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Ramírez-Martínez CM, Legorreta-Villegas I, Mejía-Velázquez CP, Portilla-Robertson J, Gaitán-Cepeda LA, Paramo-Sánchez JT, Chanes-Cuevas OA, Alonso-Moctezuma A, Jacinto-Alemán LF. In Silico Analysis of Genes Associated with the Pathogenesis of Odontogenic Keratocyst. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2379. [PMID: 38397053 PMCID: PMC10889808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Odontogenic keratocyst (OK) is a benign intraosseous cystic lesion characterized by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelial lining with palisade basal cells. It represents 10-12% of odontogenic cysts. The changes in its classification as a tumor or cyst have increased interest in its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE Identify key genes in the pathogenesis of sporadic OK through in silico analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GSE38494 technical sheet on OK was analyzed using GEOR2. Their functional and canonical signaling pathways were enriched in the NIH-DAVID bioinformatic platform. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape-MCODE software v 3.8.2 (score > 4). Post-enrichment analysis was performed by Cytoscape-ClueGO. RESULTS A total of 768 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with a fold change (FC) greater than 2 and 469 DEG with an FC less than 2 were identified. In the post-enrichment analysis of upregulated genes, significance was observed in criteria related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, and endodermal differentiation, while the downregulated genes were related to defensive response mechanisms against viruses and interferon-gamma activation. CONCLUSIONS Our in silico analysis showed a significant relationship with mechanisms of extracellular matrix organization, interferon-gamma activation, and response to viral infections, which must be validated through molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Monserrat Ramírez-Martínez
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Itzel Legorreta-Villegas
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Claudia Patricia Mejía-Velázquez
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Javier Portilla-Robertson
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Luis Alberto Gaitán-Cepeda
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Jessica Tamara Paramo-Sánchez
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
| | - Osmar Alejandro Chanes-Cuevas
- Dental Biomaterials Laboratory, Postgraduate Division, Dental School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Alonso-Moctezuma
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Postgraduate Division, Dental School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Jacinto-Alemán
- Oral Medicine and Pathology Department, Postgraduate and Research Division, Dentistry School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (I.L.-V.); (C.P.M.-V.); (J.P.-R.); (L.A.G.-C.); (J.T.P.-S.)
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Omori Y, Noguchi K, Kitamura M, Makihara Y, Omae T, Hanawa S, Yoshikawa K, Takaoka K, Kishimoto H. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Induces PD-L1 Expression and an Invasive Phenotype of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:343. [PMID: 38254832 PMCID: PMC10813992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is related to the prognosis of many solid malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the mechanism of PD-L1 induction remains obscure. In this study, we examined the expression of PD-L1 and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in OSCC. METHODS The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizing LPS in OSCC cell lines was analyzed. Moreover, the induction of PD-L1 expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) or Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS and EMT was analyzed by western blotting and RT-PCR. Morphology, proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities were examined upon addition of LPS. PD-L1 within EXOs was examined. RESULTS PD-L1 expression and pEMT induced by LPS of P.g or E. coli in TLR4-expressing OSCC cell lines were observed. Addition of LPS did not change migration, proliferation, or cell morphology, but increased invasive ability. Moreover, higher expression of PD-L1 was observed in OSCC EXOs with LPS. CONCLUSION Oral bacterial LPS is involved in enhanced invasive potential in OSCC cells, causing PD-L1 expression and induction of pEMT. The enhancement of PD-L1 expression after addition of LPS may be mediated by EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuma Noguchi
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa-cho1-1, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (T.O.); (S.H.); (K.Y.); (K.T.); (H.K.)
