1
|
Jackson MR, Bavelaar BM, Waghorn PA, Gill MR, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Tarsounas M, Vallis KA. Radiolabeled Oligonucleotides Targeting the RNA Subunit of Telomerase Inhibit Telomerase and Induce DNA Damage in Telomerase-Positive Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4627-4637. [PMID: 31311806 PMCID: PMC7611324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is expressed in the majority (>85%) of tumors, but has restricted expression in normal tissues. Long-term telomerase inhibition in malignant cells results in progressive telomere shortening and reduction in cell proliferation. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of radiolabeled oligonucleotides that target the RNA subunit of telomerase, hTR, simultaneously inhibiting enzymatic activity and delivering radiation intracellularly. Oligonucleotides complementary (Match) and noncomplementary (Scramble or Mismatch) to hTR were conjugated to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPA), allowing radiolabeling with the Auger electron-emitting radionuclide indium-111 (111In). Match oligonucleotides inhibited telomerase activity with high potency, which was not observed with Scramble or Mismatch oligonucleotides. DTPA-conjugation and 111In-labeling did not change telomerase inhibition. In telomerase-positive cancer cells, unlabeled Match oligonucleotides had no effect on survival, however, 111In-labeled Match oligonucleotides significantly reduced clonogenic survival and upregulated the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Minimal radiotoxicity and DNA damage was observed in telomerase-negative cells exposed to 111In-Match oligonucleotides. Match oligonucleotides localized in close proximity to nuclear Cajal bodies in telomerase-positive cells. In comparison with Match oligonucleotides, 111In-Scramble or 111In-Mismatch oligonucleotides demonstrated reduced retention and negligible impact on cell survival. This study indicates the therapeutic activity of radiolabeled oligonucleotides that specifically target hTR through potent telomerase inhibition and DNA damage induction in telomerase-expressing cancer cells and paves the way for the development of novel oligonucleotide radiotherapeutics targeting telomerase-positive cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present a novel radiolabeled oligonucleotide for targeting telomerase-positive cancer cells that exhibits dual activity by simultaneously inhibiting telomerase and promoting radiation-induced genomic DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Jackson
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bas M Bavelaar
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Waghorn
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Gill
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iijima M, Gombodorj N, Tachibana Y, Tachibana K, Yokobori T, Honma K, Nakano T, Asao T, Kuwahara R, Aoyama K, Yasuda H, Kelly M, Kuwano H, Yamanouchi D. Development of single nanometer-sized ultrafine oxygen bubbles to overcome the hypoxia-induced resistance to radiation therapy via the suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor‑1α. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:679-686. [PMID: 29393397 PMCID: PMC5807044 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy can result in severe side-effects, including the development of radiation resistance. The aim of this study was to validate the use of oxygen nanobubble water to overcome resistance to radiation in cancer cell lines via the suppression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) subunit. Oxygen nanobubble water was created using a newly developed method to produce nanobubbles in the single-nanometer range with the ΣPM-5 device. The size and concentration of the oxygen nanobubbles in the water was examined using a cryo-transmission electron microscope. The nanobubble size was ranged from 2 to 3 nm, and the concentration of the nanobubbles was calculated at 2×1018 particles/ml. Cell viability and HIF-1α levels were evaluated in EBC-1 lung cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells treated with or without the nanobubble water and radiation under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. The cancer cells grown in oxygen nanobubble-containing media exhibited a clear suppression of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression compared to the cells grown in media made with distilled water. Under hypoxic conditions, the EBC-1 and MDA-MB231 cells displayed resistance to radiation compared to the cells cultured under normoxic cells. The use of oxygen nanobubble medium significantly suppressed the hypoxia-induced resistance to radiation compared to the use of normal medium at 2, 6, 10 and 14 Gy doses. Importantly, the use of nanobubble media did not affect the viability and radiation sensitivity of the cancer cell lines, or the non-cancerous cell line, BEAS-2B, under normoxic conditions. This newly created single-nanometer range oxygen nanobubble water, without any additives, may thus prove to be a promising agent which may be used to overcome the hypoxia-induced resistance of cancer cells to radiation via the suppression of HIF-1α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Iijima
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Navchaa Gombodorj
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | | | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoko Honma
- Sigma Technology Inc., Hitachinaka, Ibaraki 312-0053, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Big Data Center for Integrative Analysis, Gunma University Initiative for Advance Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoyama
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Yasuda
