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Huang X, Wang L, Guo H, Zhang W, Shao Z. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the regulative roles of cancer associated fibroblasts in tumor immune microenvironment of recurrent osteosarcoma. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5877-5887. [PMID: 35966586 PMCID: PMC9373820 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor with a poor prognosis, but the detailed mechanism is still unclear. A comprehensive investigation of tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS might help find effective anti-tumor strategies. Single-cell transcriptomics is a powerful new tool to explore TME. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the TME and gene expression pattern of primary and recurrent OS at the single-cell level. Methods: The single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were conducted to investigate the cellular constitution of primary, recurrent, and lung metastatic OS lesions according to the datasets of GSE152048 and GSE162454. TIMER database was used to investigate the role of LOX in the prognosis of sarcoma. The functions of related cells and markers were further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were found with a higher infiltrating level in recurrent OS, and were enriched in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. CAFs showed remarkably increased expression of LOX, which might lead to EMT and poor prognosis of OS. Mechanically, LOX regulated the function of CAFs and macrophage polarization to remodel the tumor immune microenvironment. Moreover, LOX inhibitor could inhibit migration and promote apoptosis of OS both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: This study revealed the heterogeneity of recurrent OS and highlighted an innovative mechanism that CAFs regulate EMT of OS via LOX. Targeting LOX of CAFs showed promising efficacy in remodeling TME and treating recurrent OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lutong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haoyu Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Chen X, Margaret C, Hicks MJ, Sarkar P, Gaber MW, Man TK. LOX upregulates FAK phosphorylation to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma. Genes Dis 2022; 10:254-266. [PMID: 37013056 PMCID: PMC10066266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in the pediatric population. Despite the use of chemotherapy and surgery, metastasis remains to be the leading cause of death in patients with osteosarcoma. We have previously reported that cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 is associated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma. In this study, we further show that lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression was associated with p27 mislocalization. LOX is an enigmatic molecule that acts as a tumor suppressor or a metastatic promoter; however, its role in osteosarcoma is still unclear. Hence, we performed both in vitro and in vivo analyses to dissect the role of LOX in osteosarcoma. The result of our survival analysis indicated that LOX expression significantly correlated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma with or without controlling for the initial metastasis status (P < 0.05). Functionally, we found that higher LOX expression promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro and produced a higher number of mice with pulmonary metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, phospho-FAK was increased in osteosarcoma cells with high LOX expression. Our results further showed that FAK inhibition significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as LOX-mediated metastasis in mice. Together, our findings suggest that there is a novel link between p27 mislocalization and LOX expression. LOX plays a pivotal role in osteosarcoma metastasis by upregulating FAK phosphorylation. FAK inhibition may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the development of metastasis in osteosarcoma with LOX overexpression.
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Tattersall L, Shah KM, Lath DL, Singh A, Down JM, De Marchi E, Williamson A, Di Virgilio F, Heymann D, Adinolfi E, Fraser WD, Green D, Lawson MA, Gartland A. The P2RX7B splice variant modulates osteosarcoma cell behaviour and metastatic properties. J Bone Oncol 2021; 31:100398. [PMID: 35340569 PMCID: PMC8948168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85+P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B OS cell lines. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro. MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B tumours in vivo exhibited ectopic bone formation that A740003 reduced. Expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity to metastasise to the lungs. A novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4 was downregulated in response to A740003.
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary bone cancer affecting children and adolescents. OS has a high propensity to spread meaning the disease is often incurable and fatal. There have been no improvements in survival rates for decades. This highlights an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrates the role of purinergic signalling, specifically, the B isoform of the purinergic receptor P2RX7 (P2RX7B), in OS progression and metastasis. Methods TE85 and MNNG-HOS OS cells were transfected with P2RX7B. These cell lines were then characterised and assessed for proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro. We used these cells to perform both paratibial and tail vein injected mouse studies where the primary tumour, bone and lungs were analysed. We used RNA-seq to identify responsive pathways relating to P2RX7B. Results Our data shows that P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85 + P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B human OS cell lines in vitro that is minimised following treatment with A740003, a specific P2RX7 antagonist. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and P2RX7B activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro, demonstrating a metastatic phenotype. Using an in vivo OS xenograft model, MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B tumours exhibited cancer-associated ectopic bone formation that was abrogated with A740003 treatment. A pro-metastatic phenotype was further demonstrated in vivo as expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity of tumour cells to metastasise to the lungs. RNA-seq identified a novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4, downregulated in response to A740003 treatment. Conclusion Our data illustrates a role for P2RX7B in OS tumour growth, progression and metastasis. We show that P2RX7B is a future therapeutic target in human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tattersall
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan M. Shah
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren L. Lath
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Archana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Down