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Kalogirou EM, Foutadakis S, Koutsi MA, Vatsellas G, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Petsinis V, Sklavounou A, Agelopoulos M, Tosios KI. Decoding a gene expression program that accompanies the phenotype of sporadic and Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome-associated odontogenic keratocyst. J Oral Pathol Med 2022; 51:649-658. [PMID: 35665542 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is characterized by local aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate, as well as the potential to develop in association with the Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS). The aim of this study was to decode the gene expression program accompanying OKC phenotype. METHODS 150-bp paired-end RNA-sequencing was applied on 6 sporadic and 6 BSCN-associated whole-tissue OKC samples in comparison to 6 dental follicles, coupled to bioinformatics and complemented by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 2,654 and 2,427 differentially expressed genes were captured to characterize the transcriptome of sporadic and BCNS-associated OKCs, respectively. Gene ontologies (GOs) related to "epidermis/skin development" and "keratinocyte/epidermal cell differentiation" were enriched among the upregulated genes (KRT10, NCCRP1, TP63, GRHL3, SOX21), while "extracellular matrix (ECM) organization" (ITGA5, LOXL2) and "odontogenesis" (MSX1, LHX8) GOs were overrepresented among the downregulated genes in OKC. Interestingly, upregulation of various embryonic stem cells (ESCs) markers (EPHA1, SCNN1A) and genes committed in cellular reprogramming (SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2, CDH1) was found in OKC. These findings were highly shared between sporadic and BCNS-associated OKCs. Immunohistochemistry verified SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2/TROP2, CDH1/E-cadherin, and p63 expression predominantly in the OKC suprabasal epithelial layers. CONCLUSION The OKC transcriptomic profile is characterized by a prominent epidermal and dental epithelial fate, a repressed dental mesenchyme fate combined with deregulated ECM organization, and enhanced stemness gene signatures. Thus, we propose a developed epidermis-like phenotype in the OKC suprabasal epithelial cells, established in parallel to a significant upregulation of marker genes related to ESCs and cellular reprogramming. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Marina Kalogirou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Foutadakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna A Koutsi
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giannis Vatsellas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Petsinis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Agelopoulos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tosios
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Araki-Maeda H, Kawabe M, Omori Y, Yamanegi K, Yoshida K, Yoshikawa K, Takaoka K, Noguchi K, Nakano Y, Kishimoto H. Establishment of an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line expressing vascular endothelial growth factor a and its two receptors. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1471-1479. [PMID: 36299342 PMCID: PMC9588810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) promotes tumor growth through both autocrine and paracrine signaling. VEGF-positive OSCC cases are associated with a high depth of invasion, increased metastasis, and poor prognosis. In this study we established and then molecularly and functionally analyzed an OSCC cell line that co-expresses VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2, termed HCM-SqCC010 cells. Materials and methods VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 expression in HCM-SqCC010 cells were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Expression and inhibition of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in HCM-SqCC010 cells were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Our analysis of HCM-SqCC010 cells revealed that their proliferation depended on VEGF-A, and selective inhibition of VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2 resulted in decreased cell growth. Conclusion We established an OSCC cell line, HCM-SqCC010, that expresses VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2. This triple-positive cell line showed no effect from a molecular targeted drug toward VEGF-A, but it did show strong cell growth inhibition in response to a VEGFR inhibitor. Thus, new therapeutic strategies against OSCC should include a VEGFR inhibitor.
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Noguchi K, Kanda S, Yoshida K, Funaoka Y, Yamanegi K, Yoshikawa K, Takaoka K, Kishimoto H, Nakano Y. Establishment of a patient‑derived mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line with the CRTC1‑MAML2 fusion gene. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:75. [PMID: 35251626 PMCID: PMC8848773 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant tumor of the major and minor salivary glands. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment and there is no effective post-operative therapy for MEC. The present study reports an Institutional Review Board-approved case of a 45-year-old Japanese female diagnosed with low-grade MEC in the hard palate. Radical resection, supraomohyoid neck dissection and antero-lateral thigh flap reconstruction was performed. A MEC cell line was then established from the resected tumor tissue. Short tandem repeat profiling confirmed the origin and authenticity of the cell line, that harbors a CRTC1-MAML2 translocation, which is frequently observed in MEC. Amphiregulin (AREG), identified as one of the targets of the CRTC1-MAML2 fusion gene, was expressed in the cell line. The AREG receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was also highly phosphorylated. The results predicted that AREG-EGFR signaling, which is required for tumor growth and survival, might be activated in the cell line in a cell-autonomous manner. As AREG expression is associated with EGFR-targeted drug resistance, this cell line might assist with the identification of novel strategies for MEC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Kanda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yoshikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Nakano
