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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Bouchalova P, Beranek J, Lapcik P, Potesil D, Podhorec J, Poprach A, Bouchal P. Transgelin Contributes to a Poor Response of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to Sunitinib Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091145. [PMID: 34572331 PMCID: PMC8467952 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents about 2-3% of all cancers with over 400,000 new cases per year. Sunitinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, has been used mainly for first-line treatment of metastatic clear-cell RCC with good or intermediate prognosis. However, about one-third of metastatic RCC patients do not respond to sunitinib, leading to disease progression. Here, we aim to find and characterize proteins associated with poor sunitinib response in a pilot proteomics study. Sixteen RCC tumors from patients responding (8) vs. non-responding (8) to sunitinib 3 months after treatment initiation were analyzed using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, together with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Proteomics analysis quantified 1996 protein groups (FDR = 0.01) and revealed 27 proteins deregulated between tumors non-responding vs. responding to sunitinib, representing a pattern of deregulated proteins potentially contributing to sunitinib resistance. Gene set enrichment analysis showed an up-regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with transgelin as one of the most significantly abundant proteins. Transgelin expression was silenced by CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA interference, and the cells with reduced transgelin level exhibited significantly slower proliferation. Our data indicate that transgelin is an essential protein supporting RCC cell proliferation, which could contribute to intrinsic sunitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bouchalova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.B.); (J.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Jindrich Beranek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.B.); (J.B.); (P.L.)
| | - Petr Lapcik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.B.); (J.B.); (P.L.)
| | - David Potesil
- Proteomics Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Podhorec
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (A.P.)
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Poprach
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (A.P.)
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bouchal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.B.); (J.B.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-493-251
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Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Kmieć Z, Wierzbicki PM. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in gynecological and genitourinary cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:106. [PMID: 33907821 PMCID: PMC8057295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the urinary tract, as well as those of the female and male reproductive systems, account for a large percentage of malignancies worldwide. Mortality is frequently affected by late diagnosis or therapeutic difficulties. The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway is an evolutionary conserved molecular cascade, which is mainly associated with the development of the central nervous system in fetal life. The present review aimed to provide an in‑depth summary of the SHH signaling pathway, including the characterization of its major components, the mechanism of its upstream regulation and non‑canonical activation, as well as its interactions with other cellular pathways. In addition, the three possible mechanisms of the cellular SHH cascade in cancer tissue are discussed. The aim of the present review was to summarize significant findings with regards to the expression of the SHH pathway components in kidney, bladder, ovarian, cervical and prostate cancer. Reports associated with common deficits and de‑regulations of the SHH pathway were summarized, despite the differences in molecular and histological patterns among these malignancies. However, currently, neither are SHH pathway elements included in panels of prognostic/therapeutic molecular patterns in any of the discussed cancers, nor have the drugs targeting SMO or GLIs been approved for therapy. The findings of the present review may support future studies on the treatment of and/or molecular targets for gynecological and genitourinary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Correspondence to: Dr Piotr M. Wierzbicki, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Debinki 1, 80211 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail:
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Li Z, Liu J, Zhang X, Fang L, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Yan L, Tang Y, Fan Y. Prognostic Significance of Cyclin D1 Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1401-1409. [PMID: 31748879 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that cyclin D1 shown the potential as a tumor biomarker. However, the prognostic value of cyclin D1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains controversial. This study investigated the correlation of cyclin D1 expression with the prognostic and clinicopathological features in RCC patients. We systematically searched the database of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science updated on November 26, 2017. Eighteen studies with 2282 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated that cyclin D1 overexpression in RCC showed significant favorable prognostic impact on disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.43-0.74) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41-0.85) without significant heterogeneity. In subgroup of clear cell RCC, the prognostic effect on DFS was robust and the pooled HR was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.27-0.57). However, no association between overall survival (OS) and cyclin D1 expression was observed. Stratified analysis in DFS studies by sample size, staining patterns race and metastasis status showed similar results. Otherwise, cyclin D1 overexpression predicted a reduced prevalence of high TNM stage (T3 + T4) (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40-0.99), high-grade tumor (G3 + G4) (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31-0.81) and large tumor size (OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19-0.62). Our meta-analysis indicated that cyclin D1 overexpression could predict the favorable prognosis in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Tang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yidong Fan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Kotulak-Chrzaszcz A, Klacz J, Matuszewski M, Kmiec Z, Wierzbicki PM. Expression of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway components in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5801-5810. [PMID: 31788053 PMCID: PMC6865145 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and the most aggressive histopathological subtype of kidney cancer, with patients exhibiting high mortality rates for metastatic tumors. The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway serves a crucial role in embryonic development. The abnormal activity of SHH signaling is observed in a broad range of malignancies. However, its role in ccRCC is still undetermined. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of the SHH pathway genes in ccRCC. Neoplastic and morphologically unchanged kidney tissues were obtained during radical nephrectomy from 37 patients with ccRCC. The SHH, PTCH1, SMO and GLI1 mRNA levels were assessed using the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Western blot analysis was used to assess the full-length and C-terminal SHH protein level. The mRNA levels of SHH, SMO and GLI1 were approximately 2-, 2,5- and 7-fold higher in ccRCC tissue compared with control kidney tissue, respectively. Correlational analysis between the mRNA levels of SHH pathway genes and patients' clinicopathological factors revealed decreased and increased mRNA levels of PTCH1 and SMO respectively, in tumor samples derived from older patients (age >62). Furthermore, the level of C-terminal SHH protein in ccRCC samples was significantly lower in a group of males compared with females. No correlation was exhibited between molecular data and patient survival. Western blot analysis indicated a ~3-fold higher level of SHH full-length protein, and a 4-fold lower level of the C-terminal SHH protein domain, in ccRCC tumor tissues compared with normal kidney samples. The current study indicated an involvement of the SHH pathway in ccRCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kotulak-Chrzaszcz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