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Dai Yamanouchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uptake of 18F-FET and 18F-FCH in Human Glioblastoma T98G Cell Line after Irradiation with Photons or Carbon Ions. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6491674. [PMID: 29097931 PMCID: PMC5612615 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6491674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis between recurrence of gliomas or brain metastases and this phenomenon is important in order to choose the best therapy and predict the prognosis but is still a big problem for physicians. The new emerging MRI, CT, and PET diagnostic modalities still lack sufficient accuracy. Radiolabeled choline and amino acids have been reported to show great tumor specificity. We studied the uptake kinetics of [18F]fluoromethyl-choline (FCH) and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) by the T98G human glioblastoma cells from 20 to 120 min after irradiation either with photons at 2-10-20 Gy or with carbon ions at 2 Gy (at the National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO), Pavia, Italy). We also evaluated the cell death and morphology changes induced by radiation treatment. Both FET and FCH are able to trace tumor behavior in terms of higher uptake for increased doses of radiation treatment, due to the upregulation of cells attempts to repair nonlethal damage. Our data suggest that both FCH and FET could be useful to analyze the metabolic pathways of glioblastoma cells before and after radiotherapy. Physicians will have to consider the different kinetics pathways of uptake concerning the two radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
4
|
Miyahara H, Yadavilli S, Natsumeda M, Rubens JA, Rodgers L, Kambhampati M, Taylor IC, Kaur H, Asnaghi L, Eberhart CG, Warren KE, Nazarian J, Raabe EH. The dual mTOR kinase inhibitor TAK228 inhibits tumorigenicity and enhances radiosensitization in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:110-116. [PMID: 28450157 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an invasive and treatment-refractory pediatric brain tumor. Primary DIPG tumors harbor a number of mutations including alterations in PTEN, AKT, and PI3K and exhibit activation of mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2). mTORC1/2 regulate protein translation, cell growth, survival, invasion, and metabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 is minimally effective in DIPG. However, the activity of dual TORC kinase inhibitors has not been examined in this tumor type. Nanomolar levels of the mTORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 reduced expression of p-AKTS473 and p-S6S240/244 and suppressed the growth of DIPG lines JHH-DIPG1, SF7761, and SU-DIPG-XIII. TAK228 induced apoptosis in DIPG cells and cooperated with radiation to further block proliferation and enhance apoptosis. TAK228 monotherapy inhibited the tumorigenicity of a murine orthotopic model of DIPG, more than doubling median survival (p = 0.0017) versus vehicle. We conclude that dual mTOR inhibition is a promising potential candidate for DIPG treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rubens
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louis Rodgers
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhuri Kambhampati
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA
| | - Isabella C Taylor
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Asnaghi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine E Warren
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA; Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biau J, Chautard E, Court F, Pereira B, Verrelle P, Devun F, De Koning L, Dutreix M. Global Conservation of Protein Status between Cell Lines and Xenografts. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:313-21. [PMID: 27567954 PMCID: PMC5006813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Common preclinical models for testing anticancer treatment include cultured human tumor cell lines in monolayer, and xenografts derived from these cell lines in immunodeficient mice. Our goal was to determine how similar the xenografts are compared with their original cell line and to determine whether it is possible to predict the stability of a xenograft model beforehand. We studied a selection of 89 protein markers of interest in 14 human cell cultures and respective subcutaneous xenografts using the reverse-phase protein array technology. We specifically focused on proteins and posttranslational modifications involved in DNA repair, PI3K pathway, apoptosis, tyrosine kinase signaling, stress, cell cycle, MAPK/ERK signaling, SAPK/JNK signaling, NFκB signaling, and adhesion/cytoskeleton. Using hierarchical clustering, most cell culture-xenograft pairs cluster together, suggesting a global conservation of protein signature. Particularly, Akt, NFkB, EGFR, and Vimentin showed very stable protein expression and phosphorylation levels highlighting that 4 of 10 pathways were highly correlated whatever the model. Other proteins were heterogeneously conserved depending on the cell line. Finally, cell line models with low Akt pathway activation and low levels of Vimentin gave rise to more reliable xenograft models. These results may be useful for the extrapolation of cell culture experiments to in vivo models in novel targeted drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Biau
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91400 Orsay/75248 Paris, France; UMR3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91400 Orsay, France; U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Clermont Auvergne University, EA7283 CREaT, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Radiotherapy Department, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Emmanuel Chautard
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA7283 CREaT, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Radiotherapy Department, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frank Court
