent
literature on the pathobiological dependence of colorectal cancer
on EV-RNAs. Further, we present the advantages of identification and
characterization of EV-RNAs to explore the connection between differential
expression of extracellular vesicle incorporated RNAs and colorectal
cancer. How this approach may potentially translate into point of
care colorectal cancer diagnostics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brateen Datta
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Debashish Paul
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Tina Dey
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, IIT Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 492015, India
| | - Tatini Rakshit
- Department
of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Bhattacharya S. The Incredible Potential of Exosomes as Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:188-202. [PMID: 35490434 DOI: 10.2174/2665998002666220501164429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common cancer that is one of the leading causes of cancerrelated deaths around the world. The creation of new biomarkers for this disease is an important public health strategy for lowering the disease's mortality rate. According to new research, exosomes may be important sources of biomarkers in CRC. Exosomes are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles (30-200 nm) secreted by normal and cancer cells that transport RNA and proteins between cells and are thought to help with intercellular communication. Exosomes have been linked to CRC initiation and progression, and some differentially expressed RNAs and proteins in exosomes have been identified as potential cancer detection candidates. As a result, studying the relationship between exosomes and CRC may aid in the development of new biomarkers for the disease. This article discusses the importance of exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis of CRC, as well as their use in the treatment of CRC metastasis, chemoresistance, and recrudescence. The benefits and drawbacks of using exosomes as tumour markers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NMIM'S School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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