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan
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Chacham M, Almoznino G, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Buchner A, Vered M. Expression of stem cell markers in stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:1068-1077. [PMID: 32840915 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stroma of odontogenic cysts/tumors may confer them differential biological behavior. We aimed to investigate the immunoexpression of stem cell markers (Nanog, SOX2, Oct4, and CD34) in the stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors. CD34 was investigated exclusively as a marker for stromal fibroblast/fibrocyte cells (CD34 + SFCs). CD34 + SFCs were also investigated ultrastructurally. METHODS Ten cases each of primary odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), recurrent OKC, dentigerous cyst, ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, odontogenic myxoma, and 7 syndromic OKC were included. Results were represented as the mean score (%) of positive cells/field for each marker for each study group. For CD34 + SFCs, results are presented as the mean number of cells/field for each type of lesion. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation statistical tests were used; significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS All markers except Oct4 were expressed by stromal cells in all lesions. Expression of SOX2 was significantly higher in tumors than in cysts (P < .05). CD34 + SFCs were more frequent in cysts than in tumors. Ultrastructurally, CD34 + SFCs were identified for the first time in odontogenic lesions and showed characteristic bipolar/dendritic morphology. CONCLUSION Among examined stromal stem cell markers, only SOX2 distinguished tumors from cysts. CD34 + SFCs may also contribute to the biological behavior of odontogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Chacham
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Galit Almoznino
- Big Biomedical Data Research Laboratory, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation & Maxillofacial Imaging, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dentistry, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Buchner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Imaging, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Santos HBDP, Morais EFD, Cavalcante RB, Nogueira RLM, Nonaka CFW, Souza LBD, Freitas RDA. Immunoexpression of DNA base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair proteins in ameloblastomas, syndromic and non-syndromic odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104627. [PMID: 31862643 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immunoexpression of DNA base excision repair (BER) [apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE-1), X-ray repair cross complementing 1 (XRCC-1)] and nucleotide excision repair (NER) [xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group (XPF)] proteins in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions with different biological behaviors. DESIGN Thirty solid ameloblastomas, 30 non-syndromic odontogenic keratocysts (NSOKCs), 29 syndromic odontogenic keratocysts (SKOCs), 30 dentigerous cysts (DCs) and 20 dental follicles (DFs) were evaluated quantitatively for APE-1, XRCC-1 and XPF through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Nuclear expression of APE-1 was significantly higher in NSOKCs, SOKCs, and ameloblastomas in comparison to DCs (p < 0.001). Nuclear expression of XRCC-1 was higher in NSOKCs and SOKCs than in DCs (p < 0.05). At the nuclear level, XPF expression was higher in NSOKCs and SOKCs than in DCs and ameloblastomas (p < 0.05). A statistically significant higher expression of APE-1 (nuclear), XRCC-1 (nuclear), and XPF (nuclear and cytoplasmic) was found in all odontogenic lesion samples as compared to DFs (p < 0.05). For all lesions, there was a positive correlation between nuclear expression of APE-1 and XRCC-1 or XPF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a potential involvement of APE-1, XRCC-1 and XPF proteins in the pathogenesis of benign epithelial odontogenic lesions, especially in those with more aggressive biological behavior, such as ameloblastomas, NSOKCs, and SOKCs. We also showed that the expression of APE-1 was positively correlated with the nuclear expression of XRCC-1 and XPF, which may suggest an interaction between the BER and NER pathways in all odontogenic lesions studied herein.
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Yang SB, Pang BX, Xue J, Yuan RT. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in odontogenic keratocyst keratinocytes. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1175-1184. [PMID: 30811745 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the proliferation and apoptosis of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) keratinocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Keratinocytes isolated from the epithelial lining of the OKC were cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium and identified by CK10, CK14, pan-cytokeratin and vimentin immunofluorescence staining. The cells were exposed to EGCG at different concentrations, and proliferation inhibition was measured by cell counting kit 8 assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry, and expression of the WNT signalling pathway-related proteins FZD3 and JNK3 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were used as the control. RESULTS The OKC keratinocytes were successfully cultured. The primary cells were tile-like and expressed the epithelial biomarkers CK10, CK14 and pan-cytokeratin. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, arrested cell cycle in the G1 phase and induced apoptosis of OKC keratinocytes. FZD3 and JNK3 were overexpressed in OKC keratinocytes compared with HOKs and were downregulated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment. CONCLUSION Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in OKC keratinocytes, possibly by suppressing the WNT/JNK signalling pathway. It may thus be potentially used for OKC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Bin Yang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-Xing Pang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong-Tao Yuan
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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