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Xu Z. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated silencing of CD44: unveiling the role of hyaluronic acid-mediated interactions in cancer drug resistance. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2849-2876. [PMID: 37991544 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of CD44 (CD44 Molecule (Indian Blood Group)), a cell surface glycoprotein, and its interaction with hyaluronic acid (HA) in drug resistance mechanisms across various types of cancer is provided, where CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was utilized to silence CD44 expression and examine its impact on cancer cell behavior, migration, invasion, proliferation, and drug sensitivity. The significance of the HA-CD44 axis in tumor microenvironment (TME) delivery and its implications in specific cancer types, the influence of CD44 variants and the KHDRBS3 (KH RNA Binding Domain Containing, Signal Transduction Associated 3) gene on cancer progression and drug resistance, and the potential of targeting HA-mediated pathways using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to overcome drug resistance in cancer were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Xu
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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2
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Sałagacka-Kubiak A, Zawada D, Saed L, Kordek R, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. ABCG2 Gene and ABCG2 Protein Expression in Colorectal Cancer-In Silico and Wet Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10539. [PMID: 37445716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2) is a cell membrane pump encoded by the ABCG2 gene. ABCG2 can protect cells against compounds initiating and/or intensifying neoplasia and is considered a marker of stem cells responsible for cancer growth, drug resistance and recurrence. Expression of the ABCG2 gene or its protein has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor in various malignancies. However, its prognostic significance in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Using publicly available data, ABCG2 was shown to be underexpressed in colon and rectum adenocarcinomas, with lower expression compared to both the adjacent nonmalignant lung tissues and non-tumour lung tissues of healthy individuals. This downregulation could result from the methylation level of some sites of the ABCG2 gene. This was connected with microsatellite instability, weight and age among patients with colon adenocarcinoma, and with tumour localization, population type and age of patients for rectum adenocarcinoma. No association was found between ABCG2 expression level and survival of colorectal cancer patients. In wet analysis of colorectal cancer samples, neither ABCG2 gene expression, analysed by RT-PCR, nor ABCG2 protein level, assessed by immunohistochemistry, was associated with any clinicopathological factors or overall survival. An ABCG2-centered protein-protein interaction network build by STRING showed proteins were found to be involved in leukotriene, organic anion and xenobiotic transport, endodermal cell fate specification, and histone methylation and ubiquitination. Hence, ABCG2 underexpression could be an indicator of the activity of certain signalling pathways or protein interactors essential for colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sałagacka-Kubiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dawid Zawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lias Saed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radzisław Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Redox-Regulation in Cancer Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102413. [PMID: 36289675 PMCID: PMC9598867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of slowly dividing cells with tumor-initiating ability. They can self-renew and differentiate into all the distinct cell populations within a tumor. CSCs are naturally resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. CSCs, thus, can repopulate a tumor after therapy and are responsible for recurrence of disease. Stemness manifests itself through, among other things, the expression of stem cell markers, the ability to induce sphere formation and tumor growth in vivo, and resistance to chemotherapeutics and irradiation. Stemness is maintained by keeping levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) low, which is achieved by enhanced activity of antioxidant pathways. Here, cellular sources of ROS, antioxidant pathways employed by CSCs, and underlying mechanisms to overcome resistance are discussed.
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4
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Liu C, Wang JL, Wu DZ, Yuan YW, Xin L. Methionine restriction enhances the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer stem cells by miR-320d/c-Myc axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2001-2013. [PMID: 35394639 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer stem cells (CRC-SCs) has become a major challenge in clinical treatment of cancer. Methionine restriction (MR) enhances the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular pathways that MR affects the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs. CD133+ and CD133- SW480 or SW620 cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Mouse xenograft tumor model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of CD133+ SW480. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Phase distribution of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect drug-resistant related protein expression. miR-320d and transcription factor c-Myc expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. The interaction between miR-320d and c-Myc was verified by luciferase assay. CD133+ SW480 and SW620 cells were more resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) than CD133- cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that 5-FU and MR combined therapy further inhibited CD133+ cell activity and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) expression, and reduced tumor volume compared with drug administration alone. Interference with miR-320d or overexpression of c-Myc reversed the increased chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs induced by synergistic therapy with 5-FU and MR. miR-320d can target and regulate c-Myc. Interference with c-Myc could reverse the increase in cell viability and ABCG2 expression caused by down-regulation of miR-320d. In conclusion, the combined chemotherapy with MR can enhance the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs by up-regulation of miR-320d to inhibit c-Myc expression, which lays a molecular basis for MR regulation of chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Deng-Zhong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Wu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lin Xin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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5
