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Microvascular Experimentation in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Model for Screening Angiogenic Agents including from Gene-Modified Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010452. [PMID: 35008876 PMCID: PMC8745510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model of angiogenesis has been highlighted as a relatively quick, low cost and effective model for the study of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The chick CAM is a highly vascularised extraembryonic membrane which functions for gas exchange, nutrient exchange and waste removal for the growing chick embryo. It is beneficial as it can function as a treatment screening tool, which bridges the gap between cell based in vitro studies and in vivo animal experimentation. In this review, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of the CAM assay to study microcirculation, by the investigation of each distinct stage of the CAM assay procedure, including cultivation techniques, treatment applications and methods of determining an angiogenic response using this assay. We detail the angiogenic effect of treatments, including drugs, metabolites, genes and cells used in conjunction with the CAM assay, while also highlighting the testing of genetically modified cells. We also present a detailed exploration of the advantages and limitations of different CAM analysis techniques, including visual assessment, histological and molecular analysis along with vascular casting methods and live blood flow observations.
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Eckrich J, Kugler P, Buhr CR, Ernst BP, Mendler S, Baumgart J, Brieger J, Wiesmann N. Monitoring of tumor growth and vascularization with repetitive ultrasonography in the chicken chorioallantoic-membrane-assay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18585. [PMID: 33122780 PMCID: PMC7596505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chorioallantoic-membrane (CAM)-assay is an established model for in vivo tumor research. Contrary to rodent-xenograft-models, the CAM-assay does not require breeding of immunodeficient strains due to native immunodeficiency. This allows xenografts to grow on the non-innervated CAM without pain or impairment for the embryo. Considering multidirectional tumor growth, limited monitoring capability of tumor size is the main methodological limitation of the CAM-assay for tumor research. Enclosure of the tumor by the radiopaque eggshell and the small structural size only allows monitoring from above and challenges established imaging techniques. We report the eligibility of ultrasonography for repetitive visualization of tumor growth and vascularization in the CAM-assay. After tumor ingrowth, ultrasonography was repetitively performed in ovo using a commercial ultrasonographic scanner. Finally, the tumor was excised and histologically analyzed. Tumor growth and angiogenesis were successfully monitored and findings in ultrasonographic imaging significantly correlated with results obtained in histological analysis. Ultrasonography is cost efficient and widely available. Tumor imaging in ovo enables the longitudinal monitoring of tumoral development, yet allowing high quantitative output due to the CAM-assays simple and cheap methodology. Thus, this methodological novelty improves reproducibility in the field of in vivo tumor experimentation emphasizing the CAM-assay as an alternative to rodent-xenograft-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eckrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kugler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Raphael Buhr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Philipp Ernst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Mendler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Juergen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Wiesmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Hu J, Ishihara M, Chin AI, Wu L. Establishment of xenografts of urological cancers on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to study metastasis. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:140-151. [PMID: 31598385 PMCID: PMC6770283 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urological system commonly occurs in the kidney, bladder, and prostate
gland. The clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) constitutes the great
majority of kidney cancer. Metastatic ccRCC portends a very poor outcome with no effective
treatment available. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males in the US. Despite
recent advances in selective kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies, the rate of developing
new treatment from bench to bedside is slow. A time-consuming step is at the animal drug
testing stage, in which the mouse model is the gold standard. In the pursuit to streamline
the in vivo cancer biology research and drug development, we explored the
feasibility of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model to establish xenografts.
The CAM model greatly shortens the time of tumor growth and lowers the cost comparing to
immunocompromised mice. We generated CAM xenografts from ccRCC, bladder and prostate
cancer, with established cancer cell lines and freshly isolated patient-derived tissues,
either as primary tumor cells or small pieces of tumors. The successful CAM engraftment
rate from the different tumor sources is 70% or above. Using our previously established
metastatic ccRCC mouse model, we showed that the CAM xenograft maintains the same tumor
growth pattern and metastatic behavior as observed in mice. Taken together, CAM can serve
as a valuable platform to establish new patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to study tumor
biology, thus accelerating the development of individualized treatment to halt the deadly
metastatic stage of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Moe Ishihara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology.,Department of Urology.,Department of Pediatrics.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Patient Derived Chicken Egg Tumor Model (PDcE Model): Current Status and Critical Issues. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050440. [PMID: 31083409 PMCID: PMC6562823 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM assay) using fertilized chicken eggs has been used for the study of tumor formation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Recently, there is growing realization that this system provides a valuable assay for a patient-derived tumor model. Several reports establish that tumor samples from cancer patients can be used to reproduce tumor in the chicken egg. High transplantation efficiency has been achieved. In this review, we discuss examples of transplanting patient tumors. We then discuss critical issues that need to be addressed to pursue this line of experiments. The patient-derived chicken egg model (PDcE model) has an advantage over other models in its rapid tumor formation. This raises the possibility that the PDcE model is valuable for identifying optimum drug for each individual patient.
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The chicken chorioallantoic membrane model in biology, medicine and bioengineering. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:779-804. [PMID: 25138280 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a simple, highly vascularized extraembryonic membrane, which performs multiple functions during embryonic development, including but not restricted to gas exchange. Over the last two decades, interest in the CAM as a robust experimental platform to study blood vessels has been shared by specialists working in bioengineering, development, morphology, biochemistry, transplant biology, cancer research and drug development. The tissue composition and accessibility of the CAM for experimental manipulation, makes it an attractive preclinical in vivo model for drug screening and/or for studies of vascular growth. In this article we provide a detailed review of the use of the CAM to study vascular biology and response of blood vessels to a variety of agonists. We also present distinct cultivation protocols discussing their advantages and limitations and provide a summarized update on the use of the CAM in vascular imaging, drug delivery, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.
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