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alex Williamson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Möller K, Kluth M, Ahmed M, Burkhardt L, Möller-Koop C, Büscheck F, Weidemann S, Tsourlakis MC, Minner S, Heinzer H, Huland H, Graefen M, Sauter G, Schlomm T, Dum D, Simon R. Chromosome 5 harbors two independent deletion hotspots at 5q13 and 5q21 that characterize biologically different subsets of aggressive prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:748-758. [PMID: 33045100 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of chromosome 5q is common in prostate cancer and is linked to aggressive disease. Most previous studies focused on 5q21 where CHD1 is located, but deletion of mapping studies has identified a second deletion hotspot at 5q13. To clarify the prevalence and clinical relevance of 5q13 deletions and to determine the relative importance of 5q13 and 5q21 abnormalities, a tissue microarray containing samples from 12 427 prostate cancers was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Deletion of 5q13 and 5q21 was found in 13.5% and 10%, respectively, of 7932 successfully analyzed cancers. Deletion was restricted to 5q13 in 49.4% and to 5q21 in 32.0% of cancers with a 5q deletion. Only 18.6% of 5q-deleted cancers had deletions of both loci. Both 5q13 and 5q21 deletions were significantly linked to advanced tumor stage, high Gleason grade, nodal metastasis and early biochemical recurrence (P < .005 each). Cancers with co-deletion of 5q13 and 5q21 had a worse prognosis than cancers with isolated 5q13 or 5q21 deletion (P = .0080). Comparison with TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status revealed that 5q21 deletions were tightly linked to ERG negativity (P < .0001) while 5q13 deletions were unrelated to the ERG status. In summary, 5q13 deletion and 5q21 deletion are common, but independent genomic alterations with different functional effects lead to aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Malik Ahmed
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lia Burkhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center at University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center at University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center at University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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5
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Targeting Mechanotransduction in Osteosarcoma: A Comparative Oncology Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207595. [PMID: 33066583 PMCID: PMC7589883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is the process in which cells can convert extracellular mechanical stimuli into biochemical changes within a cell. While this a normal process for physiological development and function in many organ systems, tumour cells can exploit this process to promote tumour progression. Here we summarise the current state of knowledge of mechanotransduction in osteosarcoma (OSA), the most common primary bone tumour, referencing both human and canine models and other similar mesenchymal malignancies (e.g., Ewing sarcoma). Specifically, we discuss the mechanical properties of OSA cells, the pathways that these cells utilise to respond to external mechanical cues, and mechanotransduction-targeting strategies tested in OSA so far. We point out gaps in the literature and propose avenues to address them. Understanding how the physical microenvironment influences cell signalling and behaviour will lead to the improved design of strategies to target the mechanical vulnerabilities of OSA cells.
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Matsuoka K, Bakiri L, Wolff LI, Linder M, Mikels-Vigdal A, Patiño-García A, Lecanda F, Hartmann C, Sibilia M, Wagner EF. Wnt signaling and Loxl2 promote aggressive osteosarcoma. Cell Res 2020; 30:885-901. [PMID: 32686768 PMCID: PMC7608146 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor in urgent need of better therapies. Using genetically modified mouse models (GEMMs), we demonstrate that Wnt signaling promotes c-Fos-induced OS formation via the actions of the collagen-modifying enzyme Loxl2. c-Fos/AP-1 directly regulates the expression of the Wnt ligands Wnt7b and Wnt9a in OS cells through promoter binding, and Wnt7b and Wnt9a in turn promote Loxl2 expression in murine and human OS cells through the transcription factors Zeb1 and Zeb2. Concordantly, inhibition of Wnt ligand secretion by inactivating the Wnt-less (Wls) gene in osteoblasts in c-Fos GEMMs either early or in a therapeutic setting reduces Loxl2 expression and progression of OS. Wls-deficient osteosarcomas proliferate less, are less mineralized and are enriched in fibroblastic cells surrounded by collagen fibers. Importantly, Loxl2 inhibition using either the pan-Lox inhibitor BAPN or a specific inducible shRNA reduces OS cell proliferation in vitro and decreases tumor growth and lung colonization in murine and human orthotopic OS transplantation models. Finally, OS development is delayed in c-Fos GEMMs treated with BAPN or with specific Loxl2 blocking antibodies. Congruently, a strong correlation between c-FOS, LOXL2 and WNT7B/WNT9A expression is observed in human OS samples, and c-FOS/LOXL2 co-expression correlates with OS aggressiveness and decreased patient survival. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of Wnt and/or Loxl2 should be considered to potentiate the inadequate current treatments for pediatric, recurrent, and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuoka
- Laboratory Genes and Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Laboratory Genes and Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Lena I Wolff
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Markus Linder
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Ana Patiño-García
- Navarra Institute for Health Research(IdISNA) and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Navarra Institute for Health Research(IdISNA) and Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Laboratory Genes and Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Laboratory Genes and Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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7
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Ye M, Song Y, Pan S, Chu M, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Evolving roles of lysyl oxidase family in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107633. [PMID: 32693113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like proteins (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4), and mainly functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cross-linking of collagen and elastic fibers. Recently, a growing body of research has demonstrated that LOX family is critically involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of LOX family members in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. Furthermore, we also describe the potential inhibitors of LOX family proteins and highlight that LOX family might be an important therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China..
