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Tripathi S, Gupta E, Galande S. Statins as anti-tumor agents: A paradigm for repurposed drugs. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2078. [PMID: 38711272 PMCID: PMC11074523 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, frequently prescribed medications, work by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) in the mevalonate pathway to reduce cholesterol levels. Due to their multifaceted benefits, statins are being adapted for use as cost-efficient, safe and effective anti-cancer treatments. Several studies have shown that specific types of cancer are responsive to statin medications since they rely on the mevalonate pathway for their growth and survival. RECENT FINDINGS Statin are a class of drugs known for their potent inhibition of cholesterol production and are typically prescribed to treat high cholesterol levels. Nevertheless, there is growing interest in repurposing statins for the treatment of malignant neoplastic diseases, often in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mechanism behind statin treatment includes targeting apoptosis through the BCL2 signaling pathway, regulating the cell cycle via the p53-YAP axis, and imparting epigenetic modulations by altering methylation patterns on CpG islands and histone acetylation by downregulating DNMTs and HDACs respectively. Notably, some studies have suggested a potential chemo-preventive effect, as decreased occurrence of tumor relapse and enhanced survival rate were reported in patients undergoing long-term statin therapy. However, the definitive endorsement of statin usage in cancer therapy hinges on population based clinical studies with larger patient cohorts and extended follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS The potential of anti-cancer properties of statins seems to reach beyond their influence on cholesterol production. Further investigations are necessary to uncover their effects on cancer promoting signaling pathways. Given their distinct attributes, statins might emerge as promising contenders in the fight against tumorigenesis, as they appear to enhance the efficacy and address the limitations of conventional cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Tripathi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life SciencesShiv Nadar Institution of EminenceGautam Buddha NagarIndia
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Schelz Z, Muddather HF, Zupkó I. Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1468. [PMID: 37760764 PMCID: PMC10525194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pump (EP)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) seems ubiquitous in bacterial infections and neoplastic diseases. The diversity and lack of specificity of these efflux mechanisms raise a great obstacle in developing drugs that modulate efflux pumps. Since developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs requires large investments, drug repurposing offers a new approach that can provide alternatives as adjuvants in treating resistant microbial infections and progressive cancerous diseases. Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are promising agents in this respect. Originally, statins were used in the therapy of dyslipidemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, extensive research has recently been performed to elucidate the functions of statins in bacterial infections and cancers. The mevalonate pathway is essential in the posttranslational modification of proteins related to vital eukaryotic cell functions. In this article, a comparative review is given about the possible role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in managing diseases of bacterial and neoplastic origin. Molecular research and clinical studies have proven the justification of statins in this field. Further well-designed clinical trials are urged to clarify the significance of the contribution of statins to the lower risk of disease progression in bacterial infections and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (H.F.M.)
