1
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Wang Y, Fu Q, Tao YJ, Ying SN, Zhong HG, Zhu Y, Qian XH, Miao L, Yang LH. Girdin acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer by regulating AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:29. [PMID: 36604355 PMCID: PMC9816263 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ThE present work focused on exploring Girdin expression within gastric cancer (GC), examining the effect of Girdin on the cell phenotype of GC, and clarifying the underlying mechanisms. Girdin expression in GC samples was identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Girdin-targeting siRNAs were transfected into GC cells; later, we examined GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, respectively. Additionally, the protein expression was examined through Western blotting assay. Moreover, the tumor implantation experiment was conducted for examining Girdin knockdown in vivo. The results showed that Girdin expression elevated within GC samples, which was associated with the dismal prognostic outcome. Girdin knockdown suppressed GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Girdin promoted the phosphorylation of AKT, GSK3β, and β-catenin. Moreover, Girdin inhibited the phosphorylation of β-catenin. Girdin suppressed cell apoptosis and stimulated cell migration and invasion, while AKT inhibitor (MK2206) treatment reversed the effect of Girdin overexpression, and GSK3β inhibitor (CHIR99021) treatment enhanced the effect of Girdin overexpression on GC cells. Besides, Girdin delayed tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, Girdin was abnormally expressed in GC samples, which promoted the development of GC by regulating AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Jian Tao
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Jiangsu Rudong County People's Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Ying
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng-Gao Zhong
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Qian
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 121 Jiang Jia Yuan Road, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Wang J, Li X, Li Y, Yao X. Girdin knockdown promotes apoptosis in colorectal cancer via miR-29c-3p/Girdin axis. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:2906-2915. [PMID: 35117048 PMCID: PMC8797721 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background In recent years, the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have increased year by year among young people. Increased levels of Girdin expression predict a poor prognosis of CRC, which presents a serious threat to human health globally. Herein, we investigated the role of Girdin in CRC and explored the underlying mechanisms in CRC. Methods The expression of Girdin was detected in human specimens. HCT116 cells with stably expressing or knock-out Girdin protein were successfully constructed to observe the biological function of gene. Protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot. Results Clinically, overexpression of Girdin was observed in the tumor tissue and poor prognosis of CRC patients. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays showed that Girdin promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro. Mechanistically, Girdin knock-down significantly enhanced apoptosis, the mitochondrial membrane potential dropped, and the reactive oxygen species increased greatly. Last but not least, we analyzed the TargetScan dataset and found that Girdin was a regulated target of hsa-miR-29c-3p in CRC. Luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the interaction between hsa-miR-29c-3p and the 3’UTR of Girdin. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Girdin has a crucial role in CRC progression via miR-29c-3p/Girdin axis, highlighting Girdin as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital & School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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3
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Lan Y, Li YJ, Li DJ, Li P, Wang JY, Diao YP, Ye GD, Li YF. Long noncoding RNA MEG3 prevents vascular endothelial cell senescence by impairing miR-128-dependent Girdin downregulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C830-C843. [PMID: 30576236 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00262.