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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li T, Liu X, Zhang P, Cheng J, Sun S, Wei C, Fu J. CTSL, a prognostic marker of breast cancer, that promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1158087. [PMID: 37456247 PMCID: PMC10342200 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1158087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the world, the incidence of breast cancer has surpassed that of lung cancer, and it has become the first malignant tumor among women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows an extremely heterogeneous malignancy toward high recurrence, metastasis, and mortality, but there is a lack of effective targeted therapy. It is urgent to develop novel molecular targets in the occurrence and therapeutics for TNBC, and novel therapeutic strategies to block the recurrence and metastasis of TNBC. Methods In this study, CTSL (cathepsin L) expression in tissues and adjacent tissues of TNBC patients was monitored by immunohistochemistry and western blots. The correlations between CTSL expressions and clinicopathological characteristics in the patient tissues for TNBC were analyzed. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay were also performed when over-expressed or knocked-down CTSL. Results We found that the level of CTSL in TNBC is significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent tissues, and associated with differentiated degree, TNM Stage, tumor size, and lymph node metastatic status in TNBC patients. The high level of CTSL was correlated with a short RFS (p<0.001), OS (p<0.001), DMFS (p<0.001), PPS (p= 0.0025) in breast cancer from online databases; while in breast cancer with lymph node-positive, high level of CTSL was correlated with a short DMFS (p<0.001) and RFS (p<0.001). Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that CTSL overexpression promotes the abilities for proliferation, migration, and invasion in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, while knocking-down CTSL decreases its characteristics in MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Conclusion CTSL might involve into the regulation of the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of TNBC. Thus, CTSL would be a novel, potential therapeutic, and prognostic target of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yaning Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Suan Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Pan T, Jin Z, Yu Z, Wu X, Chang X, Fan Z, Li F, Wang X, Li Z, Zhou Q, Li J, Liu B, Su L. Cathepsin L promotes angiogenesis by regulating the CDP/Cux/VEGF-D pathway in human gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:974-987. [PMID: 32388635 PMCID: PMC7567730 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor progression. The function of cathepsin L (CTSL), an endosomal proteolytic enzyme, in promoting tumor metastasis is well recognized. The mechanisms by which CTSL has promoted the angiogenesis of gastric cancer (GC), however, remains unclear. METHODS The nuclear expression levels of CTSL were assessed in GC samples. The effects of CTSL on GC angiogenesis were determined by endothelial tube formation analysis, HUVEC migration assay, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The involvement of the CDP/Cux/VEGF-D pathway was analyzed by angiogenesis antibody array, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In this study, we found that the nuclear CTSL expression level in GC was significantly higher than that in adjacent nontumor gastric tissues and was a potential important clinical prognostic factor. Loss- and gain-of-function assays indicated that CTSL promotes the tubular formation and migration of HUVEC cells in vitro. The CAM assay also showed that CTSL promotes angiogenesis of GC in vivo. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that CTSL can proteolytically process CDP/Cux and produce the physiologically relevant p110 isoform, which stably binds to VEGF-D and promotes the transcription of VEGF-D, thus contributing to the angiogenesis of GC. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggested that CTSL plays a constructive role in the regulation of angiogenesis in human GC and could be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijian Jin
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjia Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongyan Wu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liping Su
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Liu WL, Liu D, Cheng K, Liu YJ, Xing S, Chi PD, Liu XH, Xue N, Lai YZ, Guo L, Zhang G. Evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating cathepsin S in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:28124-38. [PMID: 27058412 PMCID: PMC5053714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether serum Cathepsin S (Cat S) could serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC), Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum Cat S in 496 participants including healthy controls and patients with benign gastric diseases, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer. The levels of serum Cat S were significantly increased in cancer patients, especially in GC patients. The qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the overexpression of Cat S in GC cell lines and tissues. The diagnostic value of serum Cat S for GC patients from controls resulted in an AUC of 0.803 with a sensitivity of 60.7% and a specificity of 90.0%. Moreover, the levels of serum Cat S were associated with GC tumor volume, lymphoid nodal status, metastasis status, and stages. Moreover, the patients with high levels of serum Cat S had a poorer overall survival. Univariate analysis revealed Cat S expression was a prognostic factor. The knockdown of Cat S significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of GC cells. This study suggested serum Cat S may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Dong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University of Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Walia A, Yang JF, Huang YH, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Endostatin's emerging roles in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, disease, and clinical applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1850:2422-38. [PMID: 26367079 PMCID: PMC4624607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is the process of neovascularization from pre-existing vasculature and is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Inhibitors of angiogenesis, administered either as individual drugs or in combination with other chemotherapy, have been shown to benefit patients with various cancers. Endostatin, a 20-kDa C-terminal fragment of type XVIII collagen, is one of the most potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss the biology behind endostatin in the context of its endogenous production, the various receptors to which it binds, and the mechanisms by which it acts. We focus on its inhibitory role in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. We also present emerging clinical applications for endostatin and its potential as a therapeutic agent in the form a short peptide. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The delicate balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors can be modulated to result in physiological wound healing or pathological tumor metastasis. Research in the last decade has emphasized an emerging clinical potential for endostatin as a biomarker and as a therapeutic short peptide. Moreover, elevated or depressed endostatin levels in diseased states may help explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of the particular disease. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Endostatin was once sought after as the 'be all and end all' for cancer treatment; however, research throughout the last decade has made it apparent that endostatin's effects are complex and involve multiple mechanisms. A better understanding of newly discovered mechanisms and clinical applications still has the potential to lead to future advances in the use of endostatin in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Walia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica F Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Sudhan DR, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L targeting in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:105-16. [PMID: 26299995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes may serve as promising targets for novel therapeutic treatment strategies seeking to impede cancer progression and metastasis. One such enzyme is cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosomal cysteine protease. CTSL upregulation, a common occurrence in a variety of human cancers, has been widely correlated with metastatic aggressiveness and poor patient prognosis. In addition, CTSL has been implicated to contribute to cancer-associated osteolysis, a debilitating morbidity affecting both life expectancy and the quality of life. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which CTSL contributes to tumor progression and dissemination and discuss the therapeutic utility of CTSL intervention strategies aimed at impeding metastatic progression and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Tholen M, Wolanski J, Stolze B, Chiabudini M, Gajda M, Bronsert P, Stickeler E, Rospert S, Reinheckel T. Stress-resistant Translation of Cathepsin L mRNA in Breast Cancer Progression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15758-15769. [PMID: 25957406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease cathepsin L (CTSL) is often thought to act as a tumor promoter by enhancing tumor progression and metastasis. This goes along with increased CTSL activity in various tumor entities; however, the mechanisms leading to high CTSL levels are incompletely understood. With the help of the polyoma middle T oncogene driven breast cancer mouse model expressing a human CTSL genomic transgene, we show that CTSL indeed promotes breast cancer metastasis to the lung. During tumor formation and progression high expression levels of CTSL are maintained by enduring translation of CTSL mRNA. Interestingly, human breast cancer specimens expressed the same pattern of 5' untranslated region (UTR) splice variants as the transgenic mice and the human cancer cell line MDA-MB 321. By polyribosome profiling of tumor tissues and human breast cancer cells, we observe an intrinsic resistance of CTSL to stress-induced shutdown of translation. This ability can be attributed to all 5' UTR variants of CTSL and is not dependent on a previously described internal ribosomal entry site motif. In conclusion, we provide in vivo functional evidence for overexpressed CTSL as a promoter of lung metastasis, whereas high CTSL levels are maintained during tumor progression due to stress-resistant mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Wolanski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Stolze
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Chiabudini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg; Comprehensive Cancer Center/German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79106 Freiburg
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center/German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79106 Freiburg; Clinic for Gynecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Rospert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg; Comprehensive Cancer Center/German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79106 Freiburg.