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Ricco N, Kron SJ. Statins in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3948. [PMID: 37568764 PMCID: PMC10417177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors best known for their cholesterol-reducing and cardiovascular protective activity, have also demonstrated promise in cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on their potential applications in head and neck cancer (HNC), a common malignancy for which established treatment often fails despite incurring debilitating adverse effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that statins may enhance HNC sensitivity to radiation and other conventional therapies while protecting normal tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined, likely involving both cholesterol-dependent and -independent effects on diverse cancer-related pathways. This review brings together recent discoveries concerning the anticancer activity of statins relevant to HNC, highlighting their anti-inflammatory activity and impacts on DNA-damage response. We also explore molecular targets and mechanisms and discuss the potential to integrate statins into conventional HNC treatment regimens to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Synthesis of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Substituted with R-Glycidol and Celecoxib/Simvastatin as Repurposed Drugs and Evaluation of Their Increased Additive Cytotoxicity for Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030714. [PMID: 35158983 PMCID: PMC8833738 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New anti-cancer drugs can be created through the combination of well-known substances acting on different molecular targets. Repurposed drugs selected in this way can then be attached to special carriers that have specific, high affinity for cancer cells. In this study, two anti-glioma drugs, celecoxib and simvastatin, were chosen and linked to the PAMAM G3 dendrimer targeted to cancer cells by attached biotin and R-glycidol. In vitro studies performed with human glioblastoma (U-118 MG) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cells revealed that dendrimer conjugate containing both celecoxib and simvastatin was 20–50 times more potent than either drug administered alone or in combination. Thus, the obtained combined conjugate can be considered as a potential candidate for a new therapy of malignant glioblastoma. Abstract Recent achievement in anticancer therapy considers the application of repurposed drugs in optimal combinations with the use of specific carriers for their targeted delivery. As a result, new optimized medications with reduced side effects can be obtained. In this study, two known anticancer drugs, celecoxib and/or simvastatin, were conjugated covalently with PAMAM G3 dendrimer and tested in vitro against human squamous carcinoma (SCC-15-15) and glioblastoma (U-118 MG) cells, as well as normal human fibroblasts (BJ). The obtained conjugates were also substituted with biotin and R-glycidol to increase their affinity for cancer cells and were characterized with NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering technique. Conjugates furnished with two celecoxib and four simvastatin residues revealed the very high effectiveness and dramatically decreased the SCC-15 and U-118 MG cell viability at very low concentrations with IC50 equal to about 3 µM. Its action was 20–50-fold stronger than that of either drug alone or as a mixture. Combined conjugate revealed also additive action since it was 2–8-fold more effective than conjugates with either single drug. The combined conjugate revealed rather low specificity since it was also highly cytotoxic for BJ cells. Despite this, it may be concluded that biotinylated and R-glycidylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with both celecoxib and simvastatin can be considered as a new perspective anticancer agent, effective in therapy of malignant, incurable glioblastomas.
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Ramos-Inza S, Ruberte AC, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK, Plano D. NSAIDs: Old Acquaintance in the Pipeline for Cancer Treatment and Prevention─Structural Modulation, Mechanisms of Action, and Bright Future. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16380-16421. [PMID: 34784195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current chemotherapeutic drugs are still a major issue in cancer treatment. Thus, targeted multimodal therapeutic approaches need to be strategically developed to successfully control tumor growth and prevent metastatic burden. Inflammation has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and progression of the disease. Several epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies have shown that traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit anticancer activities. This Perspective reports the most recent outcomes for the treatment and prevention of different types of cancers for several NSAIDs alone or in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, an extensive review of the most promising structural modifications is reported, such as phospho, H2S, and NO releasing-, selenium-, metal complex-, and natural product-NSAIDs, among others. We also provide a perspective about the new strategies used to obtain more efficient NSAID- or NSAID derivative- formulations for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramos-Inza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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IL-6 in the Ecosystem of Head and Neck Cancer: Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011027. [PMID: 34681685 PMCID: PMC8540903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly potent cytokine involved in multiple biological processes. It was previously reported to play a distinct role in inflammation, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, ageing and various types of cancer. Furthermore, it is understood that IL-6 and its signaling pathways are substantial players in orchestrating the cancer microenvironment. Thus, they appear to be potential targets in anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the tumor ecosystem and to review the possible therapeutic approaches in head and neck cancer.