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Li J, Li Y, Xu F, Sun B, Yang L, Wang H. Deubiquitinating enzyme PSMD14 facilitates gastric carcinogenesis through stabilizing PTBP1. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Bahmad HF, Daher D, Aljamal AA, Elajami MK, Oh KS, Alvarez Moreno JC, Delgado R, Suarez R, Zaldivar A, Azimi R, Castellano A, Sackstein R, Poppiti RJ. Repurposing of Anticancer Stem Cell Drugs in Brain Tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:749-773. [PMID: 34165342 PMCID: PMC8647630 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors in adults may be infrequent when compared with other cancer etiologies, but they remain one of the deadliest with bleak survival rates. Current treatment modalities encompass surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, increasing resistance rates are being witnessed, and this has been attributed, in part, to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity for self-renewal and can differentiate and proliferate into multiple cell lineages. Studying those CSCs enables an increasing understanding of carcinogenesis, and targeting CSCs may overcome existing treatment resistance. One approach to weaponize new drugs is to target these CSCs through drug repurposing which entails using drugs, which are Food and Drug Administration-approved and safe for one defined disease, for a new indication. This approach serves to save both time and money that would otherwise be spent in designing a totally new therapy. In this review, we will illustrate drug repurposing strategies that have been used in brain tumors and then further elaborate on how these approaches, specifically those that target the resident CSCs, can help take the field of drug repurposing to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Darine Daher
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of
Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abed A. Aljamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Mohamad K. Elajami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Kei Shing Oh
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez Moreno
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Richard Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana Zaldivar
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Roshanak Azimi
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Amilcar Castellano
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine,
Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine,
Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert J. Poppiti
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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7
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Wang K, Zhang M, Wang J, Sun P, Luo J, Jin H, Li R, Pan C, Lu L. A Systematic Analysis Identifies Key Regulators Involved in Cell Proliferation and Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737152. [PMID: 34650921 PMCID: PMC8505978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common and malignant cancer types. Abnormal cell proliferation, exemplified by cell cycle and cell division dysregulation, is one of the most prominent hallmarks of cancer and is responsible for recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapy. However, LUAD-specific gene regulation and clinical significance remain obscure. Here, by using both tissues and cells from LUAD and normal lung samples, 434 increased and 828 decreased genes of biological significance were detected, including 127 cell cycle-associated genes (95 increased and 32 decreased), 66 cell division-associated genes (56 increased and 10 decreased), and 81 cell proliferation-associated genes (34 increased and 47 decreased). Among them, 12 increased genes (TPX2, CENPF, BUB1, PLK1, KIF2C, AURKB, CDKN3, BUB1B, HMGA2, CDK1, ASPM, and CKS1B) and 2 decreased genes (TACC1 and MYH10) were associated with all the three above processes. Importantly, 2 (CDKN3 and CKS1B) out of the 11 increased genes (except HMGA2) are previously uncharacterized ones in LUAD and can potentially be prognostic markers. Moreover, PLK1 could be a promising therapeutic target for LUAD. Besides, protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that CDK1 and CDC20 were the hub genes, which might play crucial roles in cell proliferation of LUAD. Furthermore, transcriptional regulatory network analysis suggested that the transcription factor E2F1 could be a key regulator in controlling cell proliferation of LUAD via expression modulation of most cell cycle-, cell division-, and cell proliferation-related DEGs. Finally, trichostatin A, hycanthone, vorinostat, and mebeverine were identified as four potential therapeutic agents for LUAD. This work revealed key regulators contributing to cell proliferation in human LUAD and identified four potential therapeutic agents for treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhuang Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Pan
- General Surgery Department, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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FOLFOX Therapy Induces Feedback Upregulation of CD44v6 through YB-1 to Maintain Stemness in Colon Initiating Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020753. [PMID: 33451103 PMCID: PMC7828641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiating cells (CICs) drive tumor formation and drug-resistance, but how they develop drug-resistance characteristics is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that chemotherapeutic agent FOLFOX, commonly used for drug-resistant/metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, induces overexpression of CD44v6, MDR1, and oncogenic transcription/translation factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1). Our study revealed that CD44v6, a receptor for hyaluronan, increased the YB-1 expression through PGE2/EP1-mTOR pathway. Deleting CD44v6, and YB-1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system attenuates the in vitro and in vivo tumor growth of CICs from FOLFOX resistant cells. The results of DNA:CD44v6 immunoprecipitated complexes by ChIP (chromatin-immunoprecipitation) assay showed that CD44v6 maintained the stemness traits by promoting several antiapoptotic and stemness genes, including cyclin-D1,BCL2,FZD1,GINS-1, and MMP9. Further, computer-based analysis of the clones obtained from the DNA:CD44v6 complex revealed the presence of various consensus binding sites for core stemness-associated transcription factors “CTOS” (c-Myc, TWIST1, OCT4, and SOX2). Simultaneous expressions of CD44v6 and CTOS in CD44v6 knockout CICs reverted differentiated CD44v6-knockout CICs into CICs. Finally, this study for the first time describes a positive feedback loop that couples YB-1 induction and CD44 alternative splicing to sustain the MDR1 and CD44v6 expressions, and CD44v6 is required for the reversion of differentiated tumor cells into CICs.