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly associated with various biological functions, in which the function of lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been identified in various cancers. Strikingly, an association between MEG3 with microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs, and proteins has been reported. This study investigates the role of MEG3 in vascular endothelial cell (VEC) senescence. Expression of Girdin and miR-128 was monitored in the blood vessel samples of young and old mice/healthy volunteers, along with the measurement of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The relationship between MEG3/Girdin and miR-128 was determined and verified. Loss- and gain-of-function approaches were applied to analyze the regulatory effects of MEG3 on platelet phagocytosis and lipoprotein oxidation of HUVEC membrane. In addition, the effect of MEG3 on HUVEC senescence was evaluated by detection of the reactive oxygen species, telomerase activity, and telomere length. To further analyze the MEG3-mediated regulatory mechanism, miR-128 upregulation and inhibition were introduced into the HUVECs. Downregulated Girdin and upregulated miR-128 were found in the blood vessels of old individuals and old mice, as well as in senescent HUVECs. MEG3 downregulation was found to be capable of inhibiting Girdin but enhancing miR-128 expression. It was also indicated to inhibit platelet phagocytosis and reduce telomerase activity and telomere length, while enhancing lipoprotein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production, which ultimately contributed in preventing and protecting HUEVCs from senescence. These findings provide evidence supporting that MEG3 leads to miR-128 downregulation and Girdin upregulation, which promotes platelet phagocytosis, thus protecting VECs from senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lan
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jun Li
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Peng Diao
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Ye
- National Center of Gerontology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Fang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhang H, Yu F, Qin F, Shao Y, Chong W, Guo Z, Liu X, Fu L, Gu F, Ma Y. Combination of cytoplasmic and nuclear girdin expression is an independent prognosis factor of breast cancer. FASEB J 2017; 32:2395-2410. [PMID: 29259035 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700825rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Girdin is an actin-binding protein playing key roles in the development of various carcinomas. Although online tools have predicted nuclear localization of girdin with a high probability, convincing proof has rarely been provided until now. The purpose of this study was to discover girdin's precise subcellular distribution and the potential prognostic value corresponding to its localization. The subcellular distribution of girdin was detected in a human breast cancer cell line and in >800 samples of human breast tissue by clinical pathologic analysis. In this study, we discovered for the first time that girdin could attach to chromatin and interact with topoisomerase-IIα in nucleus. Cytoplasmic and nuclear girdin exhibited different roles in prognosis of breast cancer: cytoplasmic girdin expression was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival (PFS), whereas nuclear girdin expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). More important, combination cytoplasmic and nuclear girdin was an independent prognosis factor of both OS and PFS. In conclusion, our research results strongly recommend combination analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear girdin for a precise prognostic prediction in breast cancer.-Zhang, H., Yu, F., Qin, F., Shao, Y., Chong, W., Guo, Z., Liu, X., Fu, L., Gu, F., Ma, Y. Combination of cytoplasmic and nuclear girdin expression is an independent prognosis factor of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikun Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Qin
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chong
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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5
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The stress polarity pathway: AMPK 'GIV'-es protection against metabolic insults. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:303-314. [PMID: 28209925 PMCID: PMC5361665 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity impairs organ development and function; it can also serve as one of the first triggers for oncogenesis. In 2006-2007 two groups simultaneously reported the existence of a special pathway for maintaining epithelial polarity in the face of environmental stressors. In this pathway, AMPK, a key sensor of metabolic stress stabilizes tight junctions, preserves cell polarity, and thereby, maintains epithelial barrier functions. Accumulating evidence since has shown that pharmacologic activation of AMPK by Metformin protects the epithelial barrier against multiple environmental and pathological stressful states and suppresses tumorigenesis. How AMPK protects the epithelium remained unknown until recently Aznar et al. identified GIV/Girdin as a novel effector of AMPK at the cell-cell junctions; phosphorylation of GIV at a single site by AMPK appears to be both necessary and sufficient for strengthening tight junctions and preserving cell polarity and epithelial barrier function in the face of energetic stress. Here we review the fundamentals of this specialized signaling pathway that buttresses cell-cell junctions against stress-induced collapse and discuss its pathophysiologic relevance in the context of a variety of diseases, including cancers, diabetes, aging, and the growing list of beneficial effects of the AMPK-activator, Metformin.