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7
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Increased expression of cathepsin L: a novel independent prognostic marker of worse outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112136. [PMID: 25384089 PMCID: PMC4226473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the expression and role of Cathepsin L (CTSL) in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and cell line (MHCC-97H), and to evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of CTSL protein in patients with HCC. Methods The expression of CTSL was examined in HCC tissue and MHCC-97H cells by Western-blotting, Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Cell growth curve assay and colony formation assay were used to verify the effect of CTSL on the proliferation and tumor progression ability of MHCC-97H cells. Tumor formation assay in nude mice was used to analyze the effect of CTSL on the tumorigenicity of MHCC-97H cells. Results The status of CTSL protein in carcinoma tissues is much higher than that in paracarcinoma tissues. The overall survival of the patients with high CTSL expression was significantly shorter than the low CTSL expression group. high CTSL expression was significantly correlated with advanced clinical staging, histological grade and tumor recurrence. In vitro experiments demonstrated that over-expression of CTSL in MHCC-97H cells promoted cell proliferation and tumor progression ability. Down-regulation of CTSL showed the opposite effects. Over-expression of CTSL increase the tumorigenicity of MHCC-97H cells by in vivo experiments. Moreover, multivariate analysis suggested that CTSL expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of HCC patients after curative surgery. Conclusions CTSL might involve in the development and progression of HCC as a oncogene, and thereby may be a valuable prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Abstract
The spatial and temporal organization of the genome has emerged as an additional level of regulation of nuclear functions. Structural proteins associated with the nuclear envelope play important roles in the organization of the genome. The nuclear lamina, a polymeric meshwork formed by lamins (A- and B-type) and lamin-associated proteins, is viewed as a scaffold for tethering chromatin and protein complexes regulating a variety of nuclear functions. Alterations in lamins function impact DNA transactions such as transcription, replication, and repair, as well as epigenetic modifications that change chromatin structure. These data, and the association of defective lamins with a whole variety of degenerative disorders, premature aging syndromes, and cancer, provide evidence for these proteins operating as caretakers of the genome. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge about the function of lamins in the maintenance of genome integrity, with special emphasis on the role of A-type lamins in the maintenance of telomere homeostasis and mechanisms of DNA damage repair. These findings have begun to shed some light onto molecular mechanisms by which alterations in A-type lamins induce genomic instability and contribute to the pathophysiology of aging and aging-related diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S Grand Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA,
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Redwood AB, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Gonzalo S. Regulating the levels of key factors in cell cycle and DNA repair: new pathways revealed by lamins. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3652-7. [PMID: 22045204 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.21.18201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal organization of the genome represents an additional step in the regulation of nuclear functions. The nuclear lamina, a polymeric meshwork formed by lamins (A/C and B type) and lamin-associated proteins, plays a key role in the maintenance of genome localization, structure and function. Specifically, mutations in the LMNA gene encoding lamins A/C or changes in its expression, either upregulation or silencing, are associated with defects in DNA replication, transcription and repair, as well as alterations in epigenetic modifications of chromatin. These data, together with the fact that defects in A-type lamins are associated with a whole variety of degenerative disorders, premature aging syndromes and cancer, support the notion that these proteins operate as caretakers of the genome. However, our understanding of their functions is limited due to the lack of well-defined mechanisms behind the genomic instability observed in lamin-related diseases. Here, we summarize our recent discovery of new pathways that are affected by the loss of A-type lamins. In particular, we found that A-type lamins control transcription and degradation of proteins with key roles in cell cycle regulation and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous-recombination (HR). Importantly, the proteins regulated by A-type lamins--Rb family members, 53BP1, BRCA1 and RAD51--exert tumor suppressor functions, with their loss being associated with cancer susceptibility. Moreover, our studies revealed novel pathways that contribute to genomic instability and that can be activated in disease states independent of the status of A-type lamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abena B Redwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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