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9
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Xie ZY, Wang FF, Xiao ZH, Liu SF, Tang SL, Lai YL. Overexpressing microRNA-34a overcomes ABCG2-mediated drug resistance to 5-FU in side population cells from colon cancer via suppressing DLL1. J Biochem 2021; 167:557-564. [PMID: 32044957 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer side population (SP) cells are a small subset of cancer cells that have cancer stemness capacity and enhanced drug resistance. ABCG2 is a multidrug resistance-related protein in SP cells and has been demonstrated to be regulated by Notch signalling pathway. Recently, microRNAs are reported to play a critical role in SP cell fate. However, their role in ABCG2-mediated drug resistance in colon cancer SP cells remains unclear. In the current study, the different expressions of miR-552, miR-611, miR-34a and miR-5000-3p were compared within SP and non-SP cells, which were separated from human colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and LoVo). We found that miR-34a was significantly down-regulated in SP cells and that overexpressing miR-34a overcame drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-34a negatively regulated DLL1, a ligand of Notch signalling pathway, via binding with 3'-untranslated region of its messenger RNA. In addition, overexpressing miR-34a overcame ABCG2-mediated resistance to 5-FU via DLL1/Notch pathway in vitro, and suppressed tumour growth under 5-FU treatment in vivo. In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-34a acts as a tumour suppressor via enhancing chemosensitivity to 5-FU in SP cells, which provides a novel therapeutic target in chemotherapy-resistant colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Fen-Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Si-Fu Liu
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Tang
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Yue-Liang Lai
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
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10
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Hsa-miR-3658 down-regulates OCT4 gene expression followed by suppressing SW480 cell proliferation and migration. Biochem J 2020; 477:2281-2293. [PMID: 32478824 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotency factor, OCT4 gene is a stemness marker that is involved in the tumorigenicity of different cancer types and knowing about molecular mechanisms of its regulation is crucially important. To date, a few microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be regulators of OCT4 gene expression. Looking for the novel miRNAs which are capable of regulating OCT4 gene expression, our bioinformatics analysis introduced hsa-miR-3658 (miR-3658) as a bona fide candidate. Then, RT-qPCR results indicated that miR-3658 expression is decreased in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor tissues, compared with normal pairs. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the OCT4 gene has been down-regulated following the miR-3658 overexpression. Consistently, dual-luciferase assay supported the direct interaction of miR-3658 with the 3'-UTR sequence of OCT4 gene. Unlike in HCT116 cells, overexpression of miR-3658 in SW480 cells brought about growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and reduced cell migration, detected by flow cytometry, and scratch test assay. Overall, these findings demonstrated that miR-3658 as a tumor suppressor miRNA exerts its effect against OCT4 gene expression, and it has the potential of being used as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target against colorectal cancer.
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11
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Fu C, Xiao X, Xu H, Lu W, Wang Y. Efficacy of atovaquone on EpCAM +CD44 + HCT-116 human colon cancer stem cells under hypoxia. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:286. [PMID: 33209130 PMCID: PMC7668131 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia contributes to the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in several human cancer cell lines. Atovaquone, an anti-malaria drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has recently demonstrated anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo in several cancer models. To assess the potential of atovaquone as an anti-cancer agent under hypoxia in colorectal carcinoma, EpCAM+CD44+ colon cancer stem cells were isolated from HCT-116 human colon cancer cells through magnetic-activated cell sorting. The efficacy of atovaquone on cytotoxicity, tumorsphere formation, apoptosis, invasion and cell-cycle progression under hypoxic conditions were evaluated. MTS assays indicated that atovaquone inhibited the proliferation of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 15 µM. Atovaquone inhibited tumorsphere formation and cell proliferation by causing cell-cycle arrest in S-phase, which induced apoptosis of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells, as detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assays, and caused mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, as determined by a JC-1 staining assay. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR demonstrated increased expression of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Transwell invasion assays indicated that atovaquone inhibited the invasiveness of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells under hypoxia, which was associated with upregulation of MMP-2 and -9 and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-1. Taken together, atovaquone reduced the tumorsphere formation and invasion ability of EpCAM+CD44+ HCT-116 cells, at least in part by increasing the expression of TIMP-1 and downregulating the expression of MMP-2 and -9, as well as the cells' viability by inducing cell-cycle arrest in S-phase and induction of apoptosis via the Bcl-2/Bax pathway under hypoxic conditions. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms of action of atovaquone as a promising anticancer agent in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Fu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Siping Central People's Hospital, Siping, Jilin 136000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weifei Lu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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12
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Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Ganz C, Thomford NE, Wonkam A, Dandara C. Advances in Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells within the Tumor Microenvironment: An Updated Review. Cells 2020; 9:E1896. [PMID: 32823711 PMCID: PMC7464860 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great strides being achieved in improving cancer patients' outcomes through better therapies and combinatorial treatment, several hurdles still remain due to therapy resistance, cancer recurrence and metastasis. Drug resistance culminating in relapse continues to be associated with fatal disease. The cancer stem cell theory posits that tumors are driven by specialized cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells known to be resistant to therapy and cause metastasis. Whilst the debate on whether CSCs are the origins of the primary tumor rages on, CSCs have been further characterized in many cancers with data illustrating that CSCs display great abilities to self-renew, resist therapies due to enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) properties, enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters, activation of several survival signaling pathways and increased immune evasion as well as DNA repair mechanisms. CSCs also display great heterogeneity with the consequential lack of specific CSC markers presenting a great challenge to their targeting. In this updated review we revisit CSCs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and present novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. These promising strategies include targeting CSCs-specific properties using small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, microRNA mediated inhibitors, epigenetic methods as well as targeting CSC niche-microenvironmental factors and differentiation. Lastly, we present recent clinical trials undertaken to try to turn the tide against cancer by targeting CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Chelene Ganz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