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Abstract
Components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are known to play an essential role during malignant progression, but often in a context-dependent manner. In bone and soft tissue sarcomas, disease-regulatory activities in the TME remain largely uncharacterized. This chapter introduces the cellular, structural, and chemical composition of the sarcoma TME from a pathobiological and therapeutic perspective.Sarcomas are malignant tumors with diverse features when it comes to primary tumor appearance, metastatic potential, and response to treatment. Many of the classic subtypes are mainly composed of malignant cells and are therefore assumed to be committed to autocrine signaling. Some of the tumors are infiltrated by immune cells and contain necrotic areas or excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) that regulates tissue stiffness and interstitial fluid pressure. Vascular invasion and blood vessel characteristics can in some instances be considered in the prognostic setting.Further insights into the disease-regulatory activities of the sarcoma TME will provide essential knowledge on how to develop successful combination treatments targeting not only malignant cells, but also their routes of nutrition and ability to shield themselves toward existing therapy.
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Intermittent Hypoxia Alleviates β-Aminopropionitrile Monofumarate Induced Thoracic Aortic Dissection in C57BL/6 Mice. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019; 59:1000-1010. [PMID: 31879145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) has a high mortality rate. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) triggers both harmful and beneficial effects in numerous physiological systems. The effects of IH on TAD development were explored in a mouse model. METHODS β-Aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN) was used to induce TAD in C57BL/6 mice. Three week old male mice were treated with 1 g/kg/day BAPN in drinking water for four weeks and simultaneously subjected to IH (n = 30) (21%-5% O2, 90 s/cycle, 10 h/day, IH + BAPN group) or normoxia (n = 30) (21% O2, 24 h/day, BAPN group). Human VSMCs (HUASMCs) exposed to IH (30 min, 5% O2)/re-oxygenation (30 min, 21% O2) cycles with a maximum of 60 min/cycle to detect the effect of IH on HIF-1α and LOX via HIF-1α-siRNA. RESULTS It was found that BAPN administration significantly increased the lumen size and wall thickness of aortas compared with the normal group, but was significantly reversed by IH exposure. Additionally, IH exposure significantly increased the survival rate of BAPN induced TAD (70% vs. 40%). Furthermore, IH exposure reduced BAPN induced elastin breaks and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. IH exposure also reversed BAPN induced upregulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that IH inhibited inflammation and ECM degradation related genes interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cathepsin S (Cat S), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), but upregulated the ECM synthesis related genes lysyl oxidase (LOX) and collagen type I alpha2 (Col1a2) compared with the BAPN group. In vitro results suggest that IH promotes the expression of LOX via HIF-1α. CONCLUSION The results suggest that IH alleviates BAPN induced TAD in C57BL/6 mice.
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10
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Wu Z, Sun Z, Huang R, Zang D, Wang C, Yan X, Yan W. Silencing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:303-312. [PMID: 31631310 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) is a component of the synaptotagmin family, which is essential in many physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of SYT7 in osteosarcoma. METHODS We defined the expression levels of SYT7 in osteosarcoma tissues and para-sarcoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the possible correlation between SYT7 expression and pathological characteristics via Mann-Whitney U analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. The effects of SYT7 silencing in vitro cell growth were assessed by MTT assay. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were applied to assess the migration and invasion capacity. RESULTS The results showed that the expression levels of SYT7 were upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared with para-sarcoma tissues and positively correlated with the pathological characteristics of osteosarcoma. Functional experiments demonstrated that SYT7 silencing significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation capacity (P<0.001), induced cell cycle arrest which increased the proportion of G2 phase and decreased the proportion of S phase, enhanced cell apoptosis (P<0.01), and limited the capacity of migration and invasion (P<0.01), compared with shCtrl group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that SYT7 plays a crucial role in the development of osteosarcoma. SYT7 can be applied as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Zang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA 455 hospital, Changning District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wangjun Yan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Wan ZH, Li GH, Guo YL, Li WZ, Chen L, Zhang YJ. Amelioration of Cavernosal Fibrosis and Erectile Function by Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2019; 15:304-313. [PMID: 29502979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous nerve injury (CNI) causes fibrosis and loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the corpus cavernosum and leads to erectile dysfunction, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) activation has been found to play an important role in fibrotic diseases. AIM To evaluate the role of LOX in penile fibrosis after bilateral CNI (BCNI). METHODS Rats underwent BCNI or a sham operation and were treated with vehicle or β-aminopropionitrile, a specific LOX activity inhibitor. 30 days after BCNI, rats were tested for erectile function before penile tissue harvest. LOX and extracellular matrix component expression levels in the corpus cavernosum, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), fibronectin (FN), collagen (COL) I, and COL IV, were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Corporal fibrosis was evaluated by Masson trichrome staining. Localization of LOX and SMC content in the corpus cavernosum were assessed by immunohistochemistry. OUTCOMES Ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial blood pressure; LOX, MMPs, TIMPs, COL I, COL IV, and FN expression; penile fibrosis; penile SMC content. RESULTS After BCNI, there was an increase in penile LOX expression and activity, increased penile fibrosis, decreased SMC content, and impaired erectile function. TIMP1, TIMP2, COL I, COL IV, and FN expression was markedly upregulated, whereas the enzyme activity of MMPs was decreased after BCNI. β-Aminopropionitrile treatment, at least in part, prevented a decrease in the ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial blood pressure, decreased penile expression of TIMP1, TIMP2, COL I, COL IV, and FN, increased MMP activity, prevented corporal fibrosis, and preserved SMC content. CLINICAL TRANSLATION LOX over-activation contributes to penile fibrosis and LOX inhibition could be a promising strategy in preventing the progression of CNI-induced erectile dysfunction. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This is the 1st study to demonstrate the role of LOX activation in penile fibrosis. However, the exact mechanism of how LOX influences extracellular matrix protein synthesis and SMC content preservation awaits further investigation. CONCLUSION CNI induced LOX over-activation in cavernous tissue, and inhibition of LOX preserved penile morphology and improved erectile function in a rat model of BCNI. Wan Z-H, Li G-H, Guo Y-L, et al. Amelioration of Cavernosal Fibrosis and Erectile Function by Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2018;15:304-313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Wan
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hao Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong-Lian Guo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhou Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The Tumor Microenvironment of Pediatric Sarcoma: Mesenchymal Mechanisms Regulating Cell Migration and Metastasis. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:90. [PMID: 31418125 PMCID: PMC6695368 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review presents a selection of regulatory molecules of tumor microenvironmental properties and metastasis. Signaling pathways controlling mesenchymal biology in bone and soft-tissue sarcomas found in children and adolescents are prioritized. RECENT FINDINGS The tumor microenvironment of pediatric tumors is still relatively unexplored. Highlighted findings are mainly on deregulated genes associated with cell adhesion, migration, and tumor cell dissemination. How these processes are involved in a mesenchymal phenotype and metastasis is further discussed in relation to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial tumors. Cell plasticity is emerging as a concept with impact on tumor behavior. Sarcomas belong to a heterogeneous group of tumors where local recurrence and tumor spread pose major challenges despite intense multimodal treatments. Molecular pathways involved in the metastatic process are currently being characterized, and tumor-regulatory properties of structural components, and infiltrating, non-malignant cell types should be further investigated.
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Song B, Kim D, Nguyen NH, Roy S. Inhibition of Diabetes-Induced Lysyl Oxidase Overexpression Prevents Retinal Vascular Lesions Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5965-5972. [PMID: 30550614 PMCID: PMC6295938 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing diabetes-induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) overexpression on vascular cell apoptosis and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) characteristics in diabetic rats. Methods Nondiabetic rats, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats intravitreally (IV) injected with LOX siRNA or scrambled (scram) siRNA were used in the study. One month after the onset of diabetes, intravitreal injections were initiated at monthly intervals for up to three times. At the end of study, retinal capillary networks were isolated, stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and hematoxylin, and assessed for acellular capillaries (AC) and pericyte loss (PL). To assess vascular leakage, extravasation of FITC-dextran was evaluated in retinal capillaries after tail vein injection of FITC-dextran. Western blot analysis was performed to determine retinal LOX level and confirm LOX downregulation via LOX siRNA intravitreal injection. Results LOX expression was significantly upregulated in retinas of diabetic rats compared with that of nondiabetic rats. Diabetic rats injected with LOX siRNA showed a significant decrease in retinal LOX expression compared with those of diabetic rats or scram siRNA-injected rats. In diabetic retinas, AC and PL were significantly increased compared with those of nondiabetic retinas. Importantly, diabetic rats treated with LOX siRNA exhibited a significant decrease in AC and PL counts compared with those of untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, diabetic rats treated with LOX siRNA showed significant decrease in retinal vascular permeability compared with that of untreated diabetic rats. Conclusions Findings suggest LOX siRNA intravitreal injection may be effective against diabetes-induced LOX overexpression in preventing apoptosis and vascular leakage associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ngan-Ha Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Kim D, Mecham RP, Nguyen NH, Roy S. Decreased lysyl oxidase level protects against development of retinal vascular lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:221-226. [PMID: 31022398 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal capillary basement membrane (BM) thickening is closely associated with the development of vascular lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Thickened capillary BM can compromise blood-retinal-barrier characteristics and contribute to retinal vascular permeability, a significant clinical manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. We have previously shown that high glucose increases the expression and activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a crosslinking enzyme, in retinal endothelial cells. Additionally, concomitant with overexpression of LOX, increased vascular permeability was observed in diabetic rat retinas. However, it is unknown whether decreasing LOX overexpression may have protective effects against development of retinal vascular lesions in diabetes. To investigate whether reduced LOX level protects against diabetes-induced development of retinal vascular lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy, four groups of mice: wild type (WT) control mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, LOX +/- mice, and STZ-induced diabetic LOX +/- mice were used for this study. Diabetes was maintained for 16 weeks; at the end of the study, retinas were assessed for LOX protein level by Western Blot (WB) analysis, and retinal capillary networks were isolated using retinal trypsin digestion and stained with hematoxylin and periodic acid Schiff to identify the number of acellular capillaries (AC) and pericyte loss (PL). In parallel, TUNEL assay was performed on retinal trypsin digests (RTDs) to detect cells undergoing apoptosis in the retinal capillary networks. Retinal vascular permeability was analyzed following FITC-dextran injection in retinal whole mounts. A significant increase in LOX expression was detected