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Sharma S, Pei X, Xing F, Wu SY, Wu K, Tyagi A, Zhao D, Deshpande R, Ruiz MG, Singh R, Lyu F, Watabe K. Regucalcin promotes dormancy of prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:1012-1026. [PMID: 33323968 PMCID: PMC8958430 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in men. The major cause of death in prostate cancer patients can be attributed to metastatic spread of disease or tumor recurrence after initial treatment. Prostate tumors are known to remain undetected or dormant for a long period of time before they progress locoregionally or at distant sites as overt tumors. However, the molecular mechanism of dormancy is yet poorly understood. In this study, we performed a differential gene expression analysis and identified a gene, Regucalcin (RGN), which promotes dormancy of prostate cancer. We found that cancer patients expressing higher level of RGN showed significantly longer recurrence-free and overall- survival. Using a doxycycline-inducible RGN expression system, we showed that ectopic expression of RGN in prostate tumor cells induced dormancy in vivo, while following suppression of RGN triggered recurrence of tumor growth. On the other hand, silencing RGN in LNCap cells promoted its outgrowth in the tibia of mice. Importantly, RGN promoted multiple known hallmarks of tumor dormancy including activation of p38 MAPK, decrease in Erk signaling and inhibition of FOXM1 expression. Furthermore, we found that RGN significantly suppressed angiogenesis by increasing secretory miR-23c level in the exosomes. Intriguingly, FOXM1 was found to negatively regulate miR-23c expression in prostate cancer. In addition, we identified 11 RGN downstream target genes that independently predicted longer recurrence-free survival in patients. We found that expression of these genes was regulated by FOXM1 and/or p38 MAPK. These findings suggest a critical role of RGN in prostate cancer dormancy, and the utility of RGN signaling and exosomal miR-23c as biomarkers for predicting recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambad Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Xinhong Pei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kerui Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ravindra Deshpande
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Marco Gabriel Ruiz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Feng Lyu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. Tel.: 336-716-0231; Fax: 336-716-0255
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Yamaguchi M, Osuka S, Murata T, Ramos JW. Progression-free survival of prostate cancer patients is prolonged with a higher regucalcin expression in the tumor tissues: Overexpressed regucalcin suppresses the growth and bone activity in human prostate cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100955. [PMID: 33232921 PMCID: PMC7691610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, which is a bone metastatic cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. There is no effective treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Regucalcin has been shown to contribute as a suppressor in various types of human cancers. In the present study, furthermore, we investigate an involvement of regucalcin in suppression of prostate cancer. Regucalcin expression was compared in 131 primary tumor tissues and 19 metastatic tumor tissues in prostate cancer patients. Regucalcin expression in the metastatic tumor was found to be reduced as compared with that in primary tumor. The progression-free survival rate was prolonged in patients with a higher regucalcin expression. Translationally, overexpression of regucalcin in bone metastatic human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cells suppressed colony formation and cell growth in vitro. Mechanistically, overexpressed regucalcin enhanced the levels of p53, Rb, and p21, and decreased the levels of Ras, PI3 kinase, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, leading to suppression of cell growth. Furthermore, higher regucalcin expression suppressed the levels of nuclear factor-κB p65, β-catenin, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which regulate a transcription activity. Cell growth was promoted by culturing with the calcium agonist Bay K 8644. This effect was blocked by overexpression of regucalcin. Notably, overexpressed regucalcin suppressed bone metastatic activity of PC-3 and DU-145 cells when cocultured with preosteoblastic or preosteoclastic cells. Regucalcin may suppress the development of human prostate cancer, suggesting that gene delivery systems in which its expression is forced may be a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Hawaii, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wallace Tumor Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 520A, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Joe W Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Hawaii, HI 96813, USA
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Hu Z, Wang H, Fu Y, Ma K, Ma X, Wang J. Gentiopicroside Inhibits Cell Growth and Migration on Cervical Cancer via the Reciprocal MAPK/Akt Signaling Pathways. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1459-1470. [PMID: 32762372 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1801777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a common gynecological malignancy and represents a major global health challenge. Chemotherapeutic agents are commonly applied in treatment of CC, while along various adverse effects and chemotherapy resistance. As an iridoid glycoside compound, gentiopicroside (GPS) possesses the characteristic of the better availability and lower toxicity effect on cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated that GPS exhibited the anticancer effect on HeLa cells through the inhibition of cell growth, induced apoptosis, cycle arrest, and suppressed migration. Furthermore, the possible mechanism or the targets of GPS was also clarified. The results revealed that GPS exerted an anti-proliferation effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HeLa cells, in contrast, with the less inhibiting proliferation effects on normal cell line (HUVEC). Moreover, GPS arrested cells at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. More significantly, GPS dramatically inhibited the migration of HeLa cells and regulated the matrix metalloproteinase expression through the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, of which MAPK1 was an underlying target in GPS against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Oncology Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Oncology Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Yamaguchi M, Murata T. Overexpression of Regucalcin Suppresses the Growth of Human Osteosarcoma Cells in Vitro: Repressive Effect of Extracellular Regucalcin. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:37-51. [PMID: 31868021 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1708924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin plays a pivotal role as a suppressor of human carcinogenesis, and downregulation of regucalcin expression may contribute to the promotion of human osteosarcoma. Overexpression of regucalcin suppressed the proliferation of Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and decreased the protein levels of multiple signaling components, transcription factors, and tumor suppressors. Interestingly, extracellular regucalcin repressed colony formation and proliferation of Saos-2 cells, and reduced the protein levels of multiple signaling components, cell cycle inhibitor, and various transcription factors. Thus, regucalcin suppressed the growth of human osteosarcoma cells, providing a novel strategy with the gene therapy for treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Japan