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13
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Kumar Katakam S, Tria V, Sim WC, Yip GW, Molgora S, Karnavas T, Elghonaimy EA, Pelucchi P, Piscitelli E, Ibrahim SA, Zucchi I, Reinbold R, Greve B, Götte M. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 regulates colon cancer stem cell function via a focal adhesion kinase-Wnt signaling axis. FEBS J 2020; 288:486-506. [PMID: 32367652 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In colon cancer, downregulation of the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) is associated with increased invasiveness, metastasis, and dedifferentiation. As Sdc-1 modulates signaling pathways relevant to stem cell function, we tested the hypothesis that it may regulate a tumor-initiating cell phenotype. Sdc-1 small-interfering RNA knockdown in the human colon cancer cell lines Caco2 and HT-29 resulted in an increased side population (SP), enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity, and higher expression of CD133, LGR5, EPCAM, NANOG, SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2, KLF2, and TCF4/TCF7L2. Sdc-1 knockdown enhanced sphere formation, cell viability, Matrigel invasiveness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression. Sdc-1-depleted HT-29 xenograft growth was increased compared to controls. Decreased Sdc-1 expression was associated with an increased activation of β1-integrins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and wingless-type (Wnt) signaling. Pharmacological FAK and Wnt inhibition blocked the enhanced stem cell phenotype and invasive growth. Sequential flow cytometric SP enrichment substantially enhanced the stem cell phenotype of Sdc-1-depleted cells, which showed increased resistance to doxorubicin chemotherapy and irradiation. In conclusion, Sdc-1 depletion cooperatively enhances activation of integrins and FAK, which then generates signals for increased invasiveness and cancer stem cell properties. Our findings may provide a novel concept to target a stemness-associated signaling axis as a therapeutic strategy to reduce metastatic spread and cancer recurrence. DATABASES: The GEO accession number of the Affymetrix transcriptomic screening is GSE58751.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Tria
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Wey-Cheng Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - George W Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefano Molgora
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Theodoros Karnavas
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, Vita Salute San Raffaele University and Research Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eslam A Elghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Paride Pelucchi
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piscitelli
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | | | - Ileana Zucchi
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Rolland Reinbold
- Istituto di Technologie Biomediche Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, ITB-CNR, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy - Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
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14
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Miyashita T, Neri S, Hashimoto H, Akutsu A, Sugano M, Fujii S, Ochiai A, Ishii G. Fibroblasts-dependent invasion of podoplanin-positive cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7251-7260. [PMID: 32037548 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To clear whether podoplanin-positive cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma have higher invasion activity during a fibroblasts-dependent invasion. A collagen gel invasion assay was performed using fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator-labeled A431 cells. The total number and number of invading cells in S/G2/M phase were counted using time-lapse imaging cocultured with fibroblasts. There was no significant difference between the number of invading podoplanin-positive and negative A431 cells when fibroblasts did not exist. On the contrary, the number of invading podoplanin-positive cells was significantly higher when fibroblasts existed. The frequency of cells in S/G2/M phase among invasion was no difference. Knockdown of podoplanin decreased the number of invaded A431 cells significantly when fibroblasts existed. Podoplanin-positive A431 cells display higher invasion activity when fibroblasts exist, suggesting that some biological functions of cancer stem cells might become evident only within the fibrous tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Neri
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hashimoto
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asami Akutsu
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Kaowinn S, Seo EJ, Heo W, Bae JH, Park EJ, Lee S, Kim YJ, Koh SS, Jang IH, Shin DH, Chung YH. Cancer upregulated gene 2 (CUG2), a novel oncogene, promotes stemness-like properties via the NPM1-TGF-β signaling axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1278-1284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Patel S, Waghela B, Shah K, Vaidya F, Mirza S, Patel S, Pathak C, Rawal R. Silibinin, A Natural Blend In Polytherapy Formulation For Targeting Cd44v6 Expressing Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16985. [PMID: 30451890 PMCID: PMC6242811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer stem cells have been attributed to poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance and aggressive nature of the malignancy. Recent reports associated CD44v6 expression with relapse, metastasis and reduced 5-year survival of colon cancer patients, thereby making it a potential therapeutic target. Thus, in this study, comprehensive prediction and screening of CD44v6 against 1674 lead compounds was conducted. Silibinin was identified as a potential compound targeting CD44v6. Inorder to substantiate these findings, the cytotoxic effect of 5FU, Silibinin and 5FU+ Silibinin was assessed on human colon carcinoma cell line HCT116 derived CD44+ subpopulation. 5FU+ Silibinin inhibited cell proliferation of CD44+ subpopulation at lower concentration than Silibinin standalone. Further, corresponding to CD44v6 knockdown cells, 5FU+ Silibinin treatment significantly decreased CD44v6, Nanog, CTNNB1 and CDKN2A expression whereas increased E-cadherin expression in HCT116 derived CD44+ cells. Moreover, synergistic effect of these drugs suppressed sphere formation, inhibited cell migration, triggered PARP cleavage and perturbation in mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby activating intrinsic apoptotic pathways and induced autophagic cell death. Importantly, 5FU+ Silibinin could inhibit PI3K/MAPK dual activation and arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Thus, our study suggests that inhibition of CD44v6 attenuates stemness of colon cancer stem cells and holds a prospect of potent therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaya Patel