in the diabetic retinas compared to those of the WT control retinas, and as expected, a significant decrease in LOX expression in the diabetic LOX +/- retinas was observed compared to those of the diabetic retinas. RTD images showed significantly increased AC and PL counts in the retinas of diabetic mice compared to those of the WT control mice. Importantly, the number of AC and PL was significantly decreased, as was retinal vascular permeability in the retinas of the diabetic LOX +/- mice compared to those of the diabetic mice. Results suggest that decreasing diabetes-induced LOX overexpression may have protective effects against the development of vascular lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, LOX overexpression may be a potential target in preventing retinal vascular cell loss and excess permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ngan-Ha Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nani A, Belarbi M, Murtaza B, Benammar C, Merghoub T, Rialland M, Akhtar Khan N, Hichami A. Polyphenols from Pennisetum glaucum grains induce MAP kinase phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest in human osteosarcoma cells. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kielosto M, Eriksson J, Nummela P, Yin M, Hölttä E. Divergent roles of lysyl oxidase family members in ornithine decarboxylase- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts and human melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37733-37752. [PMID: 30701028 PMCID: PMC6340875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that proto-oncoprotein c-Jun is activated in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts, and that the transformed morphology of these cells can be reversed by expressing the transactivation domain deletion mutant of c-Jun (TAM67). Here, we found that lysyl oxidase (Lox), encoding an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme, is downregulated in a c-Jun-dependent manner in ODC-transformed fibroblasts (Odc cells). In addition to Lox, the Lox family members Lox-like 1 and 3 (Loxl1 and Loxl3) were found to be downregulated in Odc as well as in RAS-transformed fibroblasts (E4), whereas Lox-like 4 (Loxl4) was upregulated in Odc and downregulated in E4 cells compared to normal N1 fibroblasts. Tetracycline-regulatable LOX re-expression in Odc cells led to inhibition of cell growth and invasion in three-dimensional Matrigel in an activity-independent manner. On the contrary, LOX and especially LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 were found to be upregulated in several human melanoma cell lines, and LOX inhibitor B-aminopropionitrile inhibited the invasive growth of these cells particularly when co-cultured with fibroblasts in Matrigel. Knocking down the expression of LOX and especially LOXL2 in melanoma cells almost completely abrogated the invasive growth capability. Further, LOXL2 was significantly upregulated in clinical human primary melanomas compared to benign nevi, and high expression of LOXL2 in primary melanomas was associated with formation of metastases and shorter survival of patients. Thus, our studies reveal that inactive pro-LOX (together with Lox propeptide) functions as a tumor suppressor in ODC- and RAS-transformed murine fibroblasts by inhibiting cell growth and invasion, and active LOX and LOXL2 as tumor promoters in human melanoma cells by promoting their invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kielosto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Current address: University of Helsinki, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miao Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ozek E, Ozcan D, Celik SE, Iplikcioglu AC. Matrix metalloprotease-9 expresssion in meningioma: Correlation with growth fraction and role of gender. A pilot immunohistochemical study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 172:169-173. [PMID: 30021149 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), particularly MMP2 and MMP9 increase tumor invasion and edema in meningiomas. Although lesser recognized, MMPs may also enhance cell growth via liberating growth factors or via cleaving inactive growth factors into active isoforms. However, there exist very few studies, which investigated correlation of MMPs with growth fraction in meningiomas. Meningiomas are seen more frequently in women and their growth accelarate during pregnancy. However, no study examined whether MMP-expressions in meningioma differ with gender. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a pilot immunohistochemical study, we analyzed the correlation of MMP9 expression with Ki67 index and whether gender influences MMP9 expression. We retrospectively selected 24 meningioma cases including 10 cases with WHO Grade-1 tumors and 7 cases each with WHO Grade-2 and 3 tumors, respectively. RESULTS We separately determined the intensity and area of MMP9 staining and also calculated an expression index by multiplying these two parameters. Spearman correlation analyses revealed that MMP9 staining intensity, staining area and expression index significantly correlated with Ki67 proliferation index. MMP9 staining indices were significantly higher in women specimens. CONCLUSION If these findings will be confirmed in larger series, MMP-inhibitors and female hormone receptor-antagonists may be combined to augment chemotherapy efficacy and to attenuate invasion in high-grade meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Ozek
- Neurosurgery Department, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Ozcan
- Pathology Department, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Erol Celik
- Neurosurgery Department, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang C, Xu C, Chen R, Yang L, Sung KP. Different expression profiles of the lysyl oxidases and matrix metalloproteinases in human ACL fibroblasts after co-culture with synovial cells. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:369-380. [PMID: 29431515 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1401615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purposes The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has poor functional healing response. The synovial tissue surrounding ACL ligament might be a major regulator of the microenvironment in the joint cavity after ACL injury, thus affecting the repair process. Using transwell co-culture, this study explored the direct influence of human synovial cells (HSCs) on ACL fibroblasts (ACLfs) by characterizing the differential expression of the lysyl oxidase family (LOXs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -3), which facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) repair and degradation, respectively. Methods The mRNA expression levels of LOXs and MMP-1, -2, -3 were analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression levels of LOXs and MMP-1, -2, -3 were detected by western blot. Results We found that co-culture resulted in an increase in the mRNAs of LOXs in normal ACLfs and differentially regulated the expression of MMPs. Then we applied 12% mechanical stretch on ACLfs to induce injury and found the mRNA expression levels of LOXs in injured ACLfs were decreased in the co-culture group relative to the mono-culture group. Conversely, the mRNA expression levels of MMPs in injured ACLfs were promoted in the co-culture group compared with the mono-culture group. At translational level, we found that LOXs were lower while MMPs were highly expressed in the co-culture group compared to the mono-culture group. Conclusions The co-culture of ACLfs and HSCs, which mimicked the cell-to-cell contact in a micro-environment, could contribute to protein modulators for wound healing, inferring the potential reason for the poor self-healing of injured ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- a "111" project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College , Chongqing University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunming Xu