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Dunkel Y, Diao K, Aznar N, Swanson L, Liu L, Zhu W, Mi XY, Ghosh P. Prognostic impact of total and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV/Girdin in breast cancers. FASEB J 2016; 30:3702-3713. [PMID: 27440794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV, aka Girdin) is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the trimeric G protein Gαi and a bona fide metastasis-related gene that serves as a platform for amplification of tyrosine-based signals via G-protein intermediates. Here we present the first exploratory biomarker study conducted on a cohort of 187 patients with breast cancer to evaluate the prognostic role of total GIV (tGIV) and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV (pYGIV) across the various molecular subtypes. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of recurrence-free survival showed that the presence of tGIV, either cytoplasmic or nuclear, carried poor prognosis, but that nuclear tGIV had a greater prognostic impact (P = 0.007 in early and P = 0.0048 in late clinical stages). Activated pYGIV in the cytoplasm had the greatest prognostic impact in late clinical stages (P = 0.006). Furthermore, we found that the prognostic impacts of cytoplasmic pYGIV and nuclear tGIV were additive (hazard ratio 19.0548; P = 0.0002). Surprisingly, this additive effect of nuclear tGIV/cytoplasmic pYGIV was observed in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors (hazard ratio 16.918; P = 0.0005) but not in triple-negative breast cancers. In triple-negative breast cancers, tGIV and cytoplasmic pYGIV had no prognostic impact; however, membrane-association of pYGIV carried a poor prognosis (P = 0.026). Both tGIV and pYGIV showed no correlation with clinical stage, tumor size, pathologic type, lymph node involvement, and BRCA1/2 status. We conclude that immunocytochemical detection of pYGIV and tGIV can serve as an effective prognosticator. On the basis of the differential prognostic impact of tGIV/pYGIV within each molecular subtype, we propose a diagnostic algorithm. Further studies on larger cohorts are essential to rigorously assess the effectiveness and robustness of this algorithm in prognosticating outcome among patients with breast cancer.-Dunkel, Y., Diao, K., Aznar, N., Swanson, L., Liu, L., Zhu, W., Mi, X.-Y., Ghosh, P. Prognostic impact of total and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV/Girdin in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Kexin Diao
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Lee Swanson
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Lawrence Liu
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Wenhong Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Mi
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, .,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
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7
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Ghosh P, Tie J, Muranyi A, Singh S, Brunhoeber P, Leith K, Bowermaster R, Liao Z, Zhu Y, LaFleur B, Tran B, Desai J, Jones I, Croxford M, Jover R, Goel A, Waring P, Hu S, Teichgraber V, Rohr UP, Ridder R, Shanmugam K, Gibbs P. Girdin (GIV) Expression as a Prognostic Marker of Recurrence in Mismatch Repair-Proficient Stage II Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3488-98. [PMID: 27029492 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognostic markers that identify patients with stage II colon cancers who are at the risk of recurrence are essential to personalize therapy. We evaluated the potential of GIV/Girdin as a predictor of recurrence risk in such patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of full-length GIV was evaluated by IHC using a newly developed mAb together with a mismatch repair (MMR)-specific antibody panel in three stage II colon cancer patient cohorts, that is, a training (n = 192), test (n = 317), and validation (n = 181) cohort, with clinical follow-up data. Recurrence risk stratification models were established in the training cohort of T3, proficient MMR (pMMR) patients without chemotherapy and subsequently validated. RESULTS For T3 pMMR tumors, GIV expression and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were the only factors predicting recurrence in both training (GIV: HR, 2.78, P = 0.013; LVI: HR, 2.54, P = 0.025) and combined test and validation (pooled) cohorts (GIV: HR, 1.85, P = 0.019; LVI: HR, 2.52, P = 0.0004). A risk model based on GIV expression and LVI status classified patients into high- or low-risk groups; 3-year recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in the high-risk versus low-risk group across all cohorts [Training: 52.3% vs. 84.8%; HR, 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-9.32; Test: 85.9% vs. 97.9%, HR, 7.83, 95% CI, 1.03-59.54; validation: 59.4% vs. 84.4%, HR, 3.71, 95% CI, 1.24-11.12]. CONCLUSIONS GIV expression status predicts recurrence risk in patients with T3 pMMR stage II colon cancer. A risk model combining GIV expression and LVI status information further enhances prediction of recurrence. Further validation studies are warranted before GIV status can be routinely included in patient management algorithms. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3488-98. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jeanne Tie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yifei Zhu
- Spring Bioscience, Pleasanton, California
| | | | - Ben Tran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Jones
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Jover
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ajay Goel
- Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Waring
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Song Hu
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Gibbs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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8