- Division of Biological & Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhargav Waghela
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kanisha Shah
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Foram Vaidya
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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17
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He C, Zhang H, Wang B, He J, Ge G. SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes the growth and sphere formation of hypoxic breast cancer SP cells by c-Jun/ABCG2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:593-599. [PMID: 30274780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) confers to the major phenotypes of side population (SP) cells, the cancer stem-like cells. In this study, the SP cells displayed a distinctly higher ABCG2 expression level, sphere formation efficiency (SFE) and growth rate even under hypoxia condition. CXCR4 overexpression by pcDNA-CXCR4 transfection robustly increased ABCG2 expression, and promoted SFE and growth of hypoxic SP cells, while CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 could suppress the promotion. Additionally, we found that CXCR4 promoted the expression of c-Jun, a major gene in the oncogenic JNK/c-Jun pathway. Our data on electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays both showed that c-Jun directly bound with the ABCG2 promoter sequence. Moreover, overexpression of JNK/c-Jun promoted ABCG2 expression, SFE, and growth of hypoxic SP cells and the promotion could be rescued by c-Jun inhibitor SP600125. In conclusion, CXCR4 increases the growth and SFE of breast cancer SP cells under hypoxia through c-Jun-mediated transcriptional activation of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China; Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianjun He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Guanqun Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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18
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Soltanian S, Riahirad H, Pabarja A, Jafari E, Khandani BK. Effect of Cinnamic acid and FOLFOX in diminishing side population and downregulating cancer stem cell markers in colon cancer cell line HT-29. Daru 2018; 26:10.1007/s40199-018-0210-8. [PMID: 30209760 PMCID: PMC6154487 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a lot of evidence suggesting that a small subset of cancer cells resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for promoting metastasis and cancer relapse. Therefore, targeting and eliminating the CSCs could lead to higher survival rates and a better quality of life. In comparison with conventional chemical drugs that may not be effective against CSCs, phytochemicals are strong anti-CSCs agents. The current study examines the effect of 5-fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) as a common chemotherapy drug on colorectal cancer as well as the influence of Cinnamic acid (CINN) as a plant-derived phytochemical on colon cancer stem-like cells in HT-29 adenocarcinoma cell line. METHODS The anti-proliferative effect of FOLFOX and CINN was determined using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Flow cytometry analysis was used for the identification of side population (SP), CD44, and CD133 positive cells. The expression of OCT4, NANOG, ABCB1, and ALDH1A was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS The FOLFOX and CINN decreased cell viability in certain drug concentrations: IC50 = 5,40 μM oxaliplatin +220 μM 5-fluorouracil, and 13,50 mM for CINN. The CSC-associated markers (OCT4, NANOG, ABCB1, and ALDH1A) and the proportion of cancer stem-like cells (SP cells, CD44, and CD133 positive cells) were downregulated following the treatment of HT-29 adenocarcinoma cell line with IC50 concentrations of FOLFOX and CINN. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that CINN, a naturally occurring component, could be more effective than FOLFOX treatment in reducing the cancer stem-like cells and expression of CSC markers from HT-29 colon cancer cells. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Helia Riahirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Athareh Pabarja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behjat Kalantari Khandani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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19
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Zigon ES, Purseglove SM, Toxavidis V, Rice W, Tigges J, Chan LLY. A rapid single cell sorting verification method using plate-based image cytometry. Cytometry A 2018; 93:1060-1065. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Zigon
- Flow Cytometry Core; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Vasilis Toxavidis
- Flow Cytometry Core; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - William Rice
- Department of Technology R&D; Nexcelom Bioscience LLC; Lawrence Massachusetts
| | - John Tigges
- Flow Cytometry Core; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D; Nexcelom Bioscience LLC; Lawrence Massachusetts
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20
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Alvarez Argote J, Dasanu CA. ASXL1 mutations in myeloid neoplasms: pathogenetic considerations, impact on clinical outcomes and survival. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:757-763. [PMID: 28027687 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2016.1276896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ASXL1 gene mutations include nonsense, missense, and frameshift mutations. Although their clinical significance is still debated, they may play an important role in the pathogenesis of several hematologic malignancies. METHODS Herein, we offer a comprehensive review on ASXL1 mutations, and link them with survival and clinical outcomes in patients with various myeloid neoplasms. Most relevant publications were identified through searching the PubMed/Medline database for articles published from inception to February 2016. FINDINGS In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), ASXL1 mutations tend to correlate with older age and male gender, and affect predominantly patients with secondary AML. De novo AML patients with ASXL1 mutations had significantly lower complete remission rates after standard high-dose chemotherapy and shorter survival. In chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and low- or intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, frameshift and nonsense mutations correlated with shorter survival and a higher risk of leukemic transformation. Overall survival was also shorter in primary myelofibrosis in the presence of ASXL1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS Further research on the role of ASXL1 mutations and therapeutic implications in neoplastic myeloid disorders is stringently needed. Given the relatively high prevalence of ASXL1 mutations, larger studies involving patients affected by these mutations will be feasible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin A Dasanu
- b Lucy Curci Cancer Center, Eisenhower Medical Center, Hematology Oncology , Rancho Mirage , CA , USA
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21
