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Lopes RM, Souza ACS, Otręba M, Rzepecka-Stojko A, Tersariol ILS, Rodrigues T. Targeting autophagy by antipsychotic phenothiazines: potential drug repurposing for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116075. [PMID: 38395266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is recognized as the major cause of death worldwide and the most challenging public health issues. Tumor cells exhibit molecular adaptations and metabolic reprograming to sustain their high proliferative rate and autophagy plays a pivotal role to supply the high demand for metabolic substrates and for recycling cellular components, which has attracted the attention of the researchers. The modulation of the autophagic process sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapy-induced cell death and reverts drug resistance. In this regard, many in vitro and in vivo studies having shown the anticancer activity of phenothiazine (PTZ) derivatives due to their potent cytotoxicity in tumor cells. Interestingly, PTZ have been used as antiemetics in antitumor chemotherapy-induced vomiting, maybe exerting a combined antitumor effect. Among the mechanisms of cytotoxicity, the modulation of autophagy by these drugs has been highlighted. Therefore, the use of PTZ derivatives can be considered as a repurposing strategy in antitumor chemotherapy. Here, we provided an overview of the effects of antipsychotic PTZ on autophagy in tumor cells, evidencing the molecular targets and discussing the underlying mechanisms. The modulation of autophagy by PTZ in tumor cells have been consistently related to their cytotoxic action. These effects depend on the derivative, their concentration, and also the type of cancer. Most data have shown the impairment of autophagic flux by PTZ, probably due to the blockade of lysosome-autophagosome fusion, but some studies have also suggested the induction of autophagy. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting autophagy by PTZ in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa M Lopes
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina S Souza
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
| | - Michał Otręba
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Rzepecka-Stojko
- Department of Drug and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Departament of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
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Sakamaki K, Funasaka K, Miyahara R, Furukawa K, Yamamura T, Ohno E, Nakamura M, Kawashima H, Hirooka Y, Fujishiro M, Goto H. Low ETV1 mRNA expression is associated with recurrence in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14767. [PMID: 32901065 PMCID: PMC7478956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) possess KIT mutations that induce constitutive signal transduction, the clinical outcomes are variable. The ETS translocation variant 1 (ETV1) gene encodes a transcription factor that is reported to cooperate with KIT in GISTs. However, the clinical role of ETV1 is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine ETV1 expression and its associations with clinical features in GISTs. We conducted a cohort study involving 64 patients with GISTs who underwent surgical resection between October 2008 and February 2015. ETV1 mRNA expression was compared with that in non-GISTs and was analyzed among risk classifications or clinical outcomes. The GIST samples exhibited significantly higher ETV1 mRNA expression than the non-GIST samples (P < 0.0001). Sixty-four GISTs were stratified into high or low ETV1 mRNA expression groups based on the median relative abundance of ETV1 mRNA. The multivariate analysis showed that low ETV1 expression, as well as tumor size and mitotic index, was an independent factor of recurrence (hazard ratio: 8.1). Patients with high ETV1 expression achieved significantly longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) times than those with low ETV1 expression (P = 0.025). Our study revealed that low ETV1 expression is an independent factor of recurrence after surgery in patients with GISTs, and thus, low ETV1 expression might be a marker of more aggressive malignant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Sakamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kohei Funasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Miyahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masanao Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidemi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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