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Leyme A, Marivin A, Garcia-Marcos M. GIV/Girdin (Gα-interacting, Vesicle-associated Protein/Girdin) Creates a Positive Feedback Loop That Potentiates Outside-in Integrin Signaling in Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8269-82. [PMID: 26887938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) upon cell stimulation by the extracellular matrix initiates integrin outside-in signaling. FAK is directly recruited to active integrins, which enhances its kinase activity and triggers downstream signaling like activation of PI3K. We recently described that Gα-interacting, vesicle-associated protein (GIV), a protein up-regulated in metastatic cancers, is also required for outside-in integrin signaling. More specifically, we found that GIV is a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates trimeric G proteins in response to integrin stimulation to enhance PI3K signaling and tumor cell migration. In contrast, previous reports have established that GIV is involved in phosphotyrosine (Tyr(P))-based signaling in response to growth factor stimulation;i.e.GIV phosphorylation at Tyr-1764 and Tyr-1798 recruits and activates PI3K. Here we show that phosphorylation of GIV at Tyr-1764/Tyr-1798 is also required to enhance PI3K-Akt signaling and tumor cell migration in response to integrin stimulation, indicating that GIV functions in Tyr(P)-dependent integrin signaling. Unexpectedly, we found that activation of FAK, an upstream component of the integrin Tyr(P) signaling cascade, was diminished in GIV-depleted cells, suggesting that GIV is required to establish a positive feedback loop that enhances integrin-FAK signaling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that this feedback activation of FAK depends on both guanine nucleotide exchange factor and Tyr(P) GIV signaling as well as on their convergence point, PI3K. Taken together, our results provide novel mechanistic insights into how GIV promotes proinvasive cancer cell behavior by working as a signal-amplifying platform at the crossroads of trimeric G protein and Tyr(P) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Leyme
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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9
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Aznar N, Kalogriopoulos N, Midde KK, Ghosh P. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling via GIV/Girdin: Breaking the rules of engagement, space, and time. Bioessays 2016; 38:379-93. [PMID: 26879989 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canonical signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is spatially and temporally restricted, that is, triggered exclusively at the plasma membrane (PM), only by agonist activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via a process that completes within a few hundred milliseconds. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed a non-canonical pathway for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by the non-receptor guanidine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), GIV/Girdin. This pathway has distinctive temporal and spatial features and an unusual profile of receptor engagement: diverse classes of receptors, not just GPCRs can engage with GIV to trigger such activation. Such activation is spatially and temporally unrestricted, that is, can occur both at the PM and on internal membranes discontinuous with the PM, and can continue for prolonged periods of time. Here, we provide the most complete up-to-date review of the molecular mechanisms that govern the unique spatiotemporal aspects of non-canonical G protein activation by GIV and the relevance of this new paradigm in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Cao K, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Zeng Q, He S, Yu L, Zhou J, Cao P. miR-101 Inhibiting Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Downregulating Girdin. Mol Cells 2016; 39:96-102. [PMID: 26743900 PMCID: PMC4757808 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-101 is considered to play an important role in hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to confirm whether Girdin is a target gene of miR-101 and determine the tumor suppressor of miR-101 through Girdin pathway. In our previous studies, we firstly found Girdin protein was overexpressed in HCC tissues, and it closely correlated to tumor size, T stage, TNM stage and Edmondson-Steiner stage of HCC patients. After specific small interfering RNA of Girdin was transfected into HepG2 and Huh7.5.1 cells, the proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells were significantly inhibited. In this study, we further explored the detailed molecular mechanism of Girdin in HCC. Interestingly, we found that miR-101 significantly low-expressed in HCC tissues compared with that in matched normal tissues while Girdin had a relative higher expression, and miR-101 was inversely correlated with Girdin expression. In addition, after miR-101 transfection, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of HepG2 cells were weakened. Furthermore, we confirmed that Girdin is a direct target gene of miR-101. Finally we confirmed Talen-mediated Girdin knockout markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC while down-regulation of miR-101 significantly restored the inhibitory effect. Our findings suggested that miR-101/Girdin axis could be a potential application of HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Basic Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Siqi He
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Peiguo Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
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11
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Ghosh P. The untapped potential of tyrosine-based G protein signaling. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:99-107. [PMID: 26808081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine-based and trimeric G protein-based signaling are the two most widely studied and distinct mechanisms for signal transduction in eukaryotes. How each of them relay signals across the plasma membrane independently of each other has been extensively characterized; however, an understanding of how they work together remained obscure. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed that tyrosine based signals are relayed via G proteins, and that the cross-talk between the two hubs are more robustly and sophisticatedly integrated than was previously imagined. More importantly, by straddling the two signaling hubs that are most frequently targeted for their therapeutic significance, the tyrosine-based G-protein signaling pathway has its own growing list of pathophysiologic importance, both as therapeutic target in a variety of disease states, and by paving the way for personalized medicine. The fundamental principles of this emerging paradigm and its pharmacologic potential are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, United States.