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Chaurasiya S, Chen NG, Warner SG. Oncolytic Virotherapy versus Cancer Stem Cells: A Review of Approaches and Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E124. [PMID: 29671772 PMCID: PMC5923379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of cells within tumors are resistant to conventional treatment modalities and may be responsible for disease recurrence. These cells are called cancer stem cells (CSC), which share properties with normal stem cells including self-renewal, pluripotency, drug resistance, and the ability to maintain quiescence. While most conventional therapies can efficiently destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells comprising the bulk of a tumor, they often fail to kill the less abundant and quiescent CSCs. Furthermore, killing of only differentiated cells in the tumor may actually allow for enrichment of CSCs and thereby portend a bad prognosis. Therefore, targeting of CSCs is important to achieve long-term success in cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses represent a completely different class of therapeutics that can kill cancer cells in a variety of ways, which differ from those of conventional therapies. Hence, CSCs that are inherently resistant to conventional therapies may be susceptible to oncolytic virus-mediated killing. Recent studies have shown that oncolytic viruses can efficiently kill CSCs in many types of cancer. Here, we discuss the mechanism through which CSCs can escape conventional therapies and how they may still be susceptible to different classes of oncolytic viruses. Furthermore, we provide a summary of recent studies that have tested oncolytic viruses on CSCs of different origins and discuss possible future directions for this fascinating subset of oncolytic virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Gene Editing and Viral Vector Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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22
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Was H, Czarnecka J, Kominek A, Barszcz K, Bernas T, Piwocka K, Kaminska B. Some chemotherapeutics-treated colon cancer cells display a specific phenotype being a combination of stem-like and senescent cell features. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 19:63-75. [PMID: 29053388 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1385675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death among cancer patients in the Northern countries. CRC can reappear a long time after treatment. Recent clinical studies demonstrated that, in response to chemotherapy, cancer cells may undergo stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), which typically results in growth arrest. Nonetheless, these senescent cells were reported to divide in an atypical manner and thus contribute to cancer re-growth. Therefore, we examined if SIPS escape may follow treatment with chemotherapeutics used clinically: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin (OXA) and irinotecan (IRINO). To mimic the therapeutic regimes we exposed human colon cancer HCT116 and SW480 cells to repeated cycles of drug treatment. The cells treated with 5-FU or IRINO exhibited several hallmarks of SIPS: growth arrest, increased size and granularity, polyploidization, augmented activity of the SA-β-galactosidase, accumulation of P21 and CYCLIN D1 proteins, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Moreover, re-population of the cancer cell cultures was delayed upon treatment with the senescence-inducing agents. At the same time, we detected a subpopulation of senescent colon cancer cells with features of stemness: elevated NANOG expression, exclusion of Hoechst 33342 (typical for side population) and increased CD24 expression. Additionally, rare, polyploid cells exhibited blastocyst-like morphology and produced progeny. In parallel, majority of chemotherapeutics-treated cells underwent mesenchymal to epithelial transition, as the percentage of CD44-positve cells was reduced, and levels of E-cadherin (epithelial marker) were elevated. Our study demonstrates that a subpopulation of chemotherapeutics-treated colon cancer cells display a specific phenotype being a combination of stem-like and senescent cell features. This may contribute to their resistance to chemotherapy and their ability to re-grow cancer after completion of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Was
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland.,d Laboratory of Molecular Oncology , Military Institute of Medicine , Szaserów 128 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - J Czarnecka
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - A Kominek
- b Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - K Barszcz
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - T Bernas
- c Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - K Piwocka
- b Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - B Kaminska
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
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23
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Multifaceted Interpretation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071446. [PMID: 28678194 PMCID: PMC5535937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite recent advances in clinical oncology. Accumulating evidence sheds light on the existence of cancer stem cells and their role in conferring therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells are a minor fraction of cancer cells, which enable tumor heterogeneity and initiate tumor formation. In addition, these cells are resistant to various cytotoxic factors. Therefore, elimination of cancer stem cells is difficult but essential to cure the malignant foci completely. Herein, we review the recent evidence for intestinal stem cells and colon cancer stem cells, methods to detect the tumor-initiating cells, and clinical significance of cancer stem cell markers. We also describe the emerging problems of cancer stem cell theory, including bidirectional conversion and intertumoral heterogeneity of stem cell phenotype.
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24
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Hu J, Li J, Yue X, Wang JC, Wang JF, Liu JZ, Kong DL. Targeting BCRP/ABCG2 by RNA interference enhances the chemotherapy sensitivity of human colon cancer side population cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:231-236. [PMID: 28397046 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Relapse and metastasis are frequent in colon cancer and may be linked to stem cell characteristics. This study isolated side population (SP) cells from a colon cancer cell line (Colo-320) and examined their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. Compared to non-SP (NSP) cells, SP colon cancer cells were more tumorigenic in vivo and exhibited more invasive characteristics and a greater ability to form colonies. Additionally, more cells were in G0/G1 phase and more highly expressed the multidrug resistance protein BCRP/ABCG2. We achieved enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity by transfecting SP cells with a hairpin-like, small interfering RNA (siRNA) eukaryotic expression plasmid targeting BCRP/ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Lymphoma, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jia-Cang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Da-Lu Kong