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Henney NC, Jamialahmad T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang W, Hu JW, He XR, Jin WL, He XY. Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:241. [PMID: 34303383 PMCID: PMC8306262 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
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Yan P, Shu X, Zhong H, Chen P, Gong H, Han S, Tu Y, Shuai X, Li J, Liu LH, Wang P. A versatile nanoagent for multimodal imaging-guided photothermal and anti-inflammatory combination cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5025-5034. [PMID: 34109950 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00576f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has drawn great attention in cancer treatment because of its minimal invasiveness and high spatiotemporal selectivity, but it still encounters severe obstacles like heat-resistance, metastasis and recurrence. A key reason for the treatment failure is the highly inflammatory tumor microenvironment caused by hyperthermia. A simultaneous anti-inflammatory therapy alongside the PTT has great potential for overcoming the drawbacks of PTT; however, it has been less reported and further study is urgently needed. In addition, as many inorganic photothermal agents have no inherent imaging capability, diagnostic strategies should be introduced to help identify cancerous lesions and find the best treatment time period for PTT. Herein, we developed a versatile theranostic nanoagent (named T-lipos-CPAuNCs) for synergistic multimodal imaging-guided photothermal/anti-inflammatory cancer therapy. Perfluorohexane (PFH) loaded AuNCs and the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib were encapsulated into the tumor-targeting cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide modified liposomes to form T-lipos-CPAuNCs. The T-lipos-CPAuNCs accumulated in the tumor tissue and selectively targeted the cancer cells, and converted photo to thermal energy under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation to kill the cancer cells by PTT. The high temperature further accelerated the release of celecoxib to exert an anti-inflammatory effect, while on the other hand led to liquid to gas phase transition of PFH to facilitate ultrasound (US) imaging. The T-lipos-CPAuNCs also exhibited photoacoustic (PA) imaging capability. In vitro and in vivo experiments established that under the guidance of multimodal imaging, T-lipos-CPAuNCs significantly suppressed the tumor growth by PTT and prevented tumor metastasis with non-apparent tumor inflammation. The developed theranostic nanosystem (T-lipos-CPAuNCs) shows great potential for PA/US multimodal imaging guided photothermal/anti-inflammatory combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xian Shu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Peiling Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Shisong Han
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Han Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
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The potential use of simvastatin for cancer treatment: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111858. [PMID: 34323700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, typically used to reduce lipid levels, have been rediscovered for exhibiting anticancer activities. Among them, especially simvastatin may influence the proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells. The concept of using statins to treat cancer has been adopted since the 1990s In vitro and in vivo experiments and cohort studies using statins have been carried out to demonstrate their antitumor effects (such as proliferation and migration impairment) by influencing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the biological mechanisms for these actions are not fully elucidated. In this review, we present an overview of the most important studies conducted from 2015 to date on the use of simvastatin in cancer therapy. This review brings the most recent perspectives and targets in epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies, regarding the use of simvastatin alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Wang H, Wang T, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Zhang L, Gao K, Luo S, Xiao Q, Sun C. Simvastatin inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting TMEM16A Ca 2+-activated chloride channel. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1699-1711. [PMID: 33755783 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ca2+-activated chloride channel TMEM16A has been found to be overexpressed in many cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Nevertheless, the role of TMEM16A in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Although simvastatin is known to produce anti-tumor effect, the mechanisms by which simvastatin inhibits cancer remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we explored the role of TMEM16A expression in human OSCC tissues using both TCGA dataset and immunohistochemistry. CCK-8 assay was applied to evaluate cell proliferation. Patch clamp technique was applied to record TMEM16A Cl- currents. RESULTS We found that high TMEM16A expression is related with large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and poor clinical outcome in patients with OSCC. In addition, TMEM16A overexpression could promote cell proliferation, and inhibition of TMEM16A channel activities could suppress cell proliferation in OSCC cells. Furthermore, simvastatin could suppress TMEM16A channel activities, and inhibited cell proliferation in OSCC cells via TMEM16A. CONCLUSION Our findings identify a novel anti-tumor mechanism of simvastatin by targeting TMEM16A. Simvastatin may represent an innovative strategy for treating OSCC with high TMEM16A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechen Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing Bei Jie, Heping District, Shenyang,, 110002, Liaoning, China.,Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing Bei Jie, Heping District, Shenyang,, 110002, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hospital Infection Management Office, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kuan Gao
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuya Luo
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qinghuan Xiao
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Changfu Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing Bei Jie, Heping District, Shenyang,, 110002, Liaoning, China.
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