- U1103, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; UMR 6293, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Auvergne University, GReD Laboratory, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Department, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, 63003, France
| | - Pierre Verrelle
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91400 Orsay/75248 Paris, France; UMR3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91400 Orsay, France; U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 91400 Orsay, France; Clermont Auvergne University, EA7283 CREaT, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Radiotherapy Department, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Flavien Devun
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91400 Orsay/75248 Paris, France; DNA Therapeutics, Evry, Paris, France
| | - Leanne De Koning
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, RPPA platform,75248 Paris cedex05, France
| | - Marie Dutreix
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91400 Orsay/75248 Paris, France; UMR3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91400 Orsay, France; U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 91400 Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Xu T, Jiang Y, Xu H, Yan Y, Fu D, Chen J. The challenges and the promise of molecular targeted therapy in malignant gliomas. Neoplasia 2015; 17:239-55. [PMID: 25810009 PMCID: PMC4372648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors and one of the most challenging forms of cancers to treat. Despite advances in conventional treatment, the outcome for patients remains almost universally fatal. This poor prognosis is due to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal. However, over the past decade, molecular targeted therapy has held the promise of transforming the care of malignant glioma patients. Significant progress in understanding the molecular pathology of gliomagenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotypes will open opportunities to rationally develop new molecular targeted therapy options. Recently, therapeutic strategies have focused on targeting pro-growth signaling mediated by receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, proangiogenic pathways, and several other vital intracellular signaling networks, such as proteasome and histone deacetylase. However, several factors such as cross-talk between the altered pathways, intratumoral molecular heterogeneity, and therapeutic resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) have limited the activity of single agents. Efforts are ongoing to study in depth the complex molecular biology of glioma, develop novel regimens targeting GSCs, and identify biomarkers to stratify patients with the individualized molecular targeted therapy. Here, we review the molecular alterations relevant to the pathology of malignant glioma, review current advances in clinical targeted trials, and discuss the challenges, controversies, and future directions of molecular targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang J, Zhou SH, Fan J, Yan SX. Roles of glucose transporter-1 and the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B pathway in cancer radioresistance (review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1573-81. [PMID: 25376370 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cancer radioresistance remain unclear. Several studies have found that increased glucose transporter‑1 (GLUT‑1) expression is associated with radioresistance. Recently, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway was reported to be involved in the control of GLUT‑1 trafficking and activity. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway may itself be associated with cancer radioresistance. Thus, increasing attention has been devoted to the effects of modifying the expression of GLUT‑1 and the PI3K/Akt pathway on the increase in the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. This review discusses the importance of the association between elevated expression of GLUT‑1 and activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development of radioresistance in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sen-Xiang Yan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Ma S, Liu Q, Liang P. Clinical implications of Girdin protein expression in glioma. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:986073. [PMID: 24288520 PMCID: PMC3826315 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression status of Girdin in glioma and the relationship between Girdin expression and the biological behavior of glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression status of Girdin in glioma from 560 cases was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between Girdin expression and clinic-pathological parameters as well as prognosis was also studied. RESULTS The expression of Girdin in high grade glioma was significantly higher than low grade glioma. After universal analysis, the expression of Girdin protein is closely related to KPS score, extent of resection, Ki67 and WHO grade, but it was not related to sex and age. Finally, extent of resection, Ki67 and WHO grade were indentified to be related to the Girdin protein expression in logistic regression. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Girdin is significantly related to the distant metastasis of glioma. After COX regression analysis, KPS score, Extent of resection, Ki67, WHO grade as well as Girdin were observed to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Girdin is differential expressed in the glioma patients and closely related to the biological behavior of Glioma. Finally, Girdin was found to be a strong predictor for the post-operative prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Shuyin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|