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Xiao W, Gao Z, Duan Y, Yuan W, Ke Y. Notch signaling plays a crucial role in cancer stem-like cells maintaining stemness and mediating chemotaxis in renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:41. [PMID: 28279221 PMCID: PMC5345133 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are correlated with the initiation, chemoresistance and relapse of tumors. Notch pathway has been reported to function in CSCs maintenance, but whether it is involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) CSCs maintaining stemness remain unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Notch pathway on stemness of CSCs in RCC and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The CD133+/CD24+ cells were isolated from RCC ACHN and Caki-1 cell line using Magnetic-activated cell sorting and identified by Flow cytometry analysis. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were used for determining the stemness maker expression. The effect of Notch pathway on function of CSCs was assessed by self-renewal ability, chemosensitivity, invasive and migratory ability tumorigenicity in vivo using soft agar colony formation assay, sphere-forming assay, MTT assay, Transwell assay. Results Here, we found that the sorted CD133+/CD24+cells possessed elevated stemness maker CTR2, BCL-2, MDR1, OCT-4, KLF4, compared with parental cells, as well as enhanced self-renewal ability, stronger resistance to cisplatin and sorafenib, increased invasion and migration, and higher tumorigenesis in vivo, suggesting the CD133+/CD24+ cells have the stem-like characteristics of CSCs and thus identified as RCC CSCs. Then the enhanced notch1, notch2, Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1 and DLL4 expression were detected in RCC CSCs and blockage of Notch1 or notch2 using pharmacological inhibitor MRK-003 or its endogenous inhibitor Numb resulted in loss of its stemness features: self-renewal, chemoresistance, invasive and migratory potential, and tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, it is confirmed that overexpression of notch1 up-regulated CXCR4 inRCC CSCs and augmented SDF-1-induced chemotaxis in RCC CSCs in vitro, which could be rescued when treatment of CXCR4 inhibitor, suggesting that notch signaling promotes the chemotaxis of RCC CSCs by SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. Conclusions Our results provide a new mechanism of RCC CSCs maintaining stemness via notch pathway as well as a potential therapeutic target in human RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixing Duan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wuxiong Yuan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Ke
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, JiefangWest Road 61, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Kim H, Kim Y, Jeoung D. DDX53 Promotes Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Autophagy. Mol Cells 2017; 40:54-65. [PMID: 28152297 PMCID: PMC5303889 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer/testis antigen DDX53 confers anti-cancer drug-resistance, the effect of DDX53 on cancer stem cell-like properties and autophagy remains unknown. MDA-MB-231 (CD133+) cells showed higher expression of DDX53, SOX-2, NANOG and MDR1 than MDA-MB-231 (CD133-). DDX53 increased in vitro self-renewal activity of MCF-7 while decreasing expression of DDX53 by siRNA lowered in vitro self-renewal activity of MDA-MB-231. DDX53 showed an interaction with EGFR and binding to the promoter sequences of EGFR. DDX53 induced resistance to anti-cancer drugs in MCF-7 cells while decreased expression of DDX53 by siRNA increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to anti-cancer drugs. Negative regulators of DDX53, such as miR-200b and miR-217, increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to anti-cancer drugs. MDA-MB-231 showed higher expression of autophagy marker proteins such as ATG-5, pBeclin1Ser15 and LC-3I/II compared with MCF-7. DDX53 regulated the expression of marker proteins of autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. miR-200b and miR-217 negatively regulated the expression of autophagy marker proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed the direct regulation of ATG-5. The decreased expression of ATG-5 by siRNA increased the sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, DDX53 promotes stem cell-like properties, autophagy, and confers resistance to anti-cancer drugs in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
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27
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Zhou JY, Chen M, Ma L, Wang X, Chen YG, Liu SL. Role of CD44(high)/CD133(high) HCT-116 cells in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7657-66. [PMID: 26840024 PMCID: PMC4884945 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore cell surface biomarkers related to cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their role in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer. Various colon cancer cell lines were screened for CD133 and CD44 expression. CD44high/CD133high and CD44low/CD133low cells were separately isolated by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). The cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle characteristics, and tumorigenic properties in CD44high/CD133high and CD44low/CD133low cells were investigated through in vitro experiments and in vivo tumor xenograft models. The expression profiles of stem cell-related genes were examined by RT-PCR. With HCT-116 cells, flow cytometry analysis revealed that CD44high/CD133high cells had higher proliferation potency than CD44low/CD133low cells. Compared to CD44low/CD133low cells, CD44high/CD133high cells had more stem cell-related genes, and displayed increased tumorigenic ability. In summary, CD44high/CD133high cells isolated from HCT-116 cells harbor CSC properties that may be related to the tumor growth of colon cancer. These results suggest that CD44 and CD133 could be strong markers of colorectal cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Zhou
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Medical Science Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Gen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shen-Lin Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Gangavarapu KJ, Miller A, Huss WJ. Gene Expression in Single Cells Isolated from the CWR-R1 Prostate Cancer Cell Line and Human Prostate Tissue Based on the Side Population Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 27785389 PMCID: PMC5076885 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9431.1000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining biological signals at the single cell level can identify cancer initiating driver mutations. Techniques to isolate single cells such as microfluidics sorting and magnetic capturing systems have limitations such as: high cost, labor intense, and the requirement of a large number of cells. Therefore, the goal of our current study is to identify a cost and labor effective, reliable, and reproducible technique that allows single cell isolation for analysis to promote regular laboratory use, including standard reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). In the current study, we utilized single prostate cells isolated from the CWR-R1 prostate cancer cell line and human prostate clinical specimens, based on the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter efflux of dye cycle violet (DCV), side population assay. Expression of four genes: ABCG2; Aldehyde dehydrogenase1A1 (ALDH1A1); androgen receptor (AR); and embryonic stem cell marker, Oct-4, were determined. Results from the current study in the CWR-R1 cell line showed ABCG2 and ALDH1A1 gene expression in 67% of single side population cells and in 17% or 100% of non-side population cells respectively. Studies using single cells isolated from clinical specimens showed that the Oct-4 gene is detected in only 22% of single side population cells and in 78% of single non-side population cells. Whereas, AR gene expression is in 100% single side population and non-side population cells isolated from the same human prostate clinical specimen. These studies show that performing RT-PCR on single cells isolated by FACS can be successfully conducted to determine gene expression in single cells from cell lines and enzymatically digested tissue. While these studies provide a simple yes/no expression readout, the more sensitive quantitative RT-PCR would be able to provide even more information if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan J Gangavarapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY-14263, USA