- a "111" project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College , Chongqing University , Chongqing , China
| | - Rongfu Chen
- b Department of Orthopedics , People's hospital of changshou Chongqing , Chongqing , China
| | - Li Yang
- a "111" project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College , Chongqing University , Chongqing , China
| | - Kl Paul Sung
- a "111" project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College , Chongqing University , Chongqing , China.,c Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopedics , University of California , San Diego , California , USA
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Zhu J, Sun Y, Lu Y, Jiang X, Ma B, Yu L, Zhang J, Dong X, Zhang Q. Glaucocalyxin A exerts anticancer effect on osteosarcoma by inhibiting GLI1 nuclear translocation via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:708. [PMID: 29899333 PMCID: PMC5999605 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor with recurring disease or lung metastases, has become one of the leading causes of death in humans. In the current study, we made an investigation on the anticancer effect of glaucocalyxin A, a bioactive ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonica var., and unraveled the underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that Glaucocalyxin A inhibited the cell viability of numerous osteosarcoma cells. Our results showed that Glaucocalyxin A exerted the pro-apoptotic effect on human osteosarcoma cells, MG-63 and HOS cells. Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through several steps including increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, triggering the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inducing cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3. We demonstrated that Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis via inhibiting Five-zinc finger Glis 1 (GLI1) activation by overexpression and knockdown of GLI1 in vitro. We also found that Glaucocalyxin A inhibited GLI1 activation via regulating phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. We further confirmed our findings by using PI3K activator and inhibitor to verify the inhibitory effect of Glaucocalyxin A on PI3K/Akt/GLI1 pathway. Moreover, our in vivo study revealed that glaucocalyxin A possessed a remarkable antitumor effect with no toxicity in the xenograft model inoculated with HOS tumor through the same mechanisms as in vitro. In conclusion, our results suggested that Glaucocalyxin A induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma by inhibiting nuclear translocation of GLI1 via regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, Glaucocalyxin A might be a potential candidate for human osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiubo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Kim D, Mecham RP, Trackman PC, Roy S. Downregulation of Lysyl Oxidase Protects Retinal Endothelial Cells From High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2725-2731. [PMID: 28538980 PMCID: PMC5444550 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of reducing high glucose (HG)-induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) overexpression and increased activity on retinal endothelial cell apoptosis. Methods Rat retinal endothelial cells (RRECs) were grown in normal (N) or HG (30 mM glucose) medium for 7 days. In parallel, RRECs were grown in HG medium and transfected with LOX small interfering RNA (siRNA), scrambled siRNA as control, or exposed to β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a LOX inhibitor. LOX expression, AKT activation, and caspase-3 activity were determined by Western blot (WB) analysis and apoptosis by differential dye staining assay. Moreover, to determine whether diabetes-induced LOX overexpression alters AKT activation and promotes apoptosis, changes in LOX expression, AKT phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and Bax expression were assessed in retinas of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and LOX heterozygous knockout (LOX+/-) mice. Results WB analysis indicated significant LOX overexpression and reduced AKT activation under HG condition in RRECs. Interestingly, when cells grown in HG were transfected with LOX siRNA or exposed to BAPN, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased concomitant with increased AKT phosphorylation. Diabetic mouse retinas exhibited LOX overexpression, decreased AKT phosphorylation, and increased Bax and caspase-3 activation compared to values in nondiabetic mice. In LOX+/- mice, reduced LOX levels were observed with increased AKT activity, and reduced Bax and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, decreased levels of LOX in the LOX+/- mice was protective against diabetes-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Findings from this study indicate that preventing LOX overexpression may be protective against HG-induced apoptosis in retinal vascular cells associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Philip C Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010062. [PMID: 28036074 PMCID: PMC5297697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of oxidases contains a group of extracellular copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen and elastin by oxidation, thus maintaining the rigidity and structural stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant expression or activation of LOX alters the cellular microenvironment, leading to many diseases, including atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. Recently, a number of studies have shown that LOX is overexpressed in most cancers and that it is involved in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, a few reports have also indicated the tumor-suppressing role of LOX. In this short review, we discuss recent research on the correlations between LOX and cancer. Further, the role of LOX in tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumorigenesis, and metastasis and the underlying mechanisms have also been elucidated.