| | - Jakub Klacz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80402, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80402, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
| | - Piotr M Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80211, Poland
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Kang J, Liu X. Prognostic value of performance status in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:168. [PMID: 30795756 PMCID: PMC6385458 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between performance status (PS) and the prognosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of PS in mRCC patients treated with TKIs. METHODS Electronic databases were searched to identify the studies that had assessed the association between pretreatment PS and prognosis in mRCC patients receiving TKIs. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) from eligible studies were used to calculate combined HRs. The heterogeneity across the included studies was assessed by Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistic. The Begg's funnel plot and Egger's linear regression teats were used to evaluate the potential publication bias. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3 and Stata SE12.0 according to the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 6780 patients from 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that a poor PS was an effective prognostic factor of both OS (pooled HR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.78-2.45) and PFS (pooled HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20-1.91). Subgroup analysis revealed that poor PS significantly associated with poor OS and PFS in studies using Karnofsky PS scale (OS, pooled HR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.65-2.94; PFS, pooled HR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.19-2.56), conducted in Asia (OS, pooled HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.71-2.95; PFS, pooled HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.14-2.64) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score of 8 (OS, pooled HR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.92-3.55; PFS, pooled HR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.36-4.33). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a poor PS is significantly associated with poor prognosis in mRCC patients receiving TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Xu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xianhao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Sabol M, Trnski D, Musani V, Ozretić P, Levanat S. Role of GLI Transcription Factors in Pathogenesis and Their Potential as New Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2562. [PMID: 30158435 PMCID: PMC6163343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GLI transcription factors have important roles in intracellular signaling cascade, acting as the main mediators of the HH-GLI signaling pathway. This is one of the major developmental pathways, regulated both canonically and non-canonically. Deregulation of the pathway during development leads to a number of developmental malformations, depending on the deregulated pathway component. The HH-GLI pathway is mostly inactive in the adult organism but retains its function in stem cells. Aberrant activation in adult cells leads to carcinogenesis through overactivation of several tightly regulated cellular processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, EMT. Targeting GLI transcription factors has recently become a major focus of potential therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Diana Trnski
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Musani
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sonja Levanat
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sun J, Wang D, Li X, Yan J, Yuan X, Wang W. Targeting of miR-150 on Gli1 gene to inhibit proliferation and cell cycle of esophageal carcinoma EC9706. Cancer Biomark 2017; 21:203-210. [PMID: 29081413 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) in Hedgehog signal pathway regulates Cyclin D1 expression, cell cycle or proliferation modulation. Esophageal cancer patients had significantly elevated Gli1 expression, which is related with survival and prognosis. It has been demonstrated that the level of miR-150 was decreased in esophageal cancer patients compared to normal control. As a complementary relationship exists between miR-150 and 3'-UTR of Gli1, this study investigated if miR-150 played a role in regulating Gli1 expression, and proliferation or cell cycle of esophageal cancer cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients from our hospital were recruited to collect tumor and adjacent tissues for miR-150 and Gli1 expression. Esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706 and normal esophageal epithelial cell line HEEC were compared for expression of miR-150, Gli1 and Cyclin D1. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay examined the targeted relationship between miR-150 and 3'-UTR of Gli1. In vitro cultured EC9706 cells were treated with miR-150 mimic, si-Gli1 or the combination of miR-150 mimic and si-Gli1, respectively, to check their gene expression, cell cycle and proliferation. RESULTS ESCC tissues had significantly higher Gli1 expression and lower miR-150 expression. EC9706 cell also had higher Gli1 expression than that in HEEC, whilst miR-150 was down-regulated. Via targeting 3'-UTR of Gli1 gene, miR-150 inhibited its expression. Transfection of miR-150 mimic, si-Gli1 or the combination of miR-150 mimic and si-Gli1, respectively, remarkably decreased expression of Gli1 and Cyclin D1 expression in EC9706 cells, whose cell cycle arresting at G0/G1 phase was enhanced with weakened proliferation. CONCLUSIONS MiR-150 can induce G0/G1 cell cycle arresting and weaken proliferation of esophageal carcinoma cells via targeted inhibition on Gli1 and downstream expression of Cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachun Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, Henan, China
| | - Dengkui Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Henan University of Science and Technology First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Departments of Orthopedics, Henan University of Science and Technology First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- Neurological Diseases Institute, Henan University of Science and Technology First Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaozhi Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, Henan, China
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