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY-14263, USA
| | - Wendy J Huss
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY-14263, USA; Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY-14263, USA
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Zhang Z, Bu X, Chen H, Wang Q, Sha W. Bmi-1 promotes the invasion and migration of colon cancer stem cells through the downregulation of E-cadherin. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1199-207. [PMID: 27600678 PMCID: PMC5029956 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence are the challenges of cancer therapy. Recently, mounting evidence has suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are critical factors in tumor metastasis and recurrence. The oncogene, Bmi-1, promotes the development of hematologic malignancies and many solid tumors. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms through which Bmi-1 promotes the invasion and migration of colon CSCs (CCSCs) using the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. Sphere formation medium and magnetic‑activated cell sorting were used to enrich and screen the CCSCs. CD133 and CD44 were regarded as markers of CCSCs and they were found to be co-expressed in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. Colony formation assay, cell proliferation assay and viability assay using the Cell Counting Kit-8, and transplantation assay using nude mice injected with CCSCs were used to examine the CCSCs. The CD133+CD44+ HCT116 cells exhibited greater cloning efficiency, an enhanced proliferative ability, increased cell viability and stronger tumorigenicity; these cells were used as the CCSCs for subsequent experiments. In addition, the invasive and migratory abilities of the CD133+CD44+ HCT116 cells were markedly decreased when Bmi-1 was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The results of RT-qPCR and western blot analysis suggested that Bmi-1 had a negative effect on E-cadherin expression. On the whole, our findings suggest that Bmi-1 promotes the invasion and migration of CCSCs through the downregulation of E-cadherin, possibly by inducing EMT. Our findings thus indicate that Bmi-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Qiyi Wang or Dr Weihong Sha, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Qiyi Wang or Dr Weihong Sha, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Second Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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Ahmad R, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Cancer Stem Cell and Gastrointestinal Cancer: Current Status, Targeted Therapy and Future Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 31656694 PMCID: PMC6814166 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are biologically distinct subset of rare cancer cells with inherent ability of self-renewal, de-differentiation, and capacity to initiate and maintain malignant tumor growth. Studies have further reported that CSCs prime cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs to inhibit cancer progression has become an attractive anti-cancer therapeutical strategy. Recent technical advances have provided a greater appreciation of the multistep nature of the oncogenesis and also clarified that CSC concept is not universally applicable. Irrespective, the role of the CSCs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, responsible for the most cancer-associated death, has been widely accepted and appreciated. However, despite the tremendous progress made in the last decade in developing markers to identify CSCs, and assays to assess tumorigenic function of CSCs, it remains an area of active investigation. In current article, we review findings related to the role and identification of CSCs in GI-cancers and discuss the crucial pathways involved in regulating CSCs populations’ development and drug resistance, and use of the tumoroid culture to test novel CSCs-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,VA Nebraska- Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,VA Nebraska- Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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31
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Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Deng C, Chen H, Jin HY, Wang SM. Tumorigenic features of colon cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:363-372. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the tumorigenic features of colon cancer stem cells and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS: HT-29 colon cancer cells were cultured in serum free medium, and the expression of CD133 and CD44 was detected by flow cytometry. The inhibitory effect of 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) on HT-29 cells and HT-29 cancer stem cells was assessed, and the tumorigenic features of HT-29 cancer stem cells were studied using a mouse model.
RESULTS: Hoechest33342 staining showed that less intense nuclear staining was observed in HT-29 cancer stem cells compared with HT-29 cancer cells. The positive expression rates of CD133 and CD44 were 44.6% and 0.6% in HT-29 cells, and 92.6% and 97.8% in HT-29 cancer stem cells, respectively. HT-29 cancer stem cells were resistant to 5-Fu and the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of 5-Fu was 13.087 µg/mL, significantly higher than that for HT-29 cells (1.394 µg/mL). In mouse models, the growth rate of HT-29 cancer stem cells was slower than that of HT-29 cells, but the growth rate of HT-29 cancer stem cells in lymph nodes was more quickly than that under the skin.
CONCLUSION: There is a small proportion of cancer stem cells among HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Colon cancer stem cell can be isolated by culture in serum-free medium, and the stem cells show 5-Fu resistance. Colon cancer stem cells can progress to mature cancer cells in a proper microenvironment, which implies that changing the microenvironments of cancer stem cells can prevent the cancer stem cells from progressing to mature cancer cells.
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Mikhail S, Zeidan A. Stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers: The road less travelled. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:606-613. [PMID: 25426257 PMCID: PMC4178260 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to be malignant cells that have the capacity to initiate and maintain tumor growth and survival. Studies have described CSC in various gastrointestinal neoplasms such as colon, pancreas and liver and gastroesophageal tumors. The mechanism by which CSC develop remains unclear. Several studies have explored the role of dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin, transformation growth factor-beta and hedhog pathways in generation of CSC. In this review, we discuss the various molecular abnormalities that may be related to formation of CSC in gastrointestinal malignancies, strategies to identify CSC and therapeutic strategies that are based on these concepts. Identification and targeting CSC is an intriguing area and may provide a new therapeutic option for patients with cancer including gastrointestinal malignancies. Although great progress has been made, many issues need to be addressed. Precise targeting of CSC will require precise isolation and characterization of those cells. This field is also evolving but further research is needed to identify markers that are specific for CSC. Although the application of this field has not entered the clinic yet, there continues to be significant optimism about its potential utility in overcoming cancer resistance and curing patients with cancer.
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