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Leyme A, Marivin A, Perez-Gutierrez L, Nguyen LT, Garcia-Marcos M. Integrins activate trimeric G proteins via the nonreceptor protein GIV/Girdin. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1165-84. [PMID: 26391662 PMCID: PMC4586755 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction via integrins and G protein-coupled receptors is critical to control cell behavior. These two receptor classes have been traditionally believed to trigger distinct and independent signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. Here, we report a novel mechanism of integrin signaling that requires activation of the trimeric G protein Gαi by the nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) GIV (also known as Girdin), a metastasis-associated protein. We demonstrate that GIV enhances integrin-dependent cell responses upon extracellular matrix stimulation and makes tumor cells more invasive. These responses include remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and PI3K-dependent signaling, resulting in enhanced haptotaxis and invasion. We show that both GIV and its substrate Gαi3 are recruited to active integrin complexes and that tumor cells engineered to express GEF-deficient GIV fail to transduce integrin signals into proinvasive responses via a Gβγ-PI3K axis. Our discoveries delineate a novel mechanism by which integrin signaling is rewired during metastasis to result in increased tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Leyme
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Lien T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Ghosh P. Heterotrimeric G proteins as emerging targets for network based therapy in cancer: End of a long futile campaign striking heads of a Hydra. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:469-74. [PMID: 26224586 PMCID: PMC4543036 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most common diseases, e.g., cancer are driven by not one, but multiple cell surface receptors that trigger and sustain a pathologic signaling network. The largest fraction of therapeutic agents that target individual receptors/pathways eventually fail due to the emergence of compensatory mechanisms that reestablish the pathologic network. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed GIV/Girdin as a central platform for receptor cross-talk which integrates signals downstream of a myriad of cell surface receptors, and modulates several key pathways within downstream signaling network, all via non-canonical activation of trimeric G proteins. Unlike canonical signal transduction via G proteins, which is spatially and temporally restricted, the temporal and spatial features of non-canonical activation of G protein via GIV is unusually unrestricted. Consequently, the GIV●G protein interface serves as a central hub allowing for control over several pathways within the pathologic signaling network, all at once. The relevance of this new paradigm in cancer and other disease states and the pros and cons of targeting the GIV●G protein interface are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Midde KK, Aznar N, Laederich MB, Ma GS, Kunkel MT, Newton AC, Ghosh P. Multimodular biosensors reveal a novel platform for activation of G proteins by growth factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E937-46. [PMID: 25713130 PMCID: PMC4352799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues are transmitted to the interior of the cell via a complex network of signaling hubs. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and trimeric G proteins are two such major signaling hubs in eukaryotes. Conventionally, canonical signal transduction via trimeric G proteins is thought to be triggered exclusively by G protein-coupled receptors. Here we used molecular engineering to develop modular fluorescent biosensors that exploit the remarkable specificity of bimolecular recognition, i.e., of both G proteins and RTKs, and reveal the workings of a novel platform for activation of G proteins by RTKs in single living cells. Comprised of the unique modular makeup of guanidine exchange factor Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV)/girdin, a guanidine exchange factor that links G proteins to a variety of RTKs, these biosensors provide direct evidence that RTK-GIV-Gαi ternary complexes are formed in living cells and that Gαi is transactivated within minutes after growth factor stimulation at the plasma membrane. Thus, GIV-derived biosensors provide a versatile strategy for visualizing, monitoring, and manipulating the dynamic association of Gαi with RTKs for noncanonical transactivation of G proteins in cells and illuminate a fundamental signaling event regulated by GIV during diverse cellular processes and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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