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LOX expression in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8200-7. [PMID: 26882568 PMCID: PMC4884986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular matrix-remodeling enzyme that plays important roles in tumor development and progression. To evaluate the prognostic value of LOX levels in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis using 233 tissue biopsy specimens from as many patients. We found that the extent of immunohistochemical LOX staining correlated inversely with the clinicopathological features and survival. High LOX expression correlated with decreases in 5-year survival, overall survival, distant metastasis-free survival and disease-free survival (p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis confirmed that LOX was a significant prognostic indicator of increased risk of 5-year mortality for all patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.670; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.033-2.701 [p < .005]). Higher LOX expression was also an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These findings suggest LOX may be a new biomarker predictive of NPC prognosis and may also be a useful treatment target.
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Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, Thibaudeau L, Straub M, Ling MT, Grifka J, Loessner D, Lévesque JP, Hutmacher DW. A Validated Preclinical Animal Model for Primary Bone Tumor Research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:916-25. [PMID: 27252436 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.15.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the introduction of 21st-century surgical and neoadjuvant treatment modalities, survival of patients with osteosarcoma (OS) has not improved in two decades. Advances will depend in part on the development of clinically relevant and reliable animal models. This report describes the engineering and validation of a humanized tissue-engineered bone organ (hTEBO) for preclinical research on primary bone tumors in order to minimize false-positive and false-negative results due to interspecies differences in current xenograft models. METHODS Pelvic bone and marrow fragments were harvested from patients during reaming of the acetabulum during hip arthroplasty. HTEBOs were engineered by embedding fragments in a fibrin matrix containing bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) and implanted into NOD-scid mice. After 10 weeks of subcutaneous growth, one group of hTEBOs was harvested to analyze the degree of humanization. A second group was injected with human luciferase-labeled OS (Luc-SAOS-2) cells. Tumor growth was followed in vivo with bioluminescence imaging. After 5 weeks, the OS tumors were harvested and analyzed. They were also compared with tumors created via intratibial injection. RESULTS After 10 weeks of in vivo growth, a new bone organ containing human bone matrix as well as viable and functional human hematopoietic cells developed. Five weeks after injection of Luc-SAOS-2 cells into this humanized bone microenvironment, spontaneous metastatic spread to the lung was evident. Relevant prognostic markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and periostin were found to be positive in OS tumors grown within the humanized microenvironment but not in tumors created in murine tibial bones. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-2α (HIF-2α) was detected only in the humanized OS. CONCLUSIONS We report an in vivo model that contains human bone matrix and marrow components in one organ. BMP-7 made it possible to maintain viable mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells and created a bone microenvironment mimicking human physiology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This novel platform enables preclinical research on primary bone tumors in order to test new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Wagner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Department of Orthopedics, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laure Thibaudeau
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Joachim Grifka
- Department of Orthopedics, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Stem Cell Biology Group-Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Guo C, Liu S, Dong P, Zhao D, Wang C, Tao Z, Sun MZ. Akbu-LAAO exhibits potent anti-tumor activity to HepG2 cells partially through produced H2O2 via TGF-β signal pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18215. [PMID: 26655928 PMCID: PMC4677388 DOI: 10.1038/srep18215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we characterized the biological properties of Akbu-LAAO, a novel L-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis snake venom (SV). Current work investigated its in vitro anti-tumor activity and underlying mechanism on HepG2 cells. Akbu-LAAO inhibited HepG2 growth time and dose-dependently with an IC50 of ~38.82 μg/mL. It could induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Akbu-LAAO exhibited cytotoxicity by inhibiting growth and inducing apoptosis of HepG2 as it showed no effect on its cell cycle. The inhibition of Akbu-LAAO to HepG2 growth partially relied on enzymatic-released H2O2 as catalase only partially antagonized this effect. cDNA microarray results indicated TGF-β signaling pathway was linked to the cytotoxicity of Akbu-LAAO on HepG2. TGF-β pathway related molecules CYR61, p53, GDF15, TOB1, BTG2, BMP2, BMP6, SMAD9, JUN, JUNB, LOX, CCND1, CDK6, GADD45A, CDKN1A were deregulated in HepG2 following Akbu-LAAO stimulation. The presence of catalase only slightly restored the mRNA changes induced by Akbu-LAAO for differentially expressed genes. Meanwhile, LDN-193189, a TGF-β pathway inhibitor reduced Akbu-LAAO cytotoxicity on HepG2. Collectively, we reported, for the first time, SV-LAAO showed anti-tumor cell activity via TGF-β pathway. It provides new insight of SV-LAAO exhibiting anti-tumor effect via a novel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Panpan Dong
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Dongting Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Chengyi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Zhiwei Tao
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
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25
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Gong C, Gu R, Jin H, Sun Y, Li Z, Chen J, Wu G. Lysyl oxidase mediates hypoxia-induced radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:387-95. [PMID: 26515140 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215609694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced radioresistance has been well known as the main obstacle in cancer radiotherapy. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) was previously demonstrated to play an important role in hypoxia-induced biological behaviors, such as metastasis and angiogenesis, through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is an important contributing factor to radioresistance in tumor cells. However, how LOX plays a role in hypoxia-induced radioresistance has yet to be determined. Here, we found that LOX expression was in accordance with HIF-1α expression, and LOX expression at the mRNA and protein level, and enzymatic activity were remarkably upregulated in the hypoxic A549 cells, compared with normoxic A549 cells. Inhibition of LOX resulted in the reduction of the ability to repair double-stranded breaks (DSBs), promotion of apoptosis, relief of G2/M cycle arrest, and eventually reduction of hypoxia-induced radioresistance in the hypoxic A549 cells. This suggests that LOX may play an important role in hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Together, our results might suggest a novel potential therapeutic target in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Gong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Runxia Gu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
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26
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Zhu J, Huang S, Wu G, Huang C, Li X, Chen Z, Zhao L, Zhao Y. Lysyl Oxidase Is Predictive of Unfavorable Outcomes and Essential for Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3019-31. [PMID: 26048020 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is frequently overexpressed in a variety of malignancies and involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, it has been shown that LOX is closely related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). AIMS In this study, we aimed to investigate the exact role of LOX and the correlation between LOX and VEGF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The expression levels of LOX in HCC tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissue were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. The effect of LOX knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was investigated in vitro. The role of LOX in the regulation of VEGF was further characterized in HCC cells that had been treated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). RESULTS Our study showed that LOX was up-regulated in HCC cell lines and tissue. HCC patients with elevated expression of LOX had relatively shorter disease-free survival and overall survival. Knockdown of LOX reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Additionally, the expression level of LOX positively correlated with that of VEGF. After treatment with TGF-β, the levels of LOX and VEGF were both up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. In the cells treated with siRNA of LOX, levels of VEGF and phosphorylated p38 were significantly decreased and could not be up-regulated by TGF-β. Inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling abrogated TGF-β-mediated up-regulation of VGEF but did not affect LOX expression. CONCLUSIONS LOX appears to be a predictor of less favorable outcomes and may regulate the expression of VEGF via p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinnong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China.
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Bai C, Yang M, Fan Z, Li S, Gao T, Fang Z. Associations of chemo- and radio-resistant phenotypes with the gap junction, adhesion and extracellular matrix in a three-dimensional culture model of soft sarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:58. [PMID: 26055407 PMCID: PMC4467058 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) culture models are considered to recapitulate the cell microenvironment in solid tumors, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-cell interactions, and signal transduction. These functions are highly correlated with cellular behaviors and contribute to resistances against chemo- and radio-therapies. However, the biochemical effects and mechanisms remain unknown in soft sarcoma. Therefore, we developed an in vitro 3D model of sarcoma to analyze the reasons of the chemo- and radio-resistance in therapies. Methods Four soft sarcoma cell lines, HT1080, RD, SW872, and human osteosarcoma cell line 1 (HOSS1), a cell line established from a patient-derived xenograft, were applied to 3D culture and treated with growth factors in methylcellulose-containing medium. Spheroids were examined morphologically and by western blotting, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence staining to analyze cell adhesion, gap junctions, ECM genes, and related factors. Proliferation and colony formation assays were performed to assess chemo- and radio-resistances between 3D and two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Annexin V and Propidium Iodide staining was used to detect early apoptotic sarcoma cells treated with Doxorubicin, Gemcitabine, and Docetaxel in the 3D model. Results The four soft sarcoma cell lines formed spheres in vitro by culture in modified condition medium. Compared with 2D cell culture, expression of ECM genes and proteins, including COL1A1, LOX, SED1, FN1, and LAMA4, was significantly increased in 3D culture. Analysis of cadherin and gap junction molecules showed significant changes in the gene and protein expression profiles under 3D conditions. These changes affected cell–cell communication and were mainly associated with biological processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis related to chemo- and radio-resistances. Conclusions Our findings revealed significant differences between 3D and 2D cell culture systems, and indicated that cellular responsiveness to external stress such as radiation and chemotherapeutics is influenced by differential expression of genes and proteins involved in regulation of the ECM, cell adhesion, and gap junction signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0175-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujie Bai
- Department Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfu Fan
- Department Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Li
- Department Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Department Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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28
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PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:182-92. [PMID: 25704303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite the advances of adjuvant chemotherapy and significant improvement of survival, the prognosis remains generally poor. As such, the search for more effective anti-OS agents is urgent. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is thought to be one of the most important oncogenic pathways in human cancer. An increasing body of evidence has shown that this pathway is frequently hyperactivated in OS and contributes to disease initiation and development, including tumorigenesis, proliferation, invasion, cell cycle progression, inhibition of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Inhibition of this pathway through small molecule compounds represents an attractive potential therapeutic approach for OS. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development and progression of OS, and to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting this signaling pathway. Knowledge obtained from the application of these compounds will help in further understanding the pathogenesis of OS and designing subsequent treatment strategies.
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