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Li X, Huang Y, Guo S, Xie M, Bin X, Shi M, Chen A, Chen S, Wu F, Hu Q, Zhou S. Exogenous regucalcin negatively regulates the progression of cervical adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:609-616. [PMID: 31289533 PMCID: PMC6546977 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) is a type of cervical cancer, and in previous decades its incidence has steadily increased. The upregulation of regucalcin (RGN) in various tumor cell types inhibits the progression of cancer. To understand the role of RGN in CA, RGN expression in human cervical cancer compared with normal tissues was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Subsequently, transfection of lentivirus-mediated RGN into HeLa cells was conducted to study its function in tumor proliferation and metastasis. The expression of RGN and proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated using Transwell assays. Furthermore, cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Lentivirus-mediated RGN effectively upregulated RGN expression, inhibited cell proliferation, retarded cellular invasion and promoted cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in HeLa cells. In addition, the expression levels of β-catenin, p-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-7 and MMP-9 were effectively decreased, whilst those of E-cadherin and GSK-3β were increased. The results suggest that RGN may be an inhibitory factor in tumorigenesis, and its mechanism of inhibiting tumor proliferation and metastasis may be associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Yingwen Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Shunli Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Bin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Anning Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China.,National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
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Yamaguchi M, Hankinson O. 2,3,7,8‑tetrachlorodibenzo‑p‑dioxin suppresses the growth of human colorectal cancer cells in vitro: Implication of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1422-1432. [PMID: 30720065 PMCID: PMC6411353 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer disease with a 5‑year survival rate of 55% in USA in 2016. The investigation to identify novel biomarker factors with molecular classification may provide notable clinical information to prolong the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binds the AHR nuclear translocator in the cytoplasm of various types of cells, including liver cells, and then binds to the xenobiotic responsive element on various genes. AHR was initially discovered via its ligand, the polychlorinated hydrocarbon, 2,3,7,8‑tetrachlorodibenzo‑p‑dioxin (TCDD). The present study was undertaken to determine whether TCDD, an agonist of AHR signaling, impacts the growth of RKO human colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Treatment with TCDD (0.1‑100 nM) revealed suppressive effects on colony formation and proliferation of RKO cells, and stimulated death of these cells with subconfluence. These effects of TCDD were abolished by pretreatment with CH223191, an inhibitor of AHR signaling. Western blot analysis demonstrated that TCDD treatment decreased AHR levels and elevated cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) levels, indicating a stimulation of AHR signaling. TCDD treatment caused an increase in nuclear factor‑κB p65 and β‑catenin levels, although it did not have an effect on Ras levels. Notably, TCDD treatment increased the levels of p53, retinoblastoma, p21 and regucalcin, which are depressors of carcinogenesis. Additionally, action of TCDD on cell proliferation and death were not revealed in regucalcin‑overexpressing RKO cells, and regucalcin overexpression depressed AHR signaling associated with CYP1A1 expression. Thus, AHR signaling suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells, indicating a role as a significant targeting molecule for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
| | - Oliver Hankinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
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Yamaguchi M, Osuka S, Hankinson O, Murata T. Prolonged survival of renal cancer patients is concomitant with a higher regucalcin gene expression in tumor tissues: Overexpression of regucalcin suppresses the growth of human renal cell carcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:188-198. [PMID: 30387835 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is a type of cancer found in the kidney tubule, is among the 10 most frequently occurring human cancers. Regucalcin plays a potential role as a regulator of transcriptional activity, and its downregulated expression or activity may contribute to the promotion of human cancers. In this study, we investigated the involvement of regucalcin in human RCC. Regucalcin expression was compared in 23 normal and 29 tumor samples of kidney cortex tissues of patients with clear cell RCC obtained through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE36895). Regucalcin expression was downregulated in the tumor tissues. The prolonged survival of patients with clear cell RCC was demonstrated to be associated with a higher regucalcin gene expression in the TCGA dataset. The overexpression of regucalcin suppressed the colony formation, proliferation and the death of human clear cell RCC A498 cells in vitro. Mechanistically, the overexpression of regucalcin induced the G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest of A498 cells through the suppression of multiple signaling components, including Ras, PI3 kinase, Akt and mitogen‑activated protein (MAP) kinase. Importantly, the overexpression of regucalcin led to an elevation in the levels of the tumor suppressors, p53, Rb and the cell cycle inhibitor, p21. The levels of the transcription factors, c‑fos, c‑jun, nuclear factor‑κB p65, β‑catenin and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, were suppressed by regucalcin overexpression. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that regucalcin plays a suppressive role in the promotion of human RCC. The overexpression of regucalcin by gene delivery systems may thus prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Oliver Hankinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095‑1732, USA
| | - Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468‑8503, Japan
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