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Ai R, Xu J, Ji G, Cui B. Exploring the Phosphatidylcholine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3486-3491. [PMID: 36424797 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221124112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a significant health problem with an increasing financial burden worldwide. Although various treatment strategies have been used, the results were not satisfactory. More and more researches have proved that the application of phosphatidylcholine (PC) may become an alternative therapy for IBD. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms of PC and promote the potential application of PC for IBD therapy further. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed with the following keywords: 'phosphatidylcholine', 'inflammatory bowel disease', 'Crohn's disease', 'inflammation', 'ulcerative colitis', 'therapy', 'nanomedicines', 'PKCζ', 'lysophosphatidylcholine', 'microbiota' and 'drug carrier'. The logical operators "AND" and "OR" were applied to combine different sets of the search results. RESULTS Studies suggested that PC displays a significant effect in the treatment of IBD by modulating gut barrier function, remodeling gut microbiota structure, regulating polarization of macrophages, and reducing the inflammatory response. PC has also been exploited as a drug carrier for anticancer or anti-inflammation agents in multiple forms, which implies that PC has immense potential for IBD therapy. CONCLUSION PC has shown promising potential as a new therapeutic agent or a drug carrier, with a novel, stable, prolonged mechanism of action in treating IBD. However, more high-quality basic and clinical studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Ai
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Guozhong Ji
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Bota Cui
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
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Kawano T, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Murata M, Kang JH. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5425. [PMID: 36358843 PMCID: PMC9658272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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Targeting Protein Kinase C for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051104. [PMID: 35267413 PMCID: PMC8909172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein kinase C (PKC) family belongs to serine-threonine kinases and consists of several subtypes. Increasing evidence suggests that PKCs are critical players in carcinogenesis. Interestingly, PKCs exert both promotive and suppressive effects on tumor cell growth and metastasis, which have attracted immense attention. Herein, we systematically review the current advances in the structure, regulation and biological functions of PKCs, especially the relationship of PKCs with anti-cancer therapy-induced cell death, including the current knowledge of PKCs function in tumor metabolism and microenvironment. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of PKCs as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer from basic research and clinical trials. Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, a group of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators in carcinogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that PKC isoforms exert both positive and negative effects on cancer cell demise. In this review, we systematically summarize the current findings on the architecture, activity regulation and biological functions of PKCs, especially their relationship with anti-cancer therapy-induced cell death. Additionally, we elaborate on current knowledge of the effects of PKCs on tumor metabolism and microenvironment, which have gained increasing attention in oncology-related areas. Furthermore, we underscore the basic experimental and clinical implications of PKCs as a target for cancer therapy to evaluate their therapeutic benefits and potential applications.
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Tyagi K, Roy A. Evaluating the current status of protein kinase C (PKC)-protein kinase D (PKD) signalling axis as a novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188496. [PMID: 33383102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high grade serous ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies with high relapse rate and patient death. Notwithstanding development of several targeted treatment and immunotherapeutic approaches, researchers fail to turn ovarian cancer into a manageable disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) are families of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that can be activated by a plethora of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, growth factors and G-protein coupled receptor agonists. Recent literature suggests that a signalling cascade initiated by these two protein kinases regulates a battery of cellular and physiological processes involved in tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. In an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against a deadly pathology like ovarian cancer, we have discussed the status quo of PKC/PKD signalling axis in context of this disease. Additionally, apart from discussing the structural properties and activation mechanisms of PKC/PKD, we have provided a comprehensive review of the recent reports on tumor promoting functions of PKC isoforms and discussed the potential of PKC/PKD signalling axis as a novel target in this lethal pathology. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed the significance of several recent clinical trials and development of small molecule inhibitors that target PKC/PKD signalling axis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
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PKCζ phosphorylates TRAF2 to protect against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2935. [PMID: 28726782 PMCID: PMC5550857 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical problem that occurs during various clinical pathological processes. Excessive apoptosis has an indispensable role in intestinal I/R injury. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and PKCζ have an essential role in apoptosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of PKCζ and TRAF2 and to explore the correlation between PKCζ and TRAF2 in intestinal I/R injury. Mice were subjected to intestinal I/R injury in vivo. In vitro experiments were conducted by treating Caco-2 cells with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) stimulation to simulate intestinal I/R. Intestinal tissue samples and Caco-2 cells were examined using various approaches. Intestinal I/R induced the membrane translocation and phosphorylation of PKCζ. Pretreatment with the PKCζ activator phosphatidylcholine remarkably attenuated gut injury by suppressing apoptosis. H/R induced PKCζ to combine with TRAF2, which was phosphorylated by PKCζ at Ser55, but not at Ser11, under intestinal I/R or H/R conditions. In addition, TRAF2 Ser55 phosphorylation increased cell survival by inhibiting cell apoptosis in the H/R model. Mechanistically, TRAF2 Ser55 phosphorylation promoted NF-κB activation but suppressed c-Jun activation in Caco-2 cells under H/R conditions. The results of this study demonstrate that the PKCζ/TRAF2 pathway represents a novel protective mechanism against intestinal I/R injury. Therefore, the PKCζ/TRAF2 pathway is a novel target for potential treatments of intestinal I/R injury-related diseases.
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Fan HH, Li L, Zhang YM, Yang J, Li MC, Zeng FY, Deng F. PKCζ in prostate cancer cells represses the recruitment and M2 polarization of macrophages in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28631559 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317701442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are key regulators of the complex interplay between tumor and tumor microenvironment. M2 Macrophages, one type of tumor-associated macrophages, are involved in prostate cancer growth and progression. Protein kinase C zeta has been shown to suppress prostate cancer cell growth, invasion, and metastasis as a tumor suppressor; however, its role in chemotaxis and activation of tumor-associated macrophages remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of protein kinase C zeta of prostate cancer cells in regulation of macrophage chemotaxis and M2 phenotype activation. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of protein kinase C zeta and the number of CD206+ M2 macrophages in human prostate tissue. Macrophage chemotaxis and polarization were examined using Transwell migration assays and a co-culture system. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect M2 markers, protein kinase C zeta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 expression. We found the expression of protein kinase C zeta increased in prostate cancer tissues, especially in the early stage, and was negatively associated with tumor grade and the number of CD206+ macrophages. Inhibition of protein kinase C zeta expression in prostate cancer cells promoted chemotaxis of peripheral macrophages and acquisition of M2 phenotypic features. These results were further supported by the finding that silencing of endogenous protein kinase C zeta promoted the expression of prostate cancer cell-derived interleukin-4 and interleukin-10. These results suggest that protein kinase C zeta plays an important role in reducing infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and activation of a pro-tumor M2 phenotype, which may constitute an important mechanism by which protein kinase C zeta represses cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Fan
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zhang
- 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Li
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Yin Zeng
